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            "abstractNote": "In today’s dynamic marketplace, manufacturing companies are under strong pressure to introduce new products for long-term survival with their competitors. Nevertheless, every company cannot cope up progressively or immediately with the market requirements due to knowledge dynamics being experienced in the competitive milieu. Increased competition and reduced product life cycles put force upon companies to develop new products faster. In response to these pressing needs, there should be some new approach compatible in flexible circumstances. This paper presents a solution based on the popular Stage-Gate system, which is closely linked with virtual team approach. Virtual teams can provide a platform to advance the knowledge-base in a company and thus to reduce time-to-market. This article introduces conceptual product development architecture under a virtual team umbrella. The paper describes all the major aspects of new product development (NPD), NPD process and its relationship with virtual teams, Stage-Gate system finally presents a modified Stage-Gate system to cope up with the changing needs. It also provides the guidelines for the successful implementation of virtual teams in new product development.",
            "publicationTitle": "African Journal of Marketing Management",
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            "title": "انتقال حرارت توأم با تقطير بخار آب در مبدلهاي لوله – پره اي",
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                    "firstName": "N. A",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper explores potential advantages of using virtual teams for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with a comprehensive review on various aspects of virtual teams. Based on the standing of the pertinent literatures, attempt has been made to study the aspects by online survey method in Iran and Malaysia. In both countries, SMEs play an important role in their economies, employments, and capacity building. Virtual R&D team can be one of the means to increase SMEs efficiency and competitiveness in their local as well as global markets. In this context, surveys have been conducted to evaluate the effects of virtuality to the growth of SMEs. The study addresses some differences between two countries in engaging virtual research and development (R&D) teams in their SMEs. It is observed that there is a significant difference between the SMEs turnover that employed virtual team and that did not employ the virtual team. The way for further studies and recommend improvements are proposed.",
            "publicationTitle": "African Journal of Business Management",
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            "abstractNote": "Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered as an engine for economic growth all over the world and especially for developing countries. During the past decade, new product development (NPD) has increasingly been recognized as a critical factor in ensuring the continued survival of SMEs. On the other hand, the rapid rate of market and technological changes has accelerated in the past decade, so this turbulent environment requires new methods and techniques to bring successful new products to the marketplace. Virtual team can be a solution to answer the requested demand. However, literature have shown no significant differences between traditional NPD and virtual NPD in general, whereas NPD in SME's virtual team has not been systematically investigated in developing countries. This paper aims to bridge this gap by first reviewing the NPD and its relationship with virtuality and then identifies the critical factors of NPD in virtual teams. The statistical method was utilized to perform the required analysis of data from the survey. The results were achieved through factor analysis at the perspective of NPD in some Malaysian and Iranian manufacturing firms (N = 191). The 20 new product development factors were grouped into five higher level constructs. It gives valuable insight and guidelines, which hopefully will help managers of firms in developing countries to consider the main factors in NPD.",
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            "abstractNote": "In the competitive market , virtual teams represent a growing response to the need for fasting time-to- market, low-cost and rapid solutions to complex organizational problems. Virtual teams enable organizations to pool the talents and expertise of employees and non-employees by eliminating time and space barriers . Nowadays, companies are heavily investing in virtual team to enhance their performance and competitiveness. Despite virtual teams growing prevalence, relatively little is known about this new form of team. Hence the study offers an extensive literature review with definitions o f virtual teams and a structured analysis of the present body of knowledge of virtual teams. First, we distinguish virtual teams from conventional teams , different types of virtual teams to identify where current knowledge applies. Second, we distinguish what is needed for effective virtual team considering the people, process and technology point of view and underlying characteristics of virtual teams and challenges they entail. Finally, we have identified an d extended 12 key factors that need to be considered, and describes a methodology focused on supporting virtual team working, with a new approach that has not been specifically addressed in the existing literature and some guide line for future research extracted.",
