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2017 - Building Better Bridges into STEM A Synthesis of .pdf", "md5": "6fcc7edf23d59eba30f26827e78ba1fa", "mtime": 1512233031000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-12-02T16:43:51Z", "dateModified": "2017-12-02T16:43:51Z" } }, { "key": "U5EBWJG6", "version": 246, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/U5EBWJG6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/U5EBWJG6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ashley et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-12-21", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "U5EBWJG6", "version": 246, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Building Better Bridges into STEM: A Synthesis of 25 Years of Literature on STEM Summer Bridge Programs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Ashley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katelyn M.", "lastName": "Cooper" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jacqueline M.", "lastName": "Cala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sara E.", "lastName": "Brownell" } ], "abstractNote": "Summer bridge programs are designed to help transition students into the college learning environment. Increasingly, bridge programs are being developed in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines because of the rigorous content and lower student persistence in college STEM compared with other disciplines. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive review of STEM summer bridge programs does not exist. To provide a resource for bridge program developers, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on STEM summer bridge programs. We identified 46 published reports on 30 unique STEM bridge programs that have been published over the past 25 years. In this review, we report the goals of each bridge program and whether the program was successful in meeting these goals. We identify 14 distinct bridge program goals that can be organized into three categories: academic success goals, psychosocial goals, and department-level goals. Building on the findings of published bridge reports, we present a set of recommendations for STEM bridge programs in hopes of developing better bridges into college.", "publicationTitle": "CBE-Life Sciences Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/21/2017", "volume": "16", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "es3", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "CBE Life Sci Educ", "DOI": "10.1187/cbe.17-05-0085", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.lifescied.org/content/16/4/es3", "accessDate": "2017-12-02T16:43:43Z", "PMID": "29146667", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": ", 1931-7913", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Building Better Bridges into STEM", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.lifescied.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-12-02T16:43:43Z", "dateModified": "2017-12-02T16:43:43Z" } }, { "key": "BPAFCTSH", "version": 228, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/BPAFCTSH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/BPAFCTSH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/5TDDZ5KK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BPAFCTSH", "version": 228, "parentItem": "5TDDZ5KK", "itemType": "note", "note": "

HHE - medium for gliding - HBSS + 10 mM HEPES + 1 mM EGTA

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-12-01T16:34:45Z", "dateModified": "2017-12-01T16:35:06Z" } }, { "key": "IPMIERNK", "version": 224, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/IPMIERNK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/IPMIERNK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Matsubayashi et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "IPMIERNK", "version": 224, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Morphological changes and viability of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites after excystation in cell-free culture media", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Matsubayashi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Ando" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Kimata" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Nakagawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Furuya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Tani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Sasai" } ], "abstractNote": "Cryptosporidium parvum, belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, is a major cause of waterborne gastroenteritis throughout the world. The sporozoites are thought to invade host enterocytes using an active process termed gliding motility. However, the biological and morphological changes within the sporozoites during this process are not fully understood. In the present study, excysted sporozoites of C. parvum were analysed ultrastructurally in vitro and their viability was evaluated using fluorescent dyes. The sporozoites excysted from oocysts changed morphologically from banana-shaped to rod-shaped and finally to a rounded shape, in culture media in 3 h. Transmission microscopy revealed that the distance between the apical end and the nucleus was markedly reduced, dense granules were present close to the rhoptry in the apical region, amylopectin granules were absent, and membranes of round sporozoites were less clear. A fluorescent assay showed that the rate of survival decreased from 89% to 56% at 0–3 h (84·3% for banana-shaped and 49·2% for rod-shaped sporozoites). Therefore, post-excysted sporozoites in vitro underwent morphological changes and a rapid loss of viability. This staining method is useful, inexpensive and provides an alternative to more costly and intensive flow cytometric assays or infectivity assays with host cells in vitro.", "publicationTitle": "Parasitology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2010", "volume": "137", "issue": "13", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1861–1866", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S0031182010000685", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0031182010000685", "accessDate": "2016-01-08T15:39:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-8161", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-08T15:39:27Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-26T20:45:58Z" } }, { "key": "5M9EXT3I", "version": 223, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/5M9EXT3I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/5M9EXT3I", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/KK6V8HHS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "5M9EXT3I", "version": 223, "parentItem": "KK6V8HHS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-03-01T18:18:08Z", "url": "http://jcb.rupress.org/content/214/5/507", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "507.html", "md5": "4e45daf71d2136b358602eecb9ba1e4e", "mtime": 1488392290000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-03-01T18:18:08Z", "dateModified": "2017-03-01T18:18:08Z" } }, { "key": "94ZM6Z2F", "version": 223, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/94ZM6Z2F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/94ZM6Z2F", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/KK6V8HHS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "94ZM6Z2F", "version": 223, "parentItem": "KK6V8HHS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-03-01T18:18:03Z", "url": "http://jcb.rupress.org/content/jcb/214/5/507.