[ { "key": "BCTCE6EQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/BCTCE6EQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/BCTCE6EQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 757714, "username": "LyndseyMcniven", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lyndseymcniven", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Darnton", "parsedDate": "2009-02-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BCTCE6EQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Google and the Future of Books", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Darnton" } ], "abstractNote": "Darton attempts to look into the future of books in relation to the ‘Google Books’ initiative. The article takes historical examples of how letters and communication developed and attempts to show the progression that has occurred over the years. In the article, Darnton makes several references to ‘the public good’. Darnton explains that he sees libraries as institutions which promote the public good, which is described as the encouragement of learning.\n\nDarnton’s article parallels Google’s project to provide access to information and knowledge to all through its book digitization project with the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Using this parallel he is able to foresee potential problems which the project may run in to, such as the barrier of privilege. During the Enlightenment it was assumed that the scholarly discourse occurring across continents was a free and open dialogue whereby writers produced their ideas, had them published, and readers could the make comment and discuss the concepts contained within the texts. However, the issue of access and money became a problem because in order to involve themselves with the conversation, the philosophers required sponsors and donors and eventually in some cases such as with Voltaire and Rousseau, the scholars became rivals to the detriment of their academic discussions. Meanwhile, another monetary aspect – the publishing of their material – limited access because publishers began to charge for access to the literature, and not all could afford this.\n\nThe article contextualises this in the present day in relation to the Google project, looking into with the idea of 'free for all' learning with information being readily available to everyone who seeks it. The article places doubt on the future of books with the Google Book project because although Google are cooperating now and are providing access for all, the question of whether this will be the case in the future or whether the need for money and greed will eventually lead to a high price being put on the digitized books and the legal licenses required to access them as became the case during the Enlightenment is raised and for now, unanswerable.\n\nDarnton looks at the copyright issues that have arisen within the development of books and publishing which may also create a barrier.He notes the changes in copyright laws, explaining that at one point copyright only lasted 14 years, renewable only once. This has since been changed to 70 years after the authors death in an act known as ‘The Mickey Mouse Protection Act.’ As a consequence of this legal change, the position of Google and the digitization project becomes problematic as their are multiple stakeholders with numerous interests, not all of which correlate and some of which are conflicting.", "publicationTitle": "The New York Review of Books", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12 Feb 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/feb/12/google-the-future-of-books/", "accessDate": "2011-11-07", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "google, books" } ], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:33:21Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-07T15:41:37Z" } }, { "key": "5JTTC5X2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/5JTTC5X2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/5JTTC5X2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 772426, "username": "kerry.lennox7", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kerry.lennox7", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5JTTC5X2", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T21:01:39Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T21:01:39Z" } }, { "key": "PRRRT9HI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/PRRRT9HI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/PRRRT9HI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 772426, "username": "kerry.lennox7", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kerry.lennox7", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PRRRT9HI", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T20:59:39Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T20:59:53Z" } }, { "key": "9984PN5S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/9984PN5S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/9984PN5S", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/IVTGT8H2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9984PN5S", "version": 1, "parentItem": "IVTGT8H2", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Feng’s aritcle deals with the ‘democratizing power’ of the internet, with particular reference to the Chinese Web, and explores the idea that it is able to resolve the geographical and cultural differences of various groups online.Feng particularly focuses on a website named JinJiang. This online website allows potential authors to post their writings and receive direct feedback from the readers.

Feng begins to explore the website by saying that it is mostly well-educated women who post their fictions, he also adds that most of them are not full-time web writers. He notices the dominance of time-travel romance in this website and explores how contemporary women’s ideas of gender and society forms and is formed by their reading and writing habits. He also shows that Jinjiang’s interactive features change the experience of both authors and readers, in that a text is transformed from being a distinct, finished piece of work into a constant work in progress.  Readers are able to give feedback and rewrite texts and so the roles of reader and author are constantly shifting.

Feng goes on to stress the democratic importance of jinjiang and the role it plays in  Chinese society. He suggests that such an online community can essentially enable the user to transcend class and gender boundaries that continue to exist in contemporary society. He argues that in doing so, the user can effectively challenge the social ‘norms’’ and restrictions that are often implemented in Chinese society.

However Feng reiterates that although this critical aspect of the Jinjiang website is a highly helpful tool is the potential of a Chinese democratic online community which is illustrated through
“Web-based time-travel romance” that Chinese women use to combat contemporary gender issues, explore their subjectivity and use as a tool for empowerment for those marginalized by Chinese “modernization.”

