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E.", "lastName": "Galloway" } ], "abstractNote": "Long-term patterns and drivers of ecosystem structure may be misunderstood if knowledge of an ecosystem is derived primarily from a single season, a situation common in many temperate lakes where the role of winter has been less studied. In lakes, avoidance of winter research has been especially pronounced for those that experience winter ice, but critical ecological processes can take place under ice. Even when obscured by snow, ice transmitting as little as 2% incident light can allow relatively high rates of photosynthesis, and winter trophic interactions may have year-round repercussions. Here, we offer a suite of research questions that require attention, in order to build a mature understanding of seasonal plankton dynamics in lakes. Specifically, we ask freshwater ecologists to consider the extent to which abundance and nutrition of winter primary productivity supports consumers under the ice, reorganizes food webs, and how long the effects of winter trophic dynamics extend throughout the year. In addition, we recognize some critical gaps in knowledge about physical and biogeochemical conditions at the time of ice-off. Worldwide shortening in ice duration lends imperative to under-ice studies, in order to more fully understand changes in ecosystem structure and function that may already be underway.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Plankton Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "277-284", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Plankton Res.", "DOI": "10.1093/plankt/fbv002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/20/plankt.fbv002", "accessDate": "2016-05-13T19:41:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0142-7873, 1464-3774", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Heating up a cold subject", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "plankt.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Plankton", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Winter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nutritional quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "state transitions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "trophic interactions", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-17T20:20:50Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-28T16:34:01Z" } }, { "key": "5U7287R8", "version": 99, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": 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graduate students and aquatic scientists.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "3", "date": "2011", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/ecology-and-conservation/light-and-photosynthesis-aquatic-ecosystems-3rd-edition", "accessDate": "2016-06-30T17:47:12Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-30T17:51:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-28T16:31:05Z" } }, { "key": "KH7JPD62", "version": 98, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Statistical Software", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "67", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-48", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5823", "accessDate": "2016-09-27T21:53:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "arXiv.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "arXiv: 1406.5823", "tags": [ { "tag": "Statistics - Computation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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"creatorSummary": "Melnik et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6RRBG8MC", "version": 85, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The cryophilic habitat of micrometazoans under the lake-ice in Lake Baikal", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. G.", "lastName": "Melnik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. I.", "lastName": "Lazarev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. I.", "lastName": "Pomazkova" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. A.", "lastName": "Bondarenko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. A.", "lastName": "Obolkina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. M.", "lastName": "Penzina" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O. A.", "lastName": "Timoshkin" } ], "abstractNote": "An unusual micrometazoan community comprising bacteria, algae, rotifers, and copepods exists under the sea-ice as a type aufwuchs or periphytic community, but little is known of similar systems in freshwaters. Here we report on micrometazoans that comprise the lake-ice or cryophilic community in Lake Baikal (Russia). Our collections of the under-ice-water community were made using planktonic nets during a three-month period (February to April) in 2001 and 2004 and a volumetric syringe (March of 2004). We found that the species richness of this community was relatively high and comparable to that found in marine systems. Important members of the community include rotifers and copepods. In March 2001, we frequently observed endemic species of two genera, Notholca and Synchaeta. The community structure of rotifers appears to be driven by food availability. For example, in 2004, lake-ice diatom populations were relatively poor, which correlated with low rotifer abundance. We postulate that algal assemblages of the cryophilic community are important in structuring of these unusual communities by enlarging spaces within the ice and by providing food for zooplankton. This unusual habitat should be investigated further for two reasons: (1) The lake-ice habitat is the freshwater counterpart to that in the Arctic, and a comparison may provide insights into the structure of ephemeral zooplankton communities. (2) This community may be a source of energy for higher tropic levels during part of the ice-on period for Lake Baikal.", "publicationTitle": "Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008-01-01", "volume": "170", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "315-323", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie", "DOI": "10.1127/1863-9135/2008/0170-0315", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IngentaConnect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Copepods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cryophilic Community", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ice-Water Interface", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rotifers", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-17T20:20:50Z", "dateModified": "2016-09-27T21:50:06Z" } }, { "key": "28A8H7HX", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/28A8H7HX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/28A8H7HX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dokulil et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "28A8H7HX", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Winter conditions in six European shallow lakes: a comparative synopsis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin T.", "lastName": "Dokulil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alois", "lastName": "Herzig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Boglárka", "lastName": "Somogyi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lajos", "lastName": "Vörös" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karl", "lastName": "Donabaum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda", "lastName": "May" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiina", "lastName": "Nõges" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract. This review summarizes winter conditions from six polymictic European shallow lakes. The lakes range from oligotrophic to hyper-eutrophic. Four of the lakes freeze regularly while ice cover is absent or rare in the two others. Ice duration and timing of ice-out are significantly influenced by climate signals in three of the lakes. Winter water temperature remains higher in non-ice-covered lakes. No long-term trend in temperature is detectable except for one lake where winter water temperature began