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Tardieux and Baum - 2016 - Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and.pdf", "md5": "fc1e6afc971c0f0335498e3bfde9241a", "mtime": 1488392287000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-03-01T18:18:03Z", "dateModified": "2017-03-01T18:18:07Z" } }, { "key": "6TM2AD7U", "version": 221, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/6TM2AD7U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/6TM2AD7U", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/KK6V8HHS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6TM2AD7U", "version": 221, "parentItem": "KK6V8HHS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2017-03-01T18:18:03Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573462", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-03-01T18:18:03Z", "dateModified": "2017-03-01T18:18:03Z" } }, { "key": "Z52MN9TC", "version": 246, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/Z52MN9TC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/Z52MN9TC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nichols and O'Connor", "parsedDate": "1981-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Z52MN9TC", "version": 246, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Penetration of mouse peritoneal macrophages by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. New evidence for active invasion and phagocytosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. A.", "lastName": "Nichols" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. R.", "lastName": "O'Connor" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 1981", "volume": "44", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "324-335", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Lab. Invest.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "7206629", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0023-6837", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ascitic Fluid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cell Membrane", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cells, Cultured", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Macrophages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phagocytosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Toxoplasma", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Toxoplasmosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vacuoles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-14T16:41:19Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-14T16:41:19Z" } }, { "key": "ZGV7TA79", "version": 220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/ZGV7TA79", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/ZGV7TA79", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/Z52MN9TC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZGV7TA79", "version": 220, "parentItem": "Z52MN9TC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2017-01-14T16:41:19Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7206629", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-14T16:41:19Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-14T16:41:19Z" } }, { "key": "GHDJBKVD", "version": 218, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/GHDJBKVD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/GHDJBKVD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/8MMIA3VC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GHDJBKVD", "version": 218, "parentItem": "8MMIA3VC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976295/pdf/zek1680.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sweeney et al. - 2010 - Host Cell Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii Is Tempora.pdf", "md5": "36be84da431272a352ea34355dd5eeb8", "mtime": 1484328113000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T17:21:53Z" } }, { "key": "8MMIA3VC", "version": 246, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/8MMIA3VC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/8MMIA3VC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sweeney et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "8MMIA3VC", "version": 246, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Host Cell Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii Is Temporally Regulated by the Host Microtubule Cytoskeleton", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kristin R.", "lastName": "Sweeney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naomi S.", "lastName": "Morrissette" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephanie", "lastName": "LaChapelle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ira J.", "lastName": "Blader" } ], "abstractNote": "Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that invades and replicates within most nucleated cells of warm-blooded animals. The basis for this wide host cell tropism is unknown but could be because parasites invade host cells using distinct pathways and/or repertoires of host factors. Using synchronized parasite invasion assays, we found that host microtubule disruption significantly reduces parasite invasion into host cells early after stimulating parasite invasion but not at later time points. Host microtubules are specifically associated with the moving junction, which is the site of contact between the host cell and the invading parasite. Host microtubules are specifically associated with the moving junction of those parasites invading early after stimulating invasion but not with those invading later. Disruption of host microtubules has no effect on parasite contact, attachment, motility, or rate of penetration. Rather, host microtubules hasten the time before parasites commence invasion. This effect on parasite invasion is distinct from the role that host microtubules play in bacterial and viral infections, where they function to traffic the pathogen or pathogen-derived material from the host cell's periphery to its interior. These data indicate that the host microtubule cytoskeleton is a structure used by Toxoplasma to rapidly infect its host cell and highlight a novel function for host microtubules in microbial pathogenesis.", "publicationTitle": "Eukaryotic Cell", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010-11", "volume": "9", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1680-1689", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Eukaryot Cell", "DOI": "10.1128/EC.00079-10", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976295/", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "PMID": "20435700", "PMCID": "PMC2976295", "ISSN": "1535-9778", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z" } }, { "key": "8X89P6CE", "version": 217, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/8X89P6CE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/8X89P6CE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/8MMIA3VC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8X89P6CE", "version": 217, "parentItem": "8MMIA3VC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976295/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T17:21:52Z" } }, { "key": "5KSNN674", "version": 216, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/5KSNN674", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/5KSNN674", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/G5M7W3TW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5KSNN674", "version": 