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            "title": "Conservation implications of the illegal trade in Hooded Vultures <i>Necrosyrtes monachus</i> for belief-based use in Benin, West Africa",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Abiola Sylvestre",
                    "lastName": "Chaffra"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Nico",
                    "lastName": "Arcilla"
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                    "firstName": "Biaou Francis",
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                    "lastName": "Lissagbé"
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                    "firstName": "Elfried Elisée",
                    "lastName": "Honfo"
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            "abstractNote": "Persecution for belief-based uses is a major threat to raptors in West Africa. Critically Endangered Hooded Vultures Necrosyrtes monachus are traded openly in West African vodun (also known as voodoo or fetish) markets in Benin, despite national laws protecting this species. We interviewed 115 vendors selling Hooded Vultures and/or their body parts at nine different markets in southern Benin to understand the extent and drivers of this illegal trade. Over four months, we counted a total of 522 Hooded Vultures in market stalls, including whole dried vulture carcasses (73.4% of vulture products offered for sale), vulture heads (17.2%), and live birds (9.4%). Vultures offered for sale originated from at least 10 foreign countries, suggesting there are far-reaching impacts of illegal trade on Hooded Vultures. Vodun practitioners sacrifice and consume vultures in the belief these practices will protect them from witchcraft and achieve other supernatural aims, and the resulting high demand for vultures has driven the price of a Hooded Vulture to exceed the average monthly income in Benin. Despite serious legal, conservation, and animal welfare concerns, wildlife trade for belief-based use is thriving and growing in West Africa, and our findings highlight that legislation aimed at protecting vultures in Benin appears to be currently ineffective. From our discussions with traders, it appears that low education levels, weak law enforcement, and disregard for legislation contribute to this trade that threatens remaining vultures across West Africa. Public awareness campaigns to educate residents about conservation laws and improved law enforcement are urgently needed to mitigate on-going threats to this and other Critically Endangered species.",
            "publicationTitle": "Bird Conservation International",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2025",
            "volume": "35",
            "issue": "",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "e14",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Bird Conservation International",
            "DOI": "10.1017/S0959270925000073",
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            "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "poaching"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "vulture"
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                {
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                }
            ],
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            "title": "Movement ecology of five Afrotropical waterfowl species from Malawi, Mali and Nigeria",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "John Y",
                    "lastName": "Takekawa"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Shane R",
                    "lastName": "Heath"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Samuel A",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Nicolas",
                    "lastName": "Gaidet"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Julien",
                    "lastName": "Cappelle"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Tim",
                    "lastName": "Dodman"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ward",
                    "lastName": "Hagemeijer"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "William D",
                    "lastName": "Eldridge"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Scott A",
                    "lastName": "Petrie"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Gregory S",
                    "lastName": "Yarris"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Shiiwua",
                    "lastName": "Manu"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Glenn H",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Diann J",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
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                    "firstName": "David C",
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            "abstractNote": "Habitat availability for Afrotropical waterbirds is highly dynamic with unpredictable rainfall patterns and ephemeral wetlands resulting in diverse movement strategies among different species. Movement strategies among waterfowl encompass resident, regional and intercontinental migrants, but little quantitative information exists on their specific movement patterns. We studied the movement ecology of five Afrotropical waterfowl species marked with satellite transmitters in Malawi, Mali and Nigeria. Resident species, including White-faced Whistling Ducks Dendrocygna viduata, Fulvous Whistling Ducks Dendrocygna bicolor and Spur-winged Geese Plectropterus gambensis, remained sedentary during the rainy season and only flew limited distances during other months. In contrast, Knob-billed Ducks Sarkidiornis melanotos made short regional movements 50 km in all months and showed little site fidelity to previously used habitats in subsequent years. Garganey Anas quequedula followed an intercontinental strategy and made long-distance jumps across the Sahara and Mediterranean to their Eurasian breeding grounds. Most species flew farthest during the dry season, as mean daily movements varied from 1.5 to 14.2 km and was greatest in the winter months (January–March). Total distance moved varied from 9.5 km for White-faced Whistling Ducks (October–December) to 45.6 km for Knob-billed Ducks (April–June). Nomadic behaviour by Knob-billed Ducks was evidenced by long exploratory flights, but small mean daily movements suggested that they were relying on previous experience. Improving our understanding of these movement strategies increases our ability to assess connectivity of wetland resources that support waterfowl throughout their annual cycle and focuses conservation efforts on their most important habitats.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ostrich",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2015-05-04",
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            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "155-168",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Ostrich",
            "DOI": "10.2989/00306525.2015.1033773",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Sahel"
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                {
                    "tag": "Waterbirds"
