[ { "key": "X52EVZEU", "version": 173, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/X52EVZEU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/X52EVZEU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cummins", "parsedDate": "1991", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "X52EVZEU", "version": 173, "itemType": "book", "title": "Meaning and mental representation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Cummins" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1991", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "representation" } ], "collections": [ "3W63B2TD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-02-03T14:25:02Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-03T14:25:02Z" } }, { "key": "JMZVNWWA", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/JMZVNWWA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/JMZVNWWA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schneider et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-11-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JMZVNWWA", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The resting brain and our self: self-relatedness modulates resting state neural activity in cortical midline structures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F", "lastName": "Schneider" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F", "lastName": "Bermpohl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Heinzel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Rotte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Walter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Tempelmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Wiebking" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Dobrowolny" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H J", "lastName": "Heinze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G", "lastName": "Northoff" } ], "abstractNote": "The resting brain shows high neural activity in various regions, the default-mode network, chief among them the cortical midline structures (CMS). The psychological correlate of high resting state neural activity in CMS remains however unclear though speculatively it has been associated with processing of internally-oriented self-relatedness. We used functional MRI to examine internally-oriented self-relatedness during the resting state period. This was indirectly done by letting subjects perceive emotional pictures followed by a fixation cross; the very same pictures were then rated subjectively according to their degree of self-relatedness in a postscanning session. This allowed us to correlate the picture ratings of self-relatedness with signal changes in the subsequent resting state period, i.e. fixation period. The emotional pictures' degree of self-relatedness parametrically modulated subsequent resting state signal changes in various CMS, including ventro- and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. This modulation could be distinguished from effects of emotion dimensions (e.g. valence, intensity) and evoked effects of self-relatedness during the stimulus period itself the latter being observed rather in subcortical regions, e.g. amygdala, ventral striatum, and tectum. In sum, our findings suggest that resting state neural activity in CMS is parametrically and specifically modulated by the preceding stimulus's degree of self-relatedness. This lends further support to the presumed involvement of these regions in processing internally-oriented self-relatedness as distinguished from externally-oriented self-relatedness.", "publicationTitle": "Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 11, 2008", "volume": "157", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "120-131", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuroscience", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793699", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:38:50Z", "PMID": "18793699", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-4522", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The resting brain and our self", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cerebral Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ego", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photic Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prefrontal Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychomotor Performance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rest", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:38:50Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:38:50Z" } }, { "key": "R5Q9MJ4K", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/R5Q9MJ4K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/R5Q9MJ4K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Knill and Pouget", "parsedDate": "2004-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R5Q9MJ4K", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David C", "lastName": "Knill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexandre", "lastName": "Pouget" } ], "abstractNote": "To use sensory information efficiently to make judgments and guide action in the world, the brain must represent and use information about uncertainty in its computations for perception and action. Bayesian methods have proven successful in building computational theories for perception and sensorimotor control, and psychophysics is providing a growing body of evidence that human perceptual computations are \"Bayes' optimal\". This leads to the \"Bayesian coding hypothesis\": that the brain represents sensory information probabilistically, in the form of probability distributions. Several computational schemes have recently been proposed for how this might be achieved in populations of neurons. Neurophysiological data on the hypothesis, however, is almost non-existent. A major challenge for neuroscientists is to test these ideas experimentally, and so determine whether and how neurons code information about sensory uncertainty.", "publicationTitle": "Trends in Neurosciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2004", "volume": "27", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "712-719", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trends Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541511", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:36:54Z", "PMID": "15541511", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0166-2236", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Bayesian brain", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bayes Theorem", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Biological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Net", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:36:54Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:36:54Z" } }, { "key": "VNWTA6IW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/VNWTA6IW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/VNWTA6IW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vincent et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-05-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "VNWTA6IW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. L.", "lastName": "Vincent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. H.", "lastName": "Patel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. D.", "lastName": "Fox" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. Z.", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. T.", "lastName": "Baker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. C.", "lastName": "Van Essen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Zempel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. H.", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Corbetta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. E.", "lastName": "Raichle" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 03, 2007", "volume": "447", "issue": "7140", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "83-86", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/nature05758", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05758", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Nature", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z" } }, { "key": "4S587IXJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/4S587IXJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/4S587IXJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/VNWTA6IW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4S587IXJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VNWTA6IW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Nature Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7140/pdf/nature05758.