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It provides encoding conventions for linguistic corpora designed to be optimally suited for use in language engineering and to serve as a widely accepted set of encoding standards for corpus-based work. The CES identifies a minimal encoding level that corpora must achieve to be considered standardized in terms of descriptive representation (marking of structural and linguistic information). It also provides encoding conventions for more extensive encoding and for linguistic annotation, as well as general architecture for representing corpora annotated for linguistic features. 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Towards a data format for digital reference grammars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonas", "lastName": "Lau" } ], "abstractNote": "Digital technologies have not only transformed many aspects of private lives and the global economy, they have also made their entry into different fields of research. Within the discipline of linguistics, the fields of descriptive and comparative linguistics in particular have benefited greatly from digital data formats and software to manage vast amounts of data. Some digital formats are used extensively and have almost replaced their analog counterparts. Others have not yet managed to overcome the restrictions posed by their analog counterparts. One such format is the digital reference grammar. Digital publishing exists, but digitally published reference grammars rather resemble a digital copy of the paper grammar. Instead, a digital format specifically designed for reference grammars could overcome the limits of a paper grammar and add new possibilities. Although authors and readers could both strongly profit from a digital reference grammar (DRG), the development of a standardized format with accompanying software seems to entail various hurdles. This project, therefore, does not aim at the development of a general grammar platform where grammars can be authored and explored. It rather develops a DRG for the language Abesabesi (ISO 639-3: ibe) on a small scale and attempts to generalize the experiences of the author for a wider context of use whenever possible. Within this scope, the foundations toward a digital grammar format will be laid (Chapter 6), which could be used by a large scale grammar platform project in the future. 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"editor", "firstName": "Henning", "lastName": "Lobin" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Harald", "lastName": "Lüngen" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Angelika", "lastName": "Storrer" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Andreas", "lastName": "Witt" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "Studies in Computational Intelligence", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "370", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1", "date": "2012", "publisher": "Springer", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "400", "ISBN": "978-3-642-22612-0", "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-22613-7", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.springer.com/engineering/computational+intelligence+and+complexity/book/978-3-642-22612-0", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "language resources" }, { "tag": "modeling" } ], "collections": [ "JSS69PFK" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/70747/items/HCX5GBAF" }, "dateAdded": "2012-05-05T17:40:42Z", "dateModified": "2012-05-05T17:52:18Z" } }, { "key": "E3CDCTWB", "version": 105, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 53265, "name": "TEI-LingSIG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/53265/items/E3CDCTWB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig/items/E3CDCTWB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 587789, "username": "bansp", "name": "Piotr Banski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bansp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 681436, "username": "Koltom", "name": "Thomas Kollatz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/koltom", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wörner et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E3CDCTWB", "version": 105, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Modelling Linguistic Data Structures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kai", "lastName": "Wörner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreas", "lastName": "Witt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Georg", "lastName": "Rehm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stefanie", "lastName": "Dipper" } ], "abstractNote": "Linguistic corpora have been annotated by means of SGML-based markup languages for almost 20 years. We can, very roughly, differentiate between three distinct evolutionary stages of markup technologies. (1) Originally, single SGML tree-based document instances were deemed sufficient for the representation of linguistic structures. (2) Linguists began to realize that alternatives and extensions to the traditional model are needed. Formalisms such as, for example, NITE were proposed: the NITE Object Model (NOM) consists of multi-rooted trees. (3) We are now on the threshold of the third evolutionary stage: even NITE's very flexible approach is not suited for all linguistic purposes. As some structures, such as these, cannot be modeled by multi-rooted trees, an even more flexible approach is needed in order to provide a generic annotation format that is able to represent genuinely arbitrary linguistic data structures.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of Extreme Markup Languages", "conferenceName": "Extreme Markup Languages 2006", "publisher": "", "place": "Montréal, Québec", "date": "2006", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2006/Witt01/EML2006Witt01.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "graph" }, { "tag": "modeling" } ], "collections": [ "ZXGV2VVN" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-30T07:57:39Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-30T08:01:28Z" } }, { "key": "CX7M7TWV", "version": 105, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 53265, "name": "TEI-LingSIG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/53265/items/CX7M7TWV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig/items/CX7M7TWV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 587789, "username": "bansp", "name": "Piotr Banski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bansp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 681436, "username": "Koltom", "name": "Thomas Kollatz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/koltom", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bauman", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CX7M7TWV", "version": 105, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Freedom to Constrain: where does attribute constraint come from, mommy?