[ { "key": "8ZKJNNI9", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/8ZKJNNI9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/8ZKJNNI9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/NV4TDDRN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8ZKJNNI9", "version": 9, "parentItem": "NV4TDDRN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Chronicle of Higher Education Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z", "url": "http://chronicle.com/article/Home-Schooled-Students-Rise-in/16677", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z" } }, { "key": "NV4TDDRN", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/NV4TDDRN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/NV4TDDRN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wasley", "parsedDate": "2007-10-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NV4TDDRN", "version": 9, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "Home-Schooled Students Rise in Supply and Demand", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paula", "lastName": "Wasley" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Chronicle of Higher Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 12, 2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0009-5982", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://chronicle.com/article/Home-Schooled-Students-Rise-in/16677", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "The Chronicle of Higher Education", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:49:55Z" } }, { "key": "56BEETBT", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/56BEETBT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/56BEETBT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GSFBTXC9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "56BEETBT", "version": 8, "parentItem": "GSFBTXC9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z", "url": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201407/what-do-grown-unschoolers-think-unschooling-iv-in-series", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z" } }, { "key": "GSFBTXC9", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GSFBTXC9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/GSFBTXC9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GSFBTXC9", "version": 8, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "What Do Grown Unschoolers Think of Unschooling? IV in Series", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Most were very happy to have been unschooled, but a few were not. Why?", "websiteTitle": "Psychology Today", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201407/what-do-grown-unschoolers-think-unschooling-iv-in-series", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z", "shortTitle": "What Do Grown Unschoolers Think of Unschooling?", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:38:24Z" } }, { "key": "Q2WVAD9Q", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/Q2WVAD9Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/Q2WVAD9Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Q2WVAD9Q", "version": 7, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The Challenges of Unschooling: Report III from the Survey", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "The biggest challenge to unschoolers: standing up to social norms.", "websiteTitle": "Psychology Today", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201204/the-challenges-unschooling-report-iii-the-survey", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z", "shortTitle": "The Challenges of Unschooling", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z" } }, { "key": "A96E45SB", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/A96E45SB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/A96E45SB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/Q2WVAD9Q", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A96E45SB", "version": 7, "parentItem": "Q2WVAD9Q", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z", "url": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201204/the-challenges-unschooling-report-iii-the-survey", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T04:36:18Z" } }, { "key": "GM8MREAT", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GM8MREAT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/GM8MREAT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/ANDZSAV8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GM8MREAT", "version": 5, "parentItem": "ANDZSAV8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:41:11Z", "url": "https://nplusonemag.com/issue-13/essays/unschooling/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:41:11Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:41:11Z" } }, { "key": "P5U4P5AP", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/P5U4P5AP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/P5U4P5AP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2012-01-23", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P5U4P5AP", "version": 4, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "Unschooling", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "In the early ’70s, 1973 to be exact, when my mother was 13 years old, she enrolled at the Carcross Community School, an alternative boarding school up north in the Yukon Territory. Despite its location and near-total isolation, the community was part of a radical education movement sweeping North America. Like hundreds of other free schools across the continent, Carcross emphasized unmediated experience above instruction and authority.", "blogTitle": "n+1", "websiteType": "", "date": "2012-01-23T20:03:57+00:00", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://nplusonemag.com/issue-13/essays/unschooling/", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z" } }, { "key": "A36MND9S", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/A36MND9S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/A36MND9S", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/P5U4P5AP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A36MND9S", "version": 4, "parentItem": "P5U4P5AP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z", "url": "https://nplusonemag.com/issue-13/essays/unschooling/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:39:59Z" } }, { "key": "CK5R7E4K", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/CK5R7E4K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/CK5R7E4K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/ER9PDZZB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CK5R7E4K", "version": 