In his article, Feng sums up what the typical time-travel romance is. First of all, it deals with a female character who wants to escape from her life and reinvent it with power and sexuality. Readers want a strong and powerful character.

Furthermore, Feng focuses on the relationship between the web master, the authors and the readers, showing that the web master encouraged people to comment on the texts and that the texts posted and then the comments lead to have a fluid website. People can exchange ideas without being afraid of censorship. It helps them to express and have power through reading and writings.

Feng further emphasises the importance of Jinjjiang in empowering the Chinese public through allowing them the freedom to express their discontent of their current reality and explore issues surrounding their gender boundaries without fear of harsh consequences.  Furthermore  the idea of an anonymous online identity is explored in this article and Feng argues that sites such as Jinjjian allow authors to discuss taboo subjects in a seemingly safe online zone however he also stresses the dangers associated with online expression.  Although users may assume that they have a private persona online little understand how easily anonymity can be overturned by tracking IP addresses and this leads Feng to ask how boundaries can be placed on online communities because unlike it is far more difficult to apply censorship to online accounts.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:35:19Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:38:33Z" } }, { "key": "WKAP3FD5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/WKAP3FD5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/WKAP3FD5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/94MR2JZG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WKAP3FD5", "version": 1, "parentItem": "94MR2JZG", "itemType": "note", "note": "

This chapter is somewhat reminiscent of T.S Eliot’s ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent;’ in which Eliot states that: ‘No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists. You cannot value him alone; you must set him for contrast and comparison among the dead.’ 

Wright transforms this theory in relation to the reader as opposed to the author and echoes the notion of a literary cannon, or even a hierarchy, throughout his discussion whilst highlighting that the size, scope and reach of the book has never been more vast. Fundamentally he  addresses the question of what produces and influences the tastes of consumers by illustrating four main influences: academics and critics, literary reviewers, literary prizes and publishers/booksellers. Essentially, these four aspects operate on the basis of recommendation. The digital revolution has enabled readers to exchange forms of literary value amongst themselves: for example, the chapter highlights that through Amazon and other retailers readers are enabled to ‘exchange literary value’ amongst themselves (not restricted to those directly connected to the retailer, as in the past). This allows retailers, through sophisticated forms of data-mining and collaborative filtering techniques, to then reflect this back on to the consumer by recommending further products as guides.

Thus, the main thrust of this chapter is ultimately to examine the concept of ‘list culture’ in analysing cultural tastes in literature. It investigates whether or not lists are just a market information guide, mediating a structure of value, or if they are a true recognition of customer preference. Cultural lists could be considered an assessment of value in relation to one another, subsequently Wright questions the value of this. Lists, such as the BBC’s ‘The Big Read’, have been praised for not being elitist and considered an example of a new democracy of literary tastes: ‘For the people, by the people.’ Lists, it is argued, are both enabling and constraining for the public allowing ‘the opening up and management of choices.’ The very concept of a literary list provides a way of utilising the opinions of others to essentially aid ‘negotiation’ (for the individual) in a seemingly ‘endless’ sea of choice; a result of the digitisation of print.  Although the influence of a more elitist model in which critics and academics have diminished a new set of authoritarian influences has emerged in the digital age, new innovations in ‘marketing, media presentation, branding and the technological organization of abundant choices’ have helped to create a new, exciting way in which our literary tastes have shaped and changed.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:37:11Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:37:14Z" } }, { "key": "ZSPZI3MH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/ZSPZI3MH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/ZSPZI3MH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/FWR2TEHR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZSPZI3MH", "version": 1, "parentItem": "FWR2TEHR", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Nunberg introduces his article by stating that: ‘nothing betrays the spirit of the age so precisely as the way it represents its future.’ He illustrates this claim by conveying how 1950’s advertisements represented the future in a now seemingly unusual way; The first misapprehension of the age was to focus upon the latest new innovation and claim that it represented the epitome of all technological achievement and subsequently came to an inevitable conclusion as to how it will be developed and applied in the future. They seemingly avoid the banality of new innovations once they are recognisable to the public. Another oversight highlighted is that certain societal beliefs will not change, for example the role of women within society, and the manner in which we assume the future will be representative of present day cultural acceptances. Nunberg applies this idea of misapprehension to the idea of the death of the book. He accepts that there will undoubtedly be a ‘digital revolution’ however contends that print will remain an important participant. He implies that online publications should in fact accompany the already existing hard copies of a text as opposed to detracting from them.