            "publicationTitle": "Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences",
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            "date": "2009",
            "volume": "3",
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                    "firstName": "N. A",
                    "lastName": "Ebrahim"
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            "abstractNote": "Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are indeed the engines of global economic growth. Their continued growth is a major subject for the economy and employment of any country. Towards that end, virtual research and development (R&D) could be a viable option to sustain and ease the operations of SMEs. However, literature shows there has not been a great deal of research into the diverse characteristic of virtual R&D teams in SMEs. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on different aspects of virtual R&D teams collected from the reputed publications. The purpose of the literature review is to provide an outline on the structure and dynamics of R&D collaboration in SMEs. Specifying the rationale and relevance of virtual teams, the relationship between virtual R&D team for SMEs and new product development (NPD) has been examined. It concludes with identifying the gaps and feebleness in the existing literatures and calls for future research in this area. It is argued to form of virtual R&D team deserves consideration at top level management for venturing into the new product development within SMEs.",
            "publicationTitle": "International Journal of the Physical Sciences",
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            "date": "2010 Jul",
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            "pages": "916-930",
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                {
                    "tag": "New product Development"
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                    "tag": "R&D"
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                    "tag": "Virtual teams"
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                    "tag": "communication"
                },
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                    "tag": "design"
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                    "tag": "development management"
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                    "tag": "distributed"
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                    "tag": "manufacturing smes"
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                    "tag": "medium-sized enterprises"
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                    "tag": "small and medium enterprises"
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                {
                    "tag": "success"
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                    "lastName": "Ale Ebrahim"
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            "abstractNote": "Innovation plays a central role in economic development, at the regional and national level. In the competitive environment companies are obliged to produce more rapidly, more effectively and more efficiently in new product development, which is a result of research and development (R&D) activities. It is necessary for them to put together different capabilities and services with the goal, through cooperation between suppliers and customers, service providers and scientific institutions to achieve innovations of high quality. Depending on the type of industry, the type of business, the type of innovation and the strategic objectives that have been set, firms will regularly have to modify the way in which their R&D and innovation are organized. Nowadays, shift from serial to simultaneous and parallel working in innovation has become more commonplace. Literatures have shown that collaboration is as a meta-capability for innovation. By a comprehensive reviewing of literature this article after define virtual teams and its characteristics, addressing virtual environment innovation and the relationship to R&D activities. Finally conclude that innovation cannot be successful, unless the knowledge and information in the R&D project are effectively captured, shared and internalized by the R&D project’s virtual team members.",
            "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Scientific Research",
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            "abstractNote": "Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the driving engine behind economic growth. While SMEs play a critical role in generating employment and supporting trade, they face numerous challenges, the prominent among them are the need to respond to fasting time-to-market, low-cost and rapid solutions to complex organizational problems. Towards that end, research and development (R & D) aspect deserves particular attention to promote and facilitate the operations of SMEs. Virtual R & D team could be a viable option. However, literature shows that virtual R & D teaming in SMEs is still at its infancy. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on different aspects of virtual R & D teams collected from the reputed publications. The purpose of the state-of-the-art literature review is to provide an overview on the structure and dynamics of R & D collaboration in SMEs. Specifying the foundation and importance of virtual teams, the relationship between virtual R & D team and SMEs has been examined. It concludes with the identification of the gaps in the existing literatures and calls for future research. It is argued that setting-up an infrastructure for virtual R & D team in SMEs still requires a large amount of engineering efforts and deserves consideration at top level management.",