3, "parentItem": "ER9PDZZB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z", "url": "http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/2891143141/fmt/pi/rep/NONE?hl=&cit%3Aauth=Thomas%2C+Alan%3BPattison%2C+Harriet&cit%3Atitle=Informal+Home+Education%3A+Philosophical+Aspirations+put+into+Practice&cit%3Apub=Studies+in+Philosophy+and+Education&cit%3Avol=32&cit%3Aiss=2&cit%3Apg=141&cit%3Adate=Mar+2013&ic=true&cit%3Aprod=ProQuest+Social+Sciences+Premium+Collection&_a=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%3D%3D&_s=rV%2BIgv3UHTJELIpFTjbmO%2F6O8Js%3D", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z" } }, { "key": "ER9PDZZB", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/ER9PDZZB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/ER9PDZZB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thomas and Pattison", "parsedDate": "2013-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ER9PDZZB", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Informal Home Education: Philosophical Aspirations put into Practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Thomas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Harriet", "lastName": "Pattison" } ], "abstractNote": "Issue Title: Special Issue : \"The school to come...\"\nInformal home education occurs without much that is generally considered essential for formal education--including curriculum, learning plans, assessments, age related targets or planned and deliberate teaching. Our research into families conducting this kind of education enables us to consider learning away from such imposed structures and to explore how children go about learning for themselves within the context of their own socio-cultural setting. In this paper we consider what and how children learn when no educational agenda is arranged for them and we link this manner of learning to the Deweyan ideas of learning as transactional and learning-in-context. We also use our empirical evidence to explore the notion of ZPD with regard to informal learning and to consider how children, without specific guidance, go about charting a course of learning through the ZPD. We consider the quality of informal learning particularly with regard to the educational aim of developing reflective and critical thinking, showing how these are integral to informal learning. We suggest that a much wider conception of what learning is and how it happens is needed, away from the confines of formal educational structures.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]", "publicationTitle": "Studies in Philosophy and Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2013", "volume": "32", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "141-154", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-012-9299-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com/docview/1287389577/abstract/49902035F4D24E11PQ/1", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0039-3746", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Informal Home Education", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Curricula", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Philosophy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Families & family life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Informal education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Philosophy", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:32:27Z" } }, { "key": "EETI33FG", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/EETI33FG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/EETI33FG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GFDA6IHC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "EETI33FG", "version": 2, "parentItem": "GFDA6IHC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:19:41Z", "url": "http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED510702.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "N2T8EAQ7", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/N2T8EAQ7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/N2T8EAQ7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nash", "parsedDate": "2014-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N2T8EAQ7", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Founders' Continuing Roles in Schools Supporting Self-Directed Learning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carol", "lastName": "Nash" } ], "abstractNote": "What should be the continuing role of founders in schools supporting self-directed learning? To answer this, the founders' views of two North American schools for self-directed learners will be compared. One school is exam-focused and private; the other is, test-free and public. The founders of both schools have comparable beliefs regarding the importance of self-direction in education: Dr. Able, the founder of Able School, sees the primary value of the school as constructing a cohesive \"tribe\" based on the Socratic method of questioning. Dr. Green, influenced by A. S. Neill's \"Summerhill\" in founding Unschool, considers freedom to live life as one chooses as the principle value. Although both founders played a substantial role in the formative years of their schools, only the founder of Able School still holds a prominent position in the school. Why does this discrepancy exist in the continuing role of the founders? What continuing role for a founder is most compatible with democratic society? The answers to these questions provided in this paper are based on personal communications with Dr. Green after a visit this founder of Unschool made to Able School December 12, 2013 to meet with Dr. Able. The names of the founders and their schools are pseudonyms.", "publicationTitle": "Interchange: A Quarterly Review of Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014/05/00", "volume": "45", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "43-57", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s10780-014-9219-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:14:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0826-4805", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ERIC", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Educational Philosophy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Practices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Foreign Countries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Free Schools", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Independent Study", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Learner Controlled Instruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nontraditional Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Private Schools", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questioning Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Role of Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teaching Methods", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "GFDA6IHC", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GFDA6IHC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/GFDA6IHC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Taylor-Hough", "parsedDate": "2010-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GFDA6IHC", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "Are All Homeschooling Methods Created Equal? (unreviewed)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deborah", "lastName": "Taylor-Hough" } ], "abstractNote": "For parents looking to see their children develop into the self-reliant, critical thinkers John Taylor Gatto described in his essay, \"Against School,\" and other works, a combination of unschooling and the Charlotte Mason method would have the best chance of overall success. Research shows any method of homeschooling produces standardized test results 20-30 percentile points above public school results. Not all methods will produce the same level of subjective results such as maturity, leadership, and critical thinking, however. The modern homeschooling movement has a long and varied history which begins in the \"hippy\" movement of the 1960's, moves into the Conservative Christian population during the late 1970's and early 1980's, and then into the mainstream of society today. The motivations for homeschooling can be divided into two sub-groups: Idealogues (religiously motivated) and Pedagogues (academically motivated). These two groups are becoming more diverse as more families join the ranks of the homeschooling movement. The Charlotte Mason method found its way into modern homeschooling through Conservative Christians while unschooling developed in the Liberal Left. By combining both methods, parents can benefit from homeschooling pioneers in both realms of today's modern homeschooling movement.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2010/06/00", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eric.ed.gov/?q=unschooling&id=ED510702", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:19:40Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ERIC", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Creativity" }, { "tag": "Critical Thinking" }, { "tag": "Data Collection" }, { "tag": "Educational History" }, { "tag": "Home Schooling" }, { "tag": "Instructional Effectiveness" }, { "tag": "Lifelong Learning" }, { "tag": "Motivation" }, { "tag": "Outcomes of Education" }, { "tag": "Parents as Teachers" }, { "tag": "Political Attitudes" }, { "tag": "Religious Cultural Groups" }, { "tag": "Role of Education" }, { "tag": "Teaching Methods" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "4JAGHQDV", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/4JAGHQDV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/4JAGHQDV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harrison", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4JAGHQDV", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Open House", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary M.", "lastName": "Harrison" } ], "abstractNote": "This article talks about Unschoolers of Memphis, a support group that welcomes home schoolers of any religion, race, ethnic background or sexual orientation. About 20 families come together in large and small groups, sometimes several times a week, to learn together. The Unschoolers of Memphis are part of a recent phenomenon in education--the huge growth in numbers of parents who are now directing their children's learning themselves, spanning a spectrum from \"school-at-home\" (parents teaching children in much the same way that a classroom teacher would), to \"unschooling\" (parents encouraging children to learn at their own pace through real-life experiences and through investigations of their interests and pursuit of their goals, usually aided more by library materials than by standard textbooks.)", "publicationTitle": "Teaching Tolerance", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003/00/00", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-23-spring-2003/feature/open-house", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:25:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1066-2847", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ERIC", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Child Safety" }, { "tag": "Cultural Pluralism" }, { "tag": "Home Schooling" }, { "tag": "Individualized Instruction" }, { "tag": "Pacing" }, { "tag": "Parents as Teachers" }, { "tag": "Sexual Orientation" }, { "tag": "Social Support Groups" }, { "tag": "Student Diversity" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "J6GNA37G", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/J6GNA37G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/J6GNA37G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Griffith", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J6GNA37G", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An Unschooler's Lament: What's So Hard To Understand?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Griffith" } ], "abstractNote": "Common elements among unschooled families include an environment conducive to exploration and experimentation, adult models and facilitators of learning, and underlying trust that children will learn. Public education limits its expectations of children to narrow standards of behavior and academic achievement, whereas unschooling allows children to direct a process that prepares them for their future. Skeptics' arguments are discussed. (LP)", "publicationTitle": "Paths of Learning: Options for Families & Communities", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999/00/00", "volume": "1", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "17-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:28:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "An Unschooler's Lament", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ERIC", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Educational Philosophy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Strategies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elementary Secondary Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Home Schooling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Learner Controlled Instruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nontraditional Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parent Role", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parent Student