If the book itself is simply a ‘container’, as John Perry Barlow suggested, then digital technology, for the first time in history, is taking the emphasis placed upon the ‘container’ and transferring it onto the actual content itself. We should ask ourselves... Is the ‘container’ really as relevant as we have been led to believe? Surely the content is where the true meaning lies and ultimately remains unchanged regardless of its container? Nevertheless Nunberg enforces the gross changes that digital humanities will fundamentally impact on the modern modern literacy system.

The very ways in which information is understood and spread are continuously altering rapidly with the passing of time. Certain ‘concrete’ (or once considered to be concrete) restrictions are no longer in place: anyone anywhere in the world has access to material that previously they would not be aware even existed. Furthermore there is very little financial difference in distributing work online whether it is via a local or global medium. The very concept of the role of the author is being challenged. In providing the general public with the capacity to create a digital voice, the legal status and social privileges of the ‘traditional author’ are irevokebly altered.  Additionally, the literary merit of “authors work” is not as easily measured nowadays due to the concept of international appreciation being less credible. Additionally problems occur due to the intertexual nature of the online environment and the inability to determine between sources and once again the credibility of differing publications.

Nunberg dissects the word “information”. He starts with a definition given in the OED2, “Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject, or event; that of which is apprised or told; intelligence, news. spec. contrasted with data.” He explores this word in language: how it is used and why? He discusses how “information” is implicit in the way in which it is understood concluding that it focuses not only on how information is benign and must not be confused with knowledge but also should not be solely associated with the medium in which it is confined in.  He argues that information is understood by the specific practices of each different individual and society otherwise known as the ‘Phenomenology of Information’. 

‘There is very little in modern literature that is not either parasitic on information or in violent reaction against it.’The phenomenology of information can be understood as the very way in which we access, interpret and utilise it. According to Nunberg the phenomenon of information online can be likened to the newspaper industry: ‘the first disposable consumer comodity’ that operates in a capitalist driven manner in order to influence and control.

Information is uniform and is not based on how the reader interprets it individually (this then becomes knowledge). The article reiterates that it is easy to digitize information because it is a morselized and quantifiable substance which can subsequently be engineered because information is not affected by the medium in which it is represented thus echoing once again Barlow’s theory of a container and it’s contents.

Finally Nunberg acknowledges that the informational functions of the Internet are more convenient and seem far greater than those of print, offering vast and endless opportunity. He states that social aggregations assembled virtually and their ability to reproduce conditions similar to those of the early 17th and 18th centuries by creating a sense of public mediated through personal relationships is ‘perhaps the most pervasive feature of these medias.’ These individuals are unlikely to ever meet or even have direct contact with one another, however due to the online environment under which these relationships operate, each one is immediately and personally accessible to the other. Although online discourse addresses certain informational requirements, it is futile to imagine that they can ever be catalogued in the way that print discourse can: ‘it is too porous to the personal.’

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:35:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:36:14Z" } }, { "key": "9FFHBGKZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/9FFHBGKZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/9FFHBGKZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/ZTTUFJUM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9FFHBGKZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "ZTTUFJUM", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Duguid’s article discusses and historicises the position of the book within the context of the digital revolution of data transfer. The discussion raises concerns over the premature prediction of the book’s demise as a means of transferring information and knowledge, as it is supposedly superseded by newer technology. He illustrates the general idea that new technology ‘kills’ old technology and attempts to look beyond often perpetuated aphorisms.

The argument develops through an examination and analysis of two futurological tropes; suppression and liberation. First of all, Duguid explores the notion of ‘suppression’ and the often used aphorism that new technologies will ultimately lead to the demise of their predecessors. He also argues that the notion of ‘liberation’ will allow the freedom of information resulting in a pursuit of new information technologies.  Duguid states that the analysis of these two ideologies provides the most thorough examination of the book’s position in an increasingly technological society, placing an emphasis on the inextricably linked nature of information and technology.