            "publicationTitle": "Scientific Research and Essay",
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            "abstractNote": "Increasingly competitive global markets and accelerating technological changes have increased the need for people to contact via electronic medium to have daily updates, the people those who could not able to meet face to face every day. Those who contact via electronic medium i.e. Virtual Team, are having number of benefit but to achieve these potential benefits, however, leaders need to overcome liabilities inherent in the lack of direct contact among team members and managers. Team members may not naturally know how to interact effectively across space and time. By this paper author try to throw some lights on the challenges that virtual team faces and try to elaborate what is needed for Virtual Team.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Business Management and Administration",
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            "title": "The Effectiveness of Virtual R&D Teams in SMEs: Experiences of Malaysian SMEs",
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                    "lastName": "Ale Ebrahim"
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            "abstractNote": "The number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), especially those involved with research and development (R&D) programs and employed virtual teams to create the greatest competitive advantage from limited labor are increasing. Global and localized virtual R&D teams are believed to have high potential for the growth of SMEs. Due to the fast-growing complexity of new products coupled with new emerging opportunities of virtual teams, a collaborative approach is believed to be the future trend. This research explores the effectiveness of virtuality in SMEs’ virtual R&D teams. Online questionnaires were emailed to Malaysian manufacturing SMEs and 74 usable questionnaires were received, representing a 20.8 percent return rate. In order to avoid biases which may result from pre-suggested answers, a series of open-ended questions were retrieved from the experts. This study was focused on analyzing an open-ended question, whereby four main themes were extracted from the experts’ recommendations regarding the effectiveness of virtual teams for the growth and performance of SMEs. The findings of this study would be useful to product design managers of SMEs in order to realize the key advantages and significance of virtual R&D teams during the new product development (NPD) process. This in turn, leads to increased effectiveness in new product development's procedure.",
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            "abstractNote": "New interaction tools such as internet allow companies to gain valuable input from research and development (R&D) engineers via virtual teams. Consequently, engineers also get more expertise in diminutive timeframes. Virtual R&D teams present the key impetus to the technology acquisition process. The present knowledge-economy era is characterized by short product life-cycles. Virtual R&D teams may reduce time-to-market, make available a large pool of new product know-how and provide greater flexibilities, which are the key success factors in a competitive market. This comprehensive review contains almost 100 references and covers the recent literature with emphasis on the topic. The review has focused on authentic and reputed publications and extracts the results. This article presents the type of virtual teams and their main features and explains how virtual R&D team can play a prominent role in developing new products. The article is evolved future study guideline and also illustrates how to apply virtual interaction tools and integrate engineers into the innovation process. Management of virtual R&D teams in new product development (NPD) processes in an innovative, effective and efficient is of a high importance, but the issue has been poorly addressed in the previous studies. Findings show that virtual R&D team provides valuable input for new product development and R&D engineers are able to attain virtual experience.",
            "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Educational Studies",