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                {
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                    "tag": "satellite telemetry"
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            ],
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            "title": "Migration of humans fleeing conflict in the Lake Chad region may increase pressures on natural resources in Lake Fitri (Chad): A case study on waterbirds",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Nicolas",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Pierre",
                    "lastName": "Defos du Rau"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Abakar Saleh",
                    "lastName": "Wachoum"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Delphine",
                    "lastName": "Ducros"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Marie",
                    "lastName": "Suet"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Clémence",
                    "lastName": "Deschamps"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Maxime Rotoudjimbaye",
                    "lastName": "Betoloum"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Julien",
                    "lastName": "Birard"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M' Baïti Narcisse",
                    "lastName": "Djimasngar"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Yves",
                    "lastName": "Kayser"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ib Krag",
                    "lastName": "Petersen"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jaime",
                    "lastName": "Dias"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mahamat Adoum",
                    "lastName": "Wachoum"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Bruno",
                    "lastName": "Portier"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Audrey Mbagogo",
                    "lastName": "Koumbraït"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sébastien",
                    "lastName": "Le Bel"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jean‐Yves",
                    "lastName": "Mondain‐Monval"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Abstract\n            \n              \n                \n                  Sustainable harvest of wildlife is a major food security and conservation issue. In Africa, where wildlife is harvested mainly for subsistence, this remains a challenge. In this study, using waterbirds as model for natural resources, we assessed the sustainability of harvest through fishing bycatch on Lake Fitri (Chad).\n                \n                \n                  We estimated the abundance of 24 target taxa through aerial distance sampling over four consecutive years (2018–2021) and in parallel estimated the number of birds harvested through interviews of a sample of 105 out of approximately 5500 fishermen.\n                \n                \n                  \n                    By modelling their potential excess growth, we found a high risk of overexploitation for four species, including the world‐threatened Black Crowned Crane\n                    Balearica pavonina\n                    , likely due to an influx of fishermen to Lake Fitri fleeing the Boko Haram security crisis.\n                  \n                \n                \n                  \n                    Synthesis and applications\n                    : This work is likely the first quantitative approach of bird harvest sustainability in Africa. It should contribute to fill a methodological and an information gap in the strategic planification of several multilateral environmental agreements like the African‐Eurasian Waterbird Agreement and the Ramsar Convention. In particular, this work could help implementing adaptive management of natural resources (including birds) in Ramsar site management plans. African wetlands such as Lake Fitri may not be able to provide enough natural resources in the medium term for movements of displaced civilians forced by armed conflict into such biodiversity strongholds.\n                  \n                \n              \n            \n          , \n            Résumé\n            \n              \n                \n                  L'exploitation durable de la faune sauvage est un enjeu majeur de sécurité alimentaire et de conservation de la biodiversité. En Afrique, où la faune est principalement exploitée à des fins de subsistance, cela reste un défi. Dans ce travail, en utilisant les oiseaux d'eau comme modèle de ressources naturelles, nous avons évalué la durabilité de leur exploitation à travers les prises accessoires de pêche sur le lac Fitri (Tchad).\n                \n                \n                  Nous avons estimé l'abondance de 24 taxons cibles par échantillonnage aérien (distance sampling) sur quatre années consécutives (2018‐2021) et en parallèle nous avons estimé les quantités prélevées pour ces même espèces par des entretiens conduits auprès d'un échantillon de 105 pêcheurs interviewés sur environ 5500 actifs sur le lac.\n                \n                \n                  \n                    En modélisant leur surplus potentiel de croissance (Potential Excess Growth), nous avons constaté un risque élevé de surexploitation pour quatre espèces, dont la Grue couronnée\n                    Balearica pavonina\n                    , menacée au niveau mondial, probablement en raison d'un afflux de pêcheurs au lac Fitri fuyant la crise sécuritaire liée à Boko Haram.\n                  \n                \n                \n                  \n                    Synthèse et applications\n                    . Ce travail est probablement la première approche quantitative d'estimation de la durabilité de prélèvements d'oiseaux en Afrique. Il devrait contribuer à combler un manque de méthodologie et d'information dans la planification stratégique de plusieurs accords environnementaux multilatéraux tels que l'Accord sur la conservation des oiseaux d'eau migrateurs d'Afrique‐Eurasie (AEWA) et la Convention de Ramsar. En particulier, ce travail pourrait contribuer à mettre en œuvre une gestion adaptative des ressources naturelles (y compris les oiseaux) dans les plans de gestion des sites Ramsar. Les zones humides africaines telles que le lac Fitri pourraient ne plus être en mesure de fournir suffisamment de ressources naturelles à moyen terme pour les civils déplacés, forcés par les conflits armés à se réfugier dans ces bastions de biodiversité.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Ecology",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "09/2024",
            "volume": "61",
            "issue": "9",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
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            "shortTitle": "Migration of humans fleeing conflict in the Lake Chad region may increase pressures on natural resources in Lake Fitri (Chad)",
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                    "tag": "IWC"
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                {
                    "tag": "lake Fitri"
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                {