Duguid deconstructs the argument in relation to the predictions surrounding digitisation, and the effects it will have on the traditional book. He demonstrates that although the ways in which information is transferred and shared have developed and altered, fundamentally the functions it provides will build upon the same principles that have been constructed by society in the past in order to navigate through the sum of knowledge contained within published literature. He argues that despite many revolutionary technologies, simpler mechanisms continue to exist and effectively contribute to our functioning society. Duguid warns against a complacent disregard of the significance of print culture due to ‘those who forget the past’ being ‘condemned to repetition’ (Duguid, 2006: 497).

However, Duguid does not undermine the importance of the advances achieved by scholars during this ‘cultural change’; he stresses that this generation may in fact be smothered with technologies that have been in existence since the Renaissance period. To advance in this digital age ancient technologies including books and libraries, despite their cultural or historical merit, must be abandoned yet still recognised. This is to document changing traditions and how the transfer of information has advanced and become more free and accessible. Duguid voices concerns over the changes which are occurring in society, due to our existing relationship with information and each other, identifying ‘individuation’ and ‘separation’ as two consequences of what he considers ‘social demassification’. He articulates succinctly the new compact nature of information storage and accessibility in the digital age and compares this to the previous era and how this has impacted upon our interpersonal connectivity.    

Duguid concludes that technology of any era must be looked at within its own particular social, political and historical context to be understood effectively and in order for any real development and change to occur. He warns against over-simplification and suggests that there is still much to be learnt from the book itself which can inform the way we use modern technological resources because these tools for finding information are inextricably linked.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:35:17Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:35:57Z" } }, { "key": "KZMDKIFG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/KZMDKIFG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/KZMDKIFG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/BCTCE6EQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KZMDKIFG", "version": 1, "parentItem": "BCTCE6EQ", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Darton attempts to look into the future of books in relation to the ‘Google Books’ initiative.  The article takes historical examples of how letters and communication developed and attempts to show the progression that has occurred over the years.  In the article, Darnton makes several references to ‘the public good’. Darnton explains that he sees libraries as institutions which promote the public good, which is described as the encouragement of learning.

Darnton’s article parallels Google’s project to provide access to information and knowledge to all through its book digitization project with the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Using this parallel he is able to foresee potential problems which the project may run in to, such as the barrier of privilege. During the Enlightenment it was assumed that the scholarly discourse occurring across continents was a free and open dialogue whereby writers produced their ideas, had them published, and readers could the make comment and discuss the concepts contained within the texts. However, the issue of access and money became a problem because in order to involve themselves with the conversation, the philosophers required sponsors and donors and eventually in some cases such as with Voltaire and Rousseau, the scholars became rivals to the detriment of their academic discussions. Meanwhile, another monetary aspect – the publishing of their material – limited access because publishers began to charge for access to the literature, and not all could afford this.

The article contextualises this in the present day in relation to the Google project, looking into with the idea of 'free for all' learning with information being readily available to everyone who seeks it. The article places doubt on the future of books with the Google Book project because although Google are cooperating now and are providing access for all, the question of whether this will be the case in the future or whether the need for money and greed will eventually lead to a high price being put on the digitized books and the legal licenses required to access them as became the case during the Enlightenment is raised and for now, unanswerable.

Darnton looks at the copyright issues that have arisen within the development of books and publishing which may also create a barrier.He notes the changes in copyright laws, explaining that at one point copyright only lasted 14 years, renewable only once.  This has since been changed to 70 years after the authors death in an act known as ‘The Mickey Mouse Protection Act.’ As a consequence of this legal change, the position of Google and the digitization project becomes problematic as their are multiple stakeholders with numerous interests, not all of which correlate and some of which are conflicting.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:35:13Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:35:49Z" } }, { "key": "U7MHD7TD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/U7MHD7TD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/U7MHD7TD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/W58X3P5C", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U7MHD7TD", "version": 1, "parentItem": "W58X3P5C", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Bolter & Grusin’s articles discuss the world’s obsession with technology. The phrase ‘double logic’ comes from the idea that although new media has rapid development, there is also rapid response to that coming from more traditional forms of media.  The claim that we live in a media-rich environment is undeniable, and as they show, this environment will only become richer. Digital technologies are evolving extremely quickly with the differences between old and new media becoming ever clearer. Bolter and Grusin draw attention to the similarities and differences between old and new mediums while providing a broad view of how our society’s desire for immediacy has developed. Although they acknowledge the unique attributes of the technological moment, they are careful to place this within the correct historical contexts. The article also discusses the term hypermediacy. Hypermediacy is a mixture of media, such as text, photos and graphics.  TV and the World Wide Web are prime examples of this, as they use a mixture of prose, graphics, animations, videos and sounds. These popularised forms appeal to many senses,  and as such, it is argued that not only do we aim to create richer and more varied types of media, we also simultaneously look to find ways of making these media-rich experiences less ‘virtual’. This is exemplified through the discussion in the article of virtual reality, which is said to represent our desire to experience as many scenarios and as much information as is accessible, whilst keeping this experience as true to reality as possible. Society’s avid and almost excessive use of hypermedia then seems to be of a contradictory nature, in that we use it to create the sense of immediacy that we desire whilst trying to remove any traces of it. However, as Bolter and Grusin have shown,  hypermediacy and immediacy are very much dependent on each another which makes the comparison that bit more interesting.