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z" } }, { "key": "CBK8Z4B5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/CBK8Z4B5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/CBK8Z4B5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/VNWTA6IW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CBK8Z4B5", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VNWTA6IW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Nature Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7140/full/nature05758.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:34:59Z" } }, { "key": "UT7MXENB", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/UT7MXENB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/UT7MXENB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Raichle and Mintun", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UT7MXENB", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Brain work and brain imaging", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcus E", "lastName": "Raichle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark A", "lastName": "Mintun" } ], "abstractNote": "Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has been used extensively to map regional changes in brain activity. The signal used by both techniques is based on changes in local circulation and metabolism (brain work). Our understanding of the cell biology of these changes has progressed greatly in the past decade. New insights have emerged on the role of astrocytes in signal transduction as has an appreciation of the unique contribution of aerobic glycolysis to brain energy metabolism. Likewise our understanding of the neurophysiologic processes responsible for imaging signals has progressed from an assumption that spiking activity (output) of neurons is most relevant to one focused on their input. Finally, neuroimaging, with its unique metabolic perspective, has alerted us to the ongoing and costly intrinsic activity within brain systems that most likely represents the largest fraction of the brain's functional activity.", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "29", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "449-476", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Annu. Rev. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112819", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16776593", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:32:52Z", "PMID": "16776593", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0147-006X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Astrocytes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diagnostic Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy Metabolism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oxygen", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:32:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:32:52Z" } }, { "key": "UIBKT2SG", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/UIBKT2SG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/UIBKT2SG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Greicius", "parsedDate": "2008-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UIBKT2SG", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Greicius" } ], "abstractNote": "PURPOSE OF REVIEW\n\nThis review considers recent advances in the application of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.\n\n\nRECENT FINDINGS\n\nResting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is a relatively novel technique that has several potential advantages over task-activation functional magnetic resonance imaging in terms of its clinical applicability. A number of research groups have begun to investigate the use of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. Although preliminary results have been fairly consistent in some disorders (for example, Alzheimer's disease) they have been less reproducible in others (schizophrenia). Resting-state connectivity has been shown to correlate with behavioral performance and emotional measures. It's potential as a biomarker of disease and an early objective marker of treatment response is genuine but still to be realized.\n\n\nSUMMARY\n\nResting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has made some strides in the clinical realm but significant advances are required before it can be used in a meaningful way at the single-patient level.", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 2008", "volume": "21", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "424-430", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Curr. Opin. Neurol.", "DOI": "10.1097/WCO.0b013e328306f2c5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607202", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:28:19Z", "PMID": "18607202", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1350-7540", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dementia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuropsychology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:28:19Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "DWGJV43K", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/DWGJV43K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/DWGJV43K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rogers et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "DWGJV43K", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain by FMRI", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Baxter P.", "lastName": "Rogers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victoria L.", "lastName": "Morgan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allen T.", "lastName": "Newton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John C.", "lastName": "Gore" } ], "abstractNote": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging is widely used to detect and delineate regions of the brain that change their level of activation in response to specific stimuli and tasks. Simple activation maps depict only the average level of engagement of different regions within distributed systems. FMRI potentially can reveal additional information about the degree by which components of large-scale neural systems are functionally coupled together to achieve specific tasks. In order to better understand how brain regions contribute to functionally connected circuits, it is necessary to record activation maps either as a function of different conditions, at different times or in different subjects. Data obtained under different conditions may then be analyzed by a variety of techniques to infer correlations and couplings between nodes in networks. Several different multivariate statistical methods have been adapted and applied to analyze the variations within such data. An approach of particular interest that is suited to studies of connectivity within single subjects makes use of acquisitions of runs of MRI images obtained while the brain is in a so-called steady state, either at rest (i.e. without any specific stimulus or task) or in a condition of continuous activation. The interregional correlations between fluctuations of MRI signal potentially reveal functional connectivity. Recent studies have established that interregional correlations between different components of circuits in each of the visual, language, motor and working memory systems can be detected in the resting state. The correlations at baseline are changed during the performance of a continuous task. In this review the various methods available for assessing connectivity are described and evaluated.", "publicationTitle": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007-12", "volume": "25", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1347-1357", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Magn Reson Imaging", "DOI": "10.1016/j.mri.2007.03.