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            "title": "Virtual R&D teams and SMEs growth: A comparative study between Iranian and Malaysian SMEs",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper explores potential advantages of using virtual teams for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with a comprehensive review on various aspects of virtual teams. Based on the standing of the pertinent literatures, attempt has been made to study the aspects by online survey method in Iran and Malaysia. In both countries, SMEs play an important role in their economies, employments, and capacity building. Virtual R&D team can be one of the means to increase SMEs efficiency and competitiveness in their local as well as global markets. In this context, surveys have been conducted to evaluate the effects of virtuality to the growth of SMEs. The study addresses some differences between two countries in engaging virtual research and development (R&D) teams in their SMEs. It is observed that there is a significant difference between the SMEs turnover that employed virtual team and that did not employ the virtual team. The way for further studies and recommend improvements are proposed.",
            "publicationTitle": "African Journal of Business Management",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "2010 4 September",
            "volume": "4",
            "issue": "11",
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            "partNumber": "",
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            "pages": "2368-2379",
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MANUF, V20, P1, DOI\n10.1016/S0736-5845(03)00049-8\nLAFORET S, 2006, J SMALL BUSINESS ENT, V13, P363\nLAFORET S, 2007, J BUS RES IN PRESS\nLAN HB, 2004, COMPUT IND, V54, P51, DOI 10.1016/j.compind.2003.07.006\nLAWSON CP, 2006, TECHNOVATION, V26, P242, DOI\n10.1016/j.technovation.2004.07.017\nLEENDERS RTAJ, 2003, J ENG TECHNOL MANAGE, V20, P69, DOI\n10.1016/S0923-4748(03)00005-5\nLEVY M, 1998, SMALL BUS ECON, V11, P183\nLEVY M, 2003, EUR J INFORM SYST, V12, P3, DOI\n10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000439\nLIN C, 2007, CONT MANAGEMENT RES, V3, P83\nLINDMAN MT, 2002, EUROPEAN J INNOVATIO, V5, P224\nLOVE PED, 2004, INFORM MANAGE-AMSTER, V42, P227, DOI\n10.1016/j.im.2003.12.011\nLU JW, 2006, J INT ENTREPRENEURSH, V4, P27\nLUREY JS, 2001, INFORM MANAGE, V38, P523\nMAHAJAR AJB, 2006, P ADV GLOB BUS RES J, P90\nMASSA S, 2008, TECHNOVATION, V28, P393, DOI\n10.1016/j.technovation.2008.01.002\nMCDONOUGH EF, 2001, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V18, P110\nMEZGAR I, 2000, INT J PROD ECON, V64, P37\nMILES RE, 2000, 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ECON GROWTH, V10, P199, DOI 10.1007/s10887-005-3533-5\nBELL BS, 2002, GROUP ORGAN MANAGE, V27, P14\nBERGIEL JB, 2008, MANAGE RES NEWS, V31, P99\nBIUKAGHAI RP, 2003, PATTERNS VIRTUAL COL\nBLOMQVIST K, 2004, R&D MANAGE, V34, P591\nBOER FP, 2005, APPL CATAL A-GEN, V280, P3, DOI\n10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.024\nBOUDREAU MC, 1998, ACAD MANAGEMENT EXEC, V12, P120\nBOUGRAIN F, 2002, RES POLICY, V31, P735\nBOUTELLIER R, 1998, R&D MANAGE, V28, P13\nCANAVESIO MM, 2007, COMPUT IND, V58, P794, DOI\n10.1016/j.compind.2007.02.005\nCAPUTO AC, 2002, IND MANAGE DATA SYST, V102, P271, DOI\n10.1108/02635570210428302\nCARBONARA N, 2005, TECHNOVATION, V25, P213, DOI\n10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00095-6\nCASCIO WF, 2000, ACAD MANAGE EXEC, V14, P81\nCASCIO WF, 2003, ORGAN DYN, V31, P362\nCHEN HH, 2008, COMPUT IND, V59, P242\nCHEN HH, 2008, TECHNOLOGICAL FORECA, P385\nCHEN M, 2007, DECIS SUPPORT SYST, V43, P1186, DOI\n10.1016/j.dss.2005.07.008\nCHEN TY, 2008, COMPUT IND, V59, P502, DOI 10.1016/j.compind.2007.12.004\nCHEN TY, 2008, COMPUT IND, V59, P565\nCHESBROUGH HW, 2002, HARVARD BUSINESS AUG, P127\nCHEW YT, 2001, REG STUD, V35, P431\nCHOI T, 2003, KOREAS SMALL MEDIUM, P17\nCHUDOBA KM, 2005, INFORM SYST J, V15, P279\nCOOPER RG, 2004, RES TECHNOL MANAGE, V47, P43\nCORSO M, 2003, INTEGRATED MANUFACTU, V14, P46\nCRISCUOLO P, 2005, RES POLICY, V34, P1350, DOI\n10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.018\nCUMMINGS JL, 2003, J ENG TECHNOL MANAGE, V20, P39, DOI\n10.1016/S0923-4748(03)00004-3\nCURSEU PL, 2008, VIRTUAL TEAMS PROCES\nDAFOULAS G, 2002, ELECT J INFORMATION, V7, P1\nDAVIS C, 2006, J TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE, V31, P145\nDEROS BM, 2006, BENCHMARKING INT J, V13, P396\nDICKSON KE, 1998, INT J ENTREPRENEURIA, V4, P5\nDICKSON PH, 2006, J BUS VENTURING, V21, P487\nDIJK BV, 1997, SMALL BUSINESS EC, V9, P335\nDONG B, 2006, INT FEDERATION INFOR\nEGBU CO, 2005, STRUCTURAL SURVEY, V23, P7\nEIKEBROKK TR, 2007, INFORM MANAGE-AMSTER, V44, P364, DOI\n10.1016/j.im.2007.02.004\nERKEN H, 2005, TECHNOVATION, V25, P1079, DOI\n10.1016/j.technovation.2004.03.002\nFLORES M, 2006, IFIP INT FEDERATION\nFULLER MA, 2006, J MANAGE INFORM SYST, V23, P209, DOI\n10.2753/MIS0742-1222230308\nFURST SA, 2004, ACAD MANAGE EXEC, V18, P6\nGASSMANN O, 1999, IEEE MANAGEMENT ENG, P198\nGASSMANN O, 2003, INNOVATION PROCESSES\nGASSMANN O, 2003, R&D MANAGE, V33, P243\nGASSMANN O, 2007, J WORLD BUS, V42, P350\nGAUDES A, 2007, J E WORKING, V1, P83\nGE ZH, 2008, EUR J OPER RES, V185, P864\nGOMEZ JO, 2007, BENCHMARKING INT J, V14, P289\nGONZALEZ FJM, 2002, IND MARKET MANAG, V31, P261\nGRAY C, 2006, INT J ENTREPRENEURIA, V12, P345\nGRIFFITH TL, 2003, MIS QUART, V27, P265\nGUNASEKARAN A, 1999, COMPUT IND ENG, V37, P407\nGUNIS A, 2007, DIGITAL ENTERPRISE T\nHAGA T, 2005, AI SOC, V19, P362\nHANNA V, 2002, R&D MANAGE, V32, P201\nHAUSMAN A, 2005, IND MARKET MANAG, V34, P773, DOI\n10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.12.009\nHEGDE D, 2008, RES POL, V37, P90\nHERTEL G, 2005, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAG, V15, P69\nHINDS PJ, 2005, 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