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Syd", "lastName": "Bauman" } ], "abstractNote": "Where should attribute constraints live? In an external schema? In the document’s own metadata? In a separate file? Several possibilities are examined, raising lots of questions and offering a few answers.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2008", "conferenceName": "Balisage: The Markup Conference 2008", "publisher": "Mulberry Technologies", "place": "Montréal, Canada", "date": "2008", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "Balisage Series on Markup Technologies", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.4242/BalisageVol1.Bauman01", "ISBN": "978-0-9824344-0-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol1/html/Bauman01/BalisageVol1-Bauman01.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2008 Syd Bauman", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ODD" }, { "tag": "Relax NG" }, { "tag": "Schematron" } ], "collections": [ "5JT67QP4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-17T23:23:28Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-17T23:30:37Z" } }, { "key": "UV54KQXU", "version": 105, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 53265, "name": "TEI-LingSIG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/53265/items/UV54KQXU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig/items/UV54KQXU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 587789, "username": "bansp", "name": "Piotr Banski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bansp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 681436, "username": "Koltom", "name": "Thomas Kollatz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/koltom", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bauman and Flanders", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UV54KQXU", "version": 105, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Odd Customizations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Syd", "lastName": "Bauman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia", "lastName": "Flanders" } ], "abstractNote": "Like many XML vocabularies intended to be widely deployed in a variety of environments, the TEI Guidelines, an XML vocabulary for markup of textual materials of interest for research and teaching, were designed to be customized. There are several mechanisms for customizing the TEI Guidelines, all with disadvantages as well as advantages. The social and technical advantages and disadvantages, both of specific customization techniques and of vocabulary customization in general, are discussed. Perfect interchangeability of data would require a perfectly restrictive encoding specification, and would preclude the TEI world as we know it, with its diverse disciplinary and methodological perspectives held in relationship by a flexible and capacious tag set. Customizability threatens interchange to the extent that it introduces variation that cannot be controlled or predicted. The challenge is to provide both in ways that are meaningful and functional.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of Extreme Markup Languages 2004", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Bauman01/EML2004Bauman01.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyleft 2004 by the authors.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ODD" } ], "collections": [ "5JT67QP4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-17T23:11:01Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-17T23:22:12Z" } }, { "key": "TRUERHXJ", "version": 105, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 53265, "name": "TEI-LingSIG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/53265/items/TRUERHXJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/tei-lingsig/items/TRUERHXJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 587789, "username": "bansp", "name": "Piotr Banski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bansp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 681436, "username": "Koltom", "name": "Thomas Kollatz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/koltom", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Burnard and Rahtz", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TRUERHXJ", "version": 105, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "RelaxNG with Son of ODD", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lou", "lastName": "Burnard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sebastian", "lastName": "Rahtz" } ], "abstractNote": "The Text Encoding Initiative is using literate schema design, as instantiated in the completely redesigned ODD system, for production of the next edition of the TEI Guidelines. Key new aspects of the system include support of multiple schema languages; facilities for interoperability with other ontologies and vocabularies; and facilities for user customization and modularization (including a new web-based tool for schema generation). In this paper, we try to explain the rationale behind the ongoing revision of the TEI Guidelines and how the new tools developed to go with it are taking shape. We describe the mechanics by which the new ODD system delivers its promised goals of customizability and extensibility, while still being a good citizen of a highly inter-operable digital world.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of Extreme Markup Languages", "conferenceName": "Extreme Markup Languages", "publisher": "", "place": "Montréal, Québec", "date": "2004", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2004/Burnard01/EML2004Burnard01.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright by the Authors, 2004", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ODD" }, { "tag": "Relax NG" } ], "collections": [ "5JT67QP4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-17T23:15:12Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-17T23:20:10Z" } } ]