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "17499467", "PMCID": "2169499", "ISSN": "0730-725X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z" } }, { "key": "9DN8F6NR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/9DN8F6NR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/9DN8F6NR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/DWGJV43K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9DN8F6NR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DWGJV43K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169499/pdf/nihms-35615.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z" } }, { "key": "TH999W2W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/TH999W2W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/TH999W2W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/DWGJV43K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TH999W2W", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DWGJV43K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169499/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:26:36Z" } }, { "key": "J98FW2IR", "version": 106, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/J98FW2IR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/J98FW2IR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lowe et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "J98FW2IR", "version": 106, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Functional Connectivity in Single and Multislice Echoplanar Imaging Using Resting-State Fluctuations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.J.", "lastName": "Lowe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.J.", "lastName": "Mock" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.A.", "lastName": "Sorenson" } ], "abstractNote": "A previous report of correlations in low-frequency resting-state fluctuations between right and left hemisphere motor cortices in rapidly sampled single-slice echoplanar data is confirmed using a whole-body echoplanar MRI scanner at 1.5 T. These correlations are extended to lower sampling rate multislice echoplanar acquisitions and other right/left hemisphere-symmetric functional cortices. The specificity of the correlations in the lower sampling-rate acquisitions is lower due to cardiac and respiratory-cycle effects which are aliased into the pass-band of the low-pass filter. Data are combined for three normal right-handed male subjects. Correlations to left hemisphere motor cortex, visual cortex, and amygdala are measured in long resting-state scans.", "publicationTitle": "NeuroImage", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1998", "volume": "7", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "119-132", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1006/nimg.1997.0315", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811997903153", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:24:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1053-8119", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Motor Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "amygdala.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional connectivity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional magnetic resonance imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "physiologic noise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "visual cortex", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:24:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:24:34Z" } }, { "key": "JBTWDJGQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/JBTWDJGQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/JBTWDJGQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/J98FW2IR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JBTWDJGQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": 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"name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/3KGB5AAC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/3KGB5AAC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Damoiseaux et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "3KGB5AAC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. S.", "lastName": "Damoiseaux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. a. R. B.", "lastName": "Rombouts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Barkhof" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Scheltens" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. J.", "lastName": "Stam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. M.", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. F.", "lastName": "Beckmann" } ], "abstractNote": "Functional MRI (fMRI) can be applied to study the functional connectivity of the human brain. It has been suggested that fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal during rest reflect the neuronal baseline activity of the brain, representing the state of the human brain in the absence of goal-directed neuronal action and external input, and that these slow fluctuations correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks. Several studies on resting fMRI have been conducted, reporting an apparent similarity between the identified patterns. The spatial consistency of these resting patterns, however, has not yet been evaluated and quantified. In this study, we apply a data analysis approach called tensor probabilistic independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data to find coherencies that are consistent across subjects and sessions. We characterize and quantify the consistency of these effects by using a bootstrapping approach, and we estimate the BOLD amplitude modulation as well as the voxel-wise cross-subject variation. The analysis found 10 patterns with potential functional relevance, consisting of regions known to be involved in motor function, visual processing, executive functioning, auditory processing, memory, and the so-called default-mode network, each with BOLD signal changes up to 3%. In general, areas with a high mean percentage BOLD signal are consistent and show the least variation around the mean. These findings show that the baseline activity of the brain is consistent across subjects exhibiting significant temporal dynamics, with percentage BOLD signal change comparable with the signal changes found in task-related experiments.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "103", "issue": "37", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13848 -13853", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0601417103", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/103/37/13848.abstract", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:21:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:21:58Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:21:58Z" } }, { "key": "N8N5BC42", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/N8N5BC42", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/N8N5BC42", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/3KGB5AAC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "N8N5BC42", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3KGB5AAC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:21:58Z", "url": 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}, "data": { "key": "E2RNX2BK", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KTBK3Z8T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/100/1/253.