Relationship", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Play", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Role of Education", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "HJPPV9CR", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/HJPPV9CR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/HJPPV9CR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murphy", "parsedDate": "2014-02-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HJPPV9CR", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "Homeschooling in America: Capturing and Assessing the Movement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Murphy" } ], "abstractNote": "This revealing and balanced portrait of homeschooling today provides a full history of the movement, demographic insights, and extensive research on how homeschooled children fare in the United States. Delving into a movement that impacts more students nationwide than the entire charter school movement, this book explores:•\tThe history of homeschooling in America•\tHow this movement has grown in credibility and enrollment exponentially•\tThe current state of homeschooling, including questions about who gets homeschooled, why, and what is the success—academically and in life—of students who are homeschooled•\tThe impact of homeschooling on the student and on American societyIn 2010, more than two million students were homeschooled. In the most extensive survey and analysis of research on homeschooling, spanning the birth of the movement in the 1970s to today, Homeschooling in America shines a light on one of the most important yet least understood social movements of the last forty years and explores what it means for education today.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2014-02-04", "publisher": "Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "278", "ISBN": "978-1-62873-934-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=ykRHAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1983&pg=PA1989#v=onepage&q&f=false", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Homeschooling in America", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Note: Published by an independent publisher, but author is/was the Assoc Dean of the College of Education at Vanderbilt.", "tags": [ { "tag": "Education / History" }, { "tag": "Education / Home Schooling" }, { "tag": "Education / Secondary" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "3ZKN8IMD", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/3ZKN8IMD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/3ZKN8IMD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murphy", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3ZKN8IMD", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "RIDING HISTORY: The Organizational Development of Homeschooling in the U.S.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Murphy" } ], "abstractNote": "Murphy explains how home schooling came to life in America, describing the forces that pushed it from the margins of acceptability to the center of the national political and social stage and to near normalization within the educational industry. His focus is on exploring the origins of home schooling by exposing its intellectual and cultural roots. He outline the dynamics propelling the movement forward, at a quite rapid pace. That is, he explain how home schooling has become mainstream in America in such a short period of time. He dose with a description of the evolution of models of home schooling over the last 40 years, from pure home schooling that is 100% detached from public education to the development of a plethora of hybrid or mixed public-home designs.", "publicationTitle": "American Educational History Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "40", "issue": "1/2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "335-354", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com/docview/1449497153/abstract/753B6D0CAC484004PQ/1", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:58:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "15350584", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "RIDING HISTORY", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright Information Age Publishing 2013", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Home education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intellectuals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organization development", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "5IWXE7J8", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/5IWXE7J8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/5IWXE7J8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/HJPPV9CR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "5IWXE7J8", "version": 2, "parentItem": "HJPPV9CR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:53:05Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=ykRHAwAAQBAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "KX2IIWC9", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/KX2IIWC9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/KX2IIWC9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KX2IIWC9", "version": 2, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "How Can Unschoolers Learn Math? - Unschoolery", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sett.com/unschoolery/maths", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T02:50:24Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "GH8KG2AN", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/GH8KG2AN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/GH8KG2AN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2013-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GH8KG2AN", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Challenges and Benefits of Unschooling, According to 232 Families Who Have Chosen that Route", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Unschooling families (families that don’t send their children to school and don’t school them at home) were invited to participate in a survey about their unschooling practices. Two hundred and thirty two self-identified unschooling families, with at least one child over five years old, completed and returned the questionnaire. Qualitative analyses revealed considerable variability in the routes to unschooling and in the ways in which the parents saw themselves as involved in their children’s education. The biggest challenge expressed was that of overcoming feelings of criticism, or social pressure, that came from others who disapproved and from their own culturally-ingrained, habitual ways of thinking about education. The reported benefits of unschooling were numerous; they included improved learning, better attitudes about learning, and improved psychological and social wellbeing for the children; and increased closeness, harmony, and freedom for the whole family.