                    "tag": "waterbirds"
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                    "firstName": "Philip W.",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert A.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Andre J.",
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                    "firstName": "Imad",
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                    "firstName": "Norbert J.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Pierre",
                    "lastName": "Defos Du Rau"
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                    "firstName": "Sergey",
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                    "firstName": "Danny",
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                    "firstName": "Samuel T.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alan T. K.",
                    "lastName": "Lee"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Angus",
                    "lastName": "Middleton"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Victor",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P. Kariuki",
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                    "firstName": "Darcy",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Chris",
                    "lastName": "Orsman"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ulf",
                    "lastName": "Ottosson"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Julia",
                    "lastName": "Pierini"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Bruno G.",
                    "lastName": "Portier"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Hugo",
                    "lastName": "Rainey"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ernst",
                    "lastName": "Retief"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Marc",
                    "lastName": "Van Roomen"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Peter",
                    "lastName": "Ryan"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sarah",
                    "lastName": "Scott"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Talatu",
                    "lastName": "Tende"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert",
                    "lastName": "Thomson"
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                    "firstName": "Mpho",
                    "lastName": "Williart"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Paul",
                    "lastName": "Woodcock"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Simon R.",
                    "lastName": "Wotton"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Paul",
                    "lastName": "Robinson"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Biodiversity monitoring is essential to inform the state of wildlife populations, and the impacts of environmental change, conservation intervention, and sustainable development policies and actions. We review the current state of bird monitoring across Africa using public questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. We received 87 questionnaire responses from 46 (of 54) countries and, additionally, 24 in-depth interviews were carried out. Multiple data collection methods were reported with total counts of individuals being most frequent, but all-species surveys, essential for quantifying ecosystem health, were restricted to bird atlases and Common Bird Monitoring (CBM) projects in Kenya, Uganda, and Botswana. Data collection relied largely on volunteers, but their motivation, recruitment, training, and retention is a continuing challenge. The most sustainable programmes were driven by clear policy objectives (e.g. waterbird monitoring under the Ramsar Convention or the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species), monitoring of individual groups (e.g. raptors, vultures, bustards), specific threatened species, and where clear national priorities had been set within government agencies. Use of monitoring data by governments in country biodiversity reports or National Biodiversity Species Action Plans (NBSAPs) varied widely and, for many countries, simply did not exist. A lack of skilled analysts and a comprehensive approach to data curation and ownership were identified as major limitations. A more strategic approach to funding and monitoring is needed, whereby smaller funders collaborate to reduce costs associated with applying for small amounts of money, and bird (and biodiversity) monitoring is explicitly integrated with sustainable development goals to exploit broader funding streams.",
            "publicationTitle": "Bird Conservation International",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2026",
            "volume": "36",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "e12",
            "series": "",
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                    "tag": "africa"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "bird"
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                {
                    "tag": "monitoring"
                }
            ],
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                    "firstName": "André Pinassi",
                    "lastName": "Antunes"
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                    "firstName": "Pedro",
                    "lastName": "de Araujo Lima Constantino"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Julia E.",
                    "lastName": "Fa"
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                    "firstName": "Daniel P.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Michelle C. M.",
                    "lastName": "Jacob"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Bruce W.",
                    "lastName": "Nelson"
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                    "firstName": "Mariana Franco",
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                    "firstName": "Elildo A. R.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "João",
                    "lastName": "Valsecchi"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "João V.",
                    "lastName": "Campos-Silva"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Juarez C. B.",
                    "lastName": "Pezzuti"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Miguel",
                    "lastName": "Aparício"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Eduardo M.",
                    "lastName": "von Muhlen"
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                    "firstName": "Marcela Alvares",
                    "lastName": "Oliveira"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Milton J.",
                    "lastName": "de Paula"
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                    "firstName": "Natalia C.",
                    "lastName": "Pimenta"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Marina A. R.",
                    "lastName": "de Mattos Vieira"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Marcelo A.",
                    "lastName": "Santos Junior"