to increase in 1986. Secchi depth in winter is equal or greater than summer values in all six lakes indicating relatively better light conditions in winter. Total phosphorus concentration in winter ranges from 10 to 130 µg L-1, which is equal or lower than summer values and is unrelated to chlorophyll a in five of the sites. Phytoplankton species composition during winter differs largely at the six sites. The winter assemblages largely depend on the trophic level and the conditions during the previous season. Winter chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biomass are usually lower than summer values because of reduced photosynthetic rates. Bacterial production often exceeds primary production. Epipelic algal assemblages tend to proliferate during winter in both ice-covered and non-ice-covered lakes. Primary production is low during winter because of insufficient light. Zooplankton abundances and biomass critically depend on conditions during the previous season and the winter situation and are quite variable from year to year, but their values correlate with the trophic status of the lakes. As a result, winter conditions are important to understand seasonal and annual changes in shallow lakes.", "publicationTitle": "Estonian Journal of Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2014", "volume": "63", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "111-129", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Estonian Journal of Ecology", "DOI": "10.3176/eco.2014.3.01", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.systems.wsu.edu/scripts/wsuall.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=98125555&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2016-05-13T19:40:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1736602X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Winter conditions in six European shallow lakes", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "EUROPE", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plankton", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RESEARCH", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Winter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ZOOPLANKTON", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bacteria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "lakes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "phytoplankton", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "primary production", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "temperature", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-17T20:20:50Z", "dateModified": "2016-09-08T18:19:58Z" } }, { "key": "2FRDRXSI", "version": 104, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/2FRDRXSI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/2FRDRXSI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Barnes et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-07-27", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "2FRDRXSI", "version": 104, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David K. A.", "lastName": "Barnes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francois", "lastName": "Galgani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard C.", "lastName": "Thompson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Morton", "lastName": "Barlaz" } ], "abstractNote": "One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines.\nMega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences (fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009/07/27", "volume": "364", "issue": "1526", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1985-1998", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1098/rstb.2008.0205", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1985", "accessDate": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "PMID": "19528051", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0962-8436, 1471-2970", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2009 The Royal Society", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z" } }, { "key": "I9MHMS8G", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/I9MHMS8G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/I9MHMS8G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/2FRDRXSI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "I9MHMS8G", "version": 82, "parentItem": "2FRDRXSI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528051", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z" } }, { "key": "MHH76SW8", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/MHH76SW8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/MHH76SW8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/2FRDRXSI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MHH76SW8", "version": 82, "parentItem": "2FRDRXSI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1985.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z" } }, { "key": "JP2ZNN52", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/JP2ZNN52", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/JP2ZNN52", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/2FRDRXSI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JP2ZNN52", "version": 82, "parentItem": "2FRDRXSI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/364/1526/1985.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-29T01:04:16Z" } }, { "key": "BCTI53XB", "version": 81, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/BCTI53XB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/BCTI53XB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Derraik", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BCTI53XB", "version": 81, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José G.B", "lastName": "Derraik" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Marine Pollution Bulletin", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "9/2002", "volume": "44", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "842-852", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X02002205", "accessDate": "2016-08-29T00:59:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0025326X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-29T00:59:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-29T00:59:54Z" } }, { "key": "TMPZN5TH", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 536421, "name": "Under Ice Ecology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/536421/items/TMPZN5TH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/under_ice_ecology/items/TMPZN5TH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 104877, "username": "asplanchna", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/asplanchna", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Teuten et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-07-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TMPZN5TH", "version": 80, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. L.", "lastName": "Teuten" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Saquing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. R. U.", "lastName": "Knappe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. A.", "lastName": "Barlaz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Jonsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Bjorn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Rowland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. C.", "lastName": "Thompson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. S.", "lastName": "Galloway" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Yamashita" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Ochi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y.", "lastName": "Watanuki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Moore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. H.", "lastName": "Viet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. S.", "lastName": "Tana" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Prudente" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Boonyatumanond" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. 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