216, "parentItem": "G5M7W3TW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:47:35Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312809003849/pdfft?md5=dd76c8a0f45b9db442ee70e09fe26fdb&pid=1-s2.0-S1931312809003849-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Münter et al. - 2009 - Plasmodium Sporozoite Motility Is Modulated by the.pdf", "md5": "e3f2b3958327fc22e7f7b5a429b4e2be", "mtime": 1484326057000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:47:35Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:47:37Z" } }, { "key": "JA44FXIK", "version": 216, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/JA44FXIK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/JA44FXIK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/G5M7W3TW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JA44FXIK", "version": 216, "parentItem": "G5M7W3TW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:47:36Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312809003849", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S1931312809003849.html", "md5": "b1d2d7731217de5552cb24e2468ac85a", "mtime": 1484326057000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:47:36Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:47:36Z" } }, { "key": "G5M7W3TW", "version": 215, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/G5M7W3TW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/G5M7W3TW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Münter et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-12-17", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "G5M7W3TW", "version": 215, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Plasmodium Sporozoite Motility Is Modulated by the Turnover of Discrete Adhesion Sites", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sylvia", "lastName": "Münter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benedikt", "lastName": "Sabass" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine", "lastName": "Selhuber-Unkel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikhail", "lastName": "Kudryashev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephan", "lastName": "Hegge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ulrike", "lastName": "Engel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joachim P.", "lastName": "Spatz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kai", "lastName": "Matuschewski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ulrich S.", "lastName": "Schwarz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Friedrich", "lastName": "Frischknecht" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nSporozoites are the highly motile stages of the malaria parasite injected into the host's skin during a mosquito bite. In order to navigate inside of the host, sporozoites rely on actin-dependent gliding motility. Although the major components of the gliding machinery are known, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the proteins and the underlying mechanism powering forward locomotion remain unclear. Here, we show that sporozoite motility is characterized by a continuous sequence of stick-and-slip phases. Reflection interference contrast and traction force microscopy identified the repeated turnover of discrete adhesion sites as the underlying mechanism of this substrate-dependent type of motility. Transient forces correlated with the formation and rupture of distinct substrate contact sites and were dependent on actin dynamics. Further, we show that the essential sporozoite surface protein TRAP is critical for the regulated formation and rupture of adhesion sites but is dispensable for retrograde capping.", "publicationTitle": "Cell Host & Microbe", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 17, 2009", "volume": "6", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "551-562", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cell Host & Microbe", "DOI": "10.1016/j.chom.2009.11.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312809003849", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:47:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1931-3128", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "CELLBIO", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "MICROBIO", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:47:35Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:47:35Z" } }, { "key": "XZPUWMEI", "version": 214, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/XZPUWMEI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/XZPUWMEI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/25D84STC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XZPUWMEI", "version": 214, "parentItem": "25D84STC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:06:32Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169475800016641", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0169475800016641.html", "md5": "3961e3c69724979d1002222d18d5c272", "mtime": 1484323592000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:06:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:06:32Z" } }, { "key": "2Z88T5E5", "version": 214, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/2Z88T5E5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/2Z88T5E5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/25D84STC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2Z88T5E5", "version": 214, "parentItem": "25D84STC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:06:29Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169475800016641/pdfft?md5=2ea1533234cd60b2f312658061d7dcdd&pid=1-s2.0-S0169475800016641-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Pinder et al. - 2000 - Motile Systems in Malaria Merozoites How is the R.pdf", "md5": "fc0f6024a27ec98e03fb12986050cb07", "mtime": 1484323591000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:06:29Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:06:31Z" } }, { "key": "25D84STC", "version": 213, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/25D84STC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/25D84STC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pinder et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-06-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "25D84STC", "version": 213, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Motile Systems in Malaria Merozoites: How is the Red Blood Cell Invaded?