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z" } }, { "key": "VHSHSV45", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/VHSHSV45", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/VHSHSV45", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/KTBK3Z8T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VHSHSV45", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KTBK3Z8T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/100/1/253.abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z" } }, { "key": "KTBK3Z8T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/KTBK3Z8T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/KTBK3Z8T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Greicius et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-01-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "KTBK3Z8T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael D.", "lastName": "Greicius" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben", "lastName": "Krasnow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allan L.", "lastName": "Reiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vinod", "lastName": "Menon" } ], "abstractNote": "Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 07 , 2003", "volume": "100", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "253 -258", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0135058100", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/100/1/253.abstract", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Functional connectivity in the resting brain", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:19:32Z" } }, { "key": "7IFQGSCC", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/7IFQGSCC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/7IFQGSCC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Biswal et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7IFQGSCC", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B", "lastName": "Biswal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F Z", "lastName": "Yetkin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V M", "lastName": "Haughton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J S", "lastName": "Hyde" } ], "abstractNote": "An MRI time course of 512 echo-planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10(-3)) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.", "publicationTitle": "Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1995", "volume": "34", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "537-541", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Magn Reson Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8524021", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:17:34Z", "PMID": "8524021", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0740-3194", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Acoustic Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cerebrovascular Circulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Echo-Planar Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electroencephalography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fingers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hand", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Skills", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Movement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oxygen", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photic Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychomotor Performance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rest", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somatosensory Cortex", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:17:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:17:34Z" } }, { "key": "IEWNV4JB", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/IEWNV4JB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/IEWNV4JB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 30872, "username": "xbarandiaran", "name": "Xabier E. Barandiaran", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xbarandiaran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Raichle et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-01-16", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IEWNV4JB", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A default mode of brain function", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M E", "lastName": "Raichle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A M", "lastName": "MacLeod" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A Z", "lastName": "Snyder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W J", "lastName": "Powers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D A", "lastName": "Gusnard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G L", "lastName": "Shulman" } ], "abstractNote": "A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 16, 2001", "volume": "98", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "676-682", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.98.2.676", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209064", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:14:46Z", "PMID": "11209064", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Chemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cerebrovascular Circulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oxygen", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oxygen Consumption", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oxyhemoglobins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parietal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rest", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Supine Position", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tomography, Emission-Computed", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wakefulness", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:14:46Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:14:46Z" } }, { "key": "BQ4QQZ78", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/BQ4QQZ78", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/BQ4QQZ78", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/AEM689U7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BQ4QQZ78", "version": 1, "parentItem": "AEM689U7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z", "url": "http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z" } }, { "key": "GWFCQF5B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/GWFCQF5B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/GWFCQF5B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/AEM689U7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GWFCQF5B", "version": 1, "parentItem": "AEM689U7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z", "url": "http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z" } }, { "key": "AEM689U7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 55847, "name": "Open Questions In Cognitive Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/55847/items/AEM689U7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/open_questions_in_cognitive_science/items/AEM689U7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 14555, "username": "synergenz", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/synergenz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shulman et al.", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "AEM689U7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Common Blood Flow Changes across Visual Tasks: II. Decreases in Cerebral Cortex", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gordon L.", "lastName": "Shulman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julie A.", "lastName": "Fiez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maurizio", "lastName": "Corbetta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Randy L.", "lastName": "Buckner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis M.", "lastName": "Miezin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcus E.", "lastName": "Raichle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven E.", "lastName": "Petersen" } ], "abstractNote": "Nine previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of human visual information processing were reanalyzed to determine the consistency across experiments of blood flow decreases during active tasks relative to passive viewing of the same stimulus array. Areas showing consistent decreases during active tasks included posterior cingulate/precuneous (Brodmann area, BA 31/7), left (BAS 40 and 39/19) and right (BA 40) inferior parietal cortex, left dorsolateral frontal cortex (BA S), left lateral inferior frontal cortex (BA 10/47), left inferior temporal gyrus @A 20), a strip of medial frontal regions running along a dorsal-ventral axis (BAs 8, 9, 10, and 32), and the right amygdala.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "9", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "648-663", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0898-929X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Common Blood Flow Changes across Visual Tasks", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "MIT Press Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CF8PMA7I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-02T13:13:04Z" } } ]