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan. 2013", "volume": "7", "issue": "14", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jual.nipissingu.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2014/06/v72141.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "7Q8384X2", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 551053, "name": "Unschooling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/551053/items/7Q8384X2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/unschooling/items/7Q8384X2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 873957, "username": "adeuink", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adeuink", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martin-Chang et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7Q8384X2", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Impact of Schooling on Academic Achievement: Evidence From Homeschooled and Traditionally Schooled Students", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra", "lastName": "Martin-Chang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Odette N.", "lastName": "Gould" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reanne E.", "lastName": "Meuse" } ], "abstractNote": "Although we had originally planned to carry out a simple comparison of the academic achievements of homeschooled and traditionally schooled children, speaking with the participating families made it clear that our homeschooled sample comprised two distinct subgroups. Although the reasons to homeschool and the methods used by individual families are highly variable (Davies & Aurini, 2003; [Kunzman], 2009; Winstanley, 2009), the parents could be divided by how much they identified with the role of \"teacher.\" The majority of the homeschooling parents reported that they \"often\" or \"always\" used premade curricula or structured lesson plans to teach their children. This group adhered loosely to a \"school-at-home\" methodology (Taylor-Hough, 2010), where the parents/teachers set out clear educational goals for their children and offered structured lessons in the form of either purchased curricula or self-made lesson plans (often some combination of both). The main defining characteristic of this subgroup was that the parents viewed themselves as important contributors to their children's education.\nWith regard to the unstructured homeschooled sample, all of the mothers indicated that they \"rarely\" or \"never\" used structured curricula or premade lesson plans and the mothers of nine children also described themselves as \"unschoolers\" when discussing their approach to education. The term unschooling embodies the notion of self -directed learning on the part of the child - free from teachers, textbooks, and formal assessment (Holt, 1964). Although the decision to homeschool and the decision to unschool involve parents exercising their rights to assume the primary responsibility of educating their children, the two groups deviate radically in their views of the parent-as-teacher and in the use of preset curricula. It has been estimated that approximately 150,000 children in the United States were being unschooled in 2005 (Tamura & Gutierrez, 2006). However, the academic effects of this practice are largely unknown. Our data suggest that this group is being outperformed on academic tests both by the traditionally schooled and the structured homeschooled groups. This pattern of results fits nicely with [Ray, B. D]'s (2010) report, where three variables of interest were positively associated with student achievement on academic tests: greater structure in the program, more funds spent on educational materials (e.g., textbooks, tutoring), and more time spent in \"structured learning time\" (defined as \"time during which the child is engaged in learning activities planned by the parent; it is a time during which the child is not free to do whatever he or she chooses,\" Ray, 2010, p. 19). It is important to note that Ray also found that students enrolled in a full-service curriculum did not perform any differently from those who were not. This concurs with the view that it is not critical whether the materials are purchased or self-made, the pivotal factor seems to be whether the child is mentored by a knowledgeable \"teacher\" in tasks that specifically target culturally important skills (including activities such as reading and arithmetic).\nQuoique l'enseignement à domicile par les parents soit de plus en plus répandu, les résultats éducationnels de cette approche restent incertains. Cette étude compare l'acquisition des connaissances scolaires d'élèves dans des programmes d'enseignement à domicile avec ceUe d'élèves inscrits à l'école pubUque conventionnelle. Quand on a divisé les élèves recevant l'enseignement à domicile en deux groupes : ceux dont l'enseignement était basé sur des plans de leçon méthodiques (enseignement à domicile méthodique) et ceux qui ne suivaient pas de plans méthodiques (enseignement à domicile non méthodique), les données ont révélé que les élèves recevant l'enseignement à domicile méthodique avaient des notes standardisées plus élevées que les élèves de l'école publique. Des analyses exploratoires donnent à penser que les élèves recevant un enseignement à domicile non méthodique ont les notes standardisées les moins élevées des 3 groupes.", "publicationTitle": "Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2011", "volume": "43", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "195-202", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com/docview/878227015?pq-origsite=summon", "accessDate": "2016-06-01T03:17:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0008400X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Impact of Schooling on Academic Achievement", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright Canadian Psychological Association Jul 2011", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Academic achievement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Comparative studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Curricula", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Home education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public schools", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sociology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-01T03:29:18Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-01T03:29:18Z" } } ]