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                    "firstName": "André V.",
                    "lastName": "Nunes"
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                    "firstName": "Jean P.",
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                    "firstName": "Luan M. G.",
                    "lastName": "Suruí"
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                    "firstName": "Eneias C. S.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Abimael V. C.",
                    "lastName": "Paumari"
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                    "firstName": "José Lino V. S.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Germano C.",
                    "lastName": "Paumari"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ana Paula L. R.",
                    "lastName": "Katukina"
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                    "firstName": "Dzoodzo",
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                    "firstName": "Valencio S. M.",
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                    "firstName": "Walter S. L.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Armindo B.",
                    "lastName": "Baniwa"
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                    "firstName": "Valdir S. S.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Josiane O. G.",
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                    "firstName": "Elias P. A. L.",
                    "lastName": "Tikuna"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
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                    "lastName": "Kaxinauá"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
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                    "lastName": "Kuikuro"
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                    "firstName": "Jorge T.",
                    "lastName": "Penaforth Kaixana"
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                    "firstName": "George H.",
                    "lastName": "Rebelo"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dione",
                    "lastName": "Torquato"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Vanessa S. F.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Miguel",
                    "lastName": "Antúnez"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Pedro E.",
                    "lastName": "Perez-Peña"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Tula G.",
                    "lastName": "Fang"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Pablo E.",
                    "lastName": "Puertas"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Rolando M.",
                    "lastName": "Aquino"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Louise",
                    "lastName": "Maranhão"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Guillaume",
                    "lastName": "Longin"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Cíntia K. M.",
                    "lastName": "Lopes"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Hani R.",
                    "lastName": "El Bizri"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Amazonia is the largest1 and the most species-rich tropical forest region on Earth2, where hundreds of Indigenous cultures and thousands of animal species have interacted over millennia3,4. Although Amazonia offers a unique context to appraise the value of wildlife as a source of food to millions of rural inhabitants, the diversity, geographic extent, volumes and nutritional value of harvested wild meat are unknown. Here, leveraging a dataset comprising 447,438 animals hunted across 625 rural localities, we estimate an annual extraction of 0.57 Mt of undressed animal biomass across Amazonia, equivalent to 0.34 Mt of edible wild meat. Just 20 out of 174 taxa account for 72% of all animals hunted and 84% of the overall biomass extracted. We show that this amount of wild meat can meet nearly half of protein and iron dietary requirements for rural peoples, along with a substantial portion of their needs for B vitamins (18–126%) and zinc (23%). However, wild meat productivity is likely to have decreased by 67% in nearly 500,000 km² of highly deforested areas of Amazonia. Furthermore, the availability of wild meat per capita decreases significantly in areas with higher human population, greater proximity to cities, and more extensive deforestation. These findings highlight the urgent need to preserve the forest to safeguard biodiversity and traditional wild meat food systems, which will be essential for ensuring Amazonian peoples’ well-being and achieving several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals5.",
            "publicationTitle": "Nature",
            "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2025-11-26",
            "volume": "",
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            "section": "",
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            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1-9",
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            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "",
            "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-025-09743-z",
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            "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09743-z",
            "accessDate": "2025-12-09T09:49:49Z",
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            "rights": "2025 The Author(s)",
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                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sustainability",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Wild meat"
                }
            ],
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            "note": "<div data-schema-version=\"9\"><h1>Stratégie Nationale ZH Mauritanie<br>(05/12/2025 10:53:59)</h1>\n<h3>Strategie_Nationale_de_Conservation_des_Zones_Humides.pdf</h3>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22C39TWEE4%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%232ea8e5%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%228%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A8%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B106.8%2C633.633%2C434.908%2C646.269%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« surexploitation des ressources naturelles qu’elles recèlent. »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%225UPJTXTM%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23f19837%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2246%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A46%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C414.32%2C510.453%2C426.32%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C401.036%2C510.404%2C411.836%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C387.236%2C510.225%2C398.036%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C373.436%2C510.238%2C384.236%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C359.636%2C327.478%2C370.436%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Le