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Pinder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruth", "lastName": "Fowler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lawrence", "lastName": "Bannister" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anton", "lastName": "Dluzewski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Graham", "lastName": "Mitchell" } ], "abstractNote": "The ability of the malaria parasite to invade erythrocytes is central to the disease process, but is not thoroughly understood. In particular, little attention has been paid to the motor sys-tems driving invasion. Here, Jennifer Pinder, Ruth Fowler and colleagues review motility in the merozoite. The components of an actomyosin motor are present, including a novel unconventional class XIV myosin, now called Pfmyo-A, which, because of its time of synthesis and location, is likely to generate the force required for invasion. In addition, there is a subpellicular microtubule assemblage in falciparum merozoites, the f-MAST, the integrity of which is necessary for invasion.", "publicationTitle": "Parasitology Today", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 1, 2000", "volume": "16", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "240-245", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Parasitology Today", "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01664-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169475800016641", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T16:06:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-4758", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Motile Systems in Malaria Merozoites", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Invasion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Merozoite", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microtubule", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Myosin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "actin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "motility", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T16:06:29Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:06:29Z" } }, { "key": "FNQU5436", "version": 246, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/FNQU5436", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/FNQU5436", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chiappino et al.", "parsedDate": "1984-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FNQU5436", "version": 246, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Toxoplasma gondii: parasite torsion and host-cell responses during invasion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. L.", "lastName": "Chiappino" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. A.", "lastName": "Nichols" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. R.", "lastName": "O'Connor" } ], "abstractNote": "Scanning electron microscopy confirmed our previous finding that toxoplasmas actively invade mouse peritoneal cells that are inhibited from phagocytosis. The parasites entered cells with the conoid end first and sometimes showed a counter-clockwise torsion of the body during invasion. Counter-clockwise torsion was also noted in free toxoplasmas. Host-cell responses to active invasion varied with experimental conditions and with the type of host cell. Under adverse culture conditions for phagocytosis, normal macrophages formed rudimentary filopodia or lamellipodia around the tips of invading toxoplasmas; macrophages subjected to hyperthermia before similar incubation with toxoplasmas showed little or no response to invasion. Normal and heat-treated lymphocytes showed little surface reaction to invasion, but occasionally a flocculent collar was seen around the tip of an invading toxoplasma. Scanning electron microscopy provides clues to possible mechanisms of toxoplasma locomotion and host-cell invasion.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Protozoology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1984", "volume": "31", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "288-292", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Protozool.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "6470987", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3921", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Scanning electron microscopy of Toxoplasma gondii", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hot Temperature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "In Vitro Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lymphocytes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Macrophages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Inbred ICR", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Movement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phagocytosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pseudopodia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Toxoplasma", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T15:53:28Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T15:53:28Z" } }, { "key": "ICE4B5UT", "version": 212, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/ICE4B5UT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/ICE4B5UT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/FNQU5436", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ICE4B5UT", "version": 212, "parentItem": "FNQU5436", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2017-01-13T15:53:28Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6470987", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T15:53:28Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T15:53:28Z" } }, { "key": "TPDF3Q6D", "version": 211, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 56445, "name": "UVA_parasites", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/TPDF3Q6D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uva_parasites/items/TPDF3Q6D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/56445/items/ED2REN6G", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 190601, "username": "whg2n", "name": "Will Guilford", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whg2n", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TPDF3Q6D", "version": 211, "parentItem": "ED2REN6G", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Caution: Despite their classification in the Apicomplexa, the various members also have significant biological differences. Thus use of T. gondii as a model system, therefore, requires careful formulation of the scientific questions to be answered. Many aspects of disease pathogenesis, host range and life cycle are not conserved. Further, many metabolic pathways have been adapted for survival in unique host cell environments. Plasmodium species and Cryptosporidium, which are Apicomplexa that are specialised for growth in only a subset of host cells, have less redundancy in some metabolic pathways than T. gondii, which infects many host types and many cells within each host. The differences in the Apicomplexa do not, however, preclude use of T. gondii as a model system, particularly since mutants are so readily created and analysed. Although the fundamentals of protein trafficking are not completely worked out in any of the Apicomplexa, heterologous expression of apicomplexan proteins in T. gondii has been successful in cases where expression in bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells does not yield protein that resembles the native protein of interest. The amenability of T. gondii to genetic manipulation has also enabled development of novel genetic or complementation strategies that may facilitate identification of molecules responsible for unique aspects of apicomplexan biology. Overall, there are many advantages in using T. gondii as a model for the study of other Apicomplexa and it will continue to provide insights into the biology of these important parasitic protozoa.

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∼40 pN detachment force can be compared to typical receptor ligand detachment forces that have been typically measured in single-molecule AFM pulling assays; these range from weak actin-myosin interaction 1.7 pN up to the strongest biotin/streptavidin 160 pN (36).

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