Furthermore, it is argued that as different forms of media emerge, from paintings to the first photograph, and from early moving pictures to the Internet, each newer form borrows from its earlier counterparts. These new forms of media use the techniques that made them appealing in the first place, while at the same time bringing with them a greater sense of immediacy. The example of the Internet is used to highlight exactly how this has been achieved. It is suggested that the Internet should not be thought of as a new technological advancement which will disrupt the very fiber of our culture and send it hurtling in new directions which were hitherto unachievable. Instead, it is argued that the Internet should be thought of as a new platform for cultural elements, such as advertising, education and ‘personal expression’ to be presented. These elements form the very backbone of much of our information consumption.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:35:11Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:35:40Z" } }, { "key": "AHVJEGBH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/AHVJEGBH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/AHVJEGBH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/88GN67TU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AHVJEGBH", "version": 1, "parentItem": "88GN67TU", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Hayles addresses the varying ways in which we read, outlining that screen reading is on the rise and the subsequent decline in print reading and general understanding of text. Hayles recognizes the casual connection between the fall in print reading and reduced reading skills and stresses that the cultural concerns associated with this decrease in print reading are only significant when a correlation is made. Hayles poses one crucial question: ‘How to convert the increased digital reading into increased reading ability while making effective bridges between digital and reading and the literacy traditionally associated with print.’

Hayles highlights the findings of Mark Bauerlein, who maintains that screen reading does not provide any convincing digital reading skills, let alone any transferable skills that could benefit print reading. Hayles points out Bauerlein’s arguments become more anecdotal as his book progresses, and he refuses to look at the genuine possibilities that exist in online reading beyond banalities. Hayles concedes that literary students are seemingly being taught on two different tracks – print and digital. However, it seems that for the most part, it is almost impossible for the skills of each medium to be shared or applied to the other field. 

Hayles claims that the skill of close reading is an essential element of literary studies, stating that close reading is in fact what transformed English into a structured discipline. Peter Middleton states “close reading is our contemporary term for a heterogeneous and largely unorganized set of practices and assumptions”. The article goes on to discuss different definitions and applications of close reading, including symptomatic reading (in which unusual features in the text are given attention and picked apart) and later surface reading (in which texts are searched for overt meaning rather than hidden messages).  Although reiterating the significance of close reading in print reading, Hayles also recognises the importance of not neglecting the positives surrounding digitisation.

Furthermore Hayles discusses the failure of institutions to adapt to the decline in reading skills and teaching methods, for example the psychology of finding out the ability level of students and leading them to the desired knowledge, rather than simply assuming they will get there of their own accord. Hayles calls for a redevelopment of teaching that does not focus solely upon print close reading and argues that a mixture of media forms such as words, sounds, animations and graphics provide an education that is completely relevant to 21st century society.