surpâturage.L’article 11 de la loi portant code pastoral stipule que les pasteurs et leurs animaux jouissent, en toutes circonstances, sauf limitation temporaire ...., de la liberté d’accéder aux ressources pastorales situées sur les espaces autres que ceux affectés provisoirement ou à titre définitif d’un droit d’usage exclusif, accordé à des tiers, conformément aux lois et règlements en vigueur . »</span> menaces</p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%226NXKHX4B%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C702.596%2C510.344%2C713.396%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C688.796%2C436.318%2C699.596%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Les populations rurales sont marquées par un indice de pauvreté élevé et les ressources naturelles des zones humides constituent leur principale source de revenus. »</span> menaces</p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22VP4YPISA%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B153.12%2C674.996%2C510.357%2C685.796%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C661.196%2C191.038%2C671.996%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« l’absence d’une réglementation appropriée pour une gestion participative, en termes de cogestion, »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22RRRTBPZL%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B265.079%2C466.796%2C510.284%2C477.596%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C452.996%2C299.997%2C463.796%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Nombreuses espèces, aussi bien fauniques que floristiques, sont prélevées de façon illicite. »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22SSG9EXSZ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B100.44%2C383.996%2C510.224%2C394.796%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C370.196%2C168.945%2C380.996%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« toutes les espèces font l’objet d’un braconnage même dans les coins les plus reculés et difficiles d’accès »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JSQI8AFG%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B177.479%2C370.196%2C477.476%2C380.996%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Ce braconnage concerne particulièrement les oiseaux d’eau »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22ARA6JQZ4%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2247%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A47%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B250.199%2C259.797%2C510.213%2C270.597%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C245.997%2C322.197%2C256.797%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Les espèces les plus menacées sont celles qui sont utilisées comme bois de feu et charbon de bois. »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22BBNE3YT5%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2249%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A49%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C688.16%2C269.014%2C699.68%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Introduction d’espèces allochtones: »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22FZ7U7WN8%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2249%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A49%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B282%2C660.836%2C510.224%2C671.636%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C647.036%2C510.333%2C657.836%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C633.236%2C122.685%2C644.036%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Il s’agit particulièrement de l’espèce Prosopis julifloraqui a été introduite en Mauritanie pour servir d’abord d’arbre d’alignement et d’ombrage »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%228W2R7D39%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%235fb236%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2251%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A51%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C589.916%2C510.213%2C600.716%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C575.996%2C448.317%2C586.796%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« La politique environnementale est définie par la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD) et le Plan d’Action National pour l’Environnement (PANE). »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%229JIV7B3A%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2255%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A55%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C136.797%2C492.596%2C147.597%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C116.157%2C106.725%2C126.957%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« La loi n° 97-006 du 20 janvier 1997 portant code de la Chasse et la Protection de la Nature »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%226PSZ25T4%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2255%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A55%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C95.757%2C510.356%2C106.557%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C81.837%2C341.998%2C92.637%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« La loi n° 97-006 du 20 janvier 1997 abroge et remplace la loi n° 75003 du 15 janvier 1975 portant code de la chasse et de la protection de la nature. »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%229LT2LRYQ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2256%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A56%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B70.8%2C692.516%2C510.284%2C703.316%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C678.716%2C510.213%2C689.516%5D%2C%5B70.8%2C664.796%2C128.685%2C675.596%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« Afin de faire participer les populations locales à la gestion de la faune, la loi prévoit la création des associations de gestion de la faune au sein de chaque commune d’intérêt cynégétique »</span></p>\n<p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fgroups%2F564983%2Fitems%2FPDLXNAVC%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22BUU9742X%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%235fb236%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2265%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A65%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B106.8%2C674.996%2C510.284%2C685.796%5D%2C%5B106.799%2C661.196%2C510.332%2C671.996%5D%2C%5B106.799%2C647.396%2C510.355%2C658.196%5D%2C%5B106.799%2C633.596%2C510.283%2C644.396%5D%2C%5B106.799%2C619.796%2C510.223%2C630.596%5D%2C%5B106.799%2C605.996%2C298.317%2C616.796%5D%5D%7D%7D\">« L’APGMV (Agence Panafricaine de la Grande Muraille Verte), une initiative de l’Union Africaine, est aussi une ambition à laquelle a souscrit la Mauritanie qui abrite le siège. Les orientations du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable est d’inscrire toutes les activités de ce projet dans une logique de synergie avec les autres projets liés à la protection des ressources naturelles et du développement durable. »</span></p>\n</div>",
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