Hayles then objects to define ‘Hyperreading’ as ‘reader-directed, screen-based, computer assisted reading.’ It is proposed that ‘hyperreading’, the spreading of attention across many sources simultaneously due to the availability of a magnitude of related material, has both positive and negative effects on attention and reading skills. Such reading encourages individuals to compare and contrast a volume of material and learn to ‘adopt new strategies of reading’ including scanning and skimming. Nicholas Carr, however, argues that digital reading may lower the attention span of the reader, suggesting that prolonged attention is not as necessary to digital reading as to print reading allowing the reader to become ‘sloppy’. Furthermore, the increased stimulation we experience during digital reading renders sustained concentration extremely difficult. The constant need to multitask detracts from the linear flow. Additionally the continuous clicking and scrolling increases the cognitive load thus meaning we are unlikely to continue reading a single article or book which struggles to hold our attention from sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Search engines such as Google enable the ‘pecking’ away of larger texts and inevitably result in a much more shallow skimming of materials. Despite this, one cannot deny the positive aspects of online research and the endless possibilities that it offers in terms of speed and vast resources.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-30T20:27:05Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:27:59Z" } }, { "key": "UIHDGS4V", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/UIHDGS4V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/UIHDGS4V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/FGWPJS59", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 709795, "username": "strathqq405", "name": "Digital Humanities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UIHDGS4V", "version": 1, "parentItem": "FGWPJS59", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Grafton’s article deals mainly with the subject of libraries and the attempted creation of a universal library through the internet. Whilst these places both make information accessible to the public, they use very different medias to achieve this. Grafton believes that computers and the internet have revolutionised the way we read in a similar manner as the printing press did. His comparison between ‘Google Book Search’ and ‘Google Library Project’, to public libraries is innovative, and shows us how the internet can bring all books together as one universal library. However, he argues that there will never be an online “infotopia” of texts which catalogue the entire history of the human race. Instead he sees the rush to digitize books, in projects undertaken by companies such as Google, as simply another step in our society’s efforts to accumulate, store, and retrieve information more efficiently (although the digitization of books is undoubtedly one of the more critical moments in this sustained effort.) Grafton historicizes the various attempts to collect this information and comparisons can be drawn between modern methods and ancient ones. For example, while the digitization of books is currently an ongoing project, similar attempts to replicate texts also took place hundreds of years ago in Egypt although these, of course, were done by hand.

Grafton’s explanation of the first types of systems of catalogue delves into the history of record management, reaching as far back as 300 B.C, when the first alphabetical organisational method was put into practise. This, he details, was followed some 600 years later by a method of cross-reference established in Palestine, which allowed individuals to search for areas of the 4 gospels which paralleled the content of that which they were concerned with. Grafton description reaches through the ages to the 1950’s and Fremont Rider’s claim that microphotography would be a better way of storing information. This seems to assert that a main incentive behind digitisation, and indeed earlier forms of information management, is to gather information, in all forms, in order to create a single, unified institution in which to store it.  However, Grafton does concede that companies such as Google and Microsoft are more likely to be concerned with their own incomes and how to make them, and tells us of the many limitations and problems they face even if they were solely focused on gathering information. One of the main problems faced by these companies is the issue of copyright.  As Grafton tells us, gaining permission is not always simply as easy as just asking the author. It is often the case that the copyright lasts for fifty years after the author’s death and so it is the author’s descendants that must be asked, and they are not always easy to track down. Additionally, there is the issue of ‘Orphaned’ books which are mostly out of print or forgotten, but it is difficult to determine if copyright still applies to large numbers of these texts. While Microsoft is currently working only with books which have expired their copyright period, Google  are controversially scanning books still within copyright, and holding them until legal disputes are settled.

 He also points out that while this ‘universal library’  has and will continue to give many people access to material that would have been beyond their reach previously, it is still only available to those with access to a computer and as such cannot be truly universal.  He claims that whilst the Internet is an invaluable tool, libraries are still required to achieve in-depth knowledge and to access ‘irreplaceable’ books, but more importantly, they are still necessary because they admit everyone.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-25T21:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-30T20:27:03Z" } }, { "key": "94MR2JZG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/94MR2JZG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/94MR2JZG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 766380, "username": "feekeefee", "name": "Fiona", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/feekeefee", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wright", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "94MR2JZG", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "Literary taste and list-culture in a time of ‘endless choice’", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Wright" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Lang" } ], "abstractNote": "This chapter is somewhat reminiscent of T.S Eliot’s ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent;’ in which Eliot states that: ‘No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists. You cannot value him alone; you must set him for contrast and comparison among the dead.’ \n\nWright transforms this theory in relation to the reader as opposed to the author and echoes the notion of a literary cannon, or even a hierarchy, throughout his discussion whilst highlighting that the size, scope and reach of the book has never been more vast. Fundamentally he addresses the question of what produces and influences the tastes of consumers by illustrating four main influences: academics and critics, literary reviewers, literary prizes and publishers/booksellers. Essentially, these four aspects operate on the basis of recommendation. The digital revolution has enabled readers to exchange forms of literary value amongst themselves: for example, the chapter highlights that through Amazon and other retailers readers are enabled to ‘exchange literary value’ amongst themselves (not restricted to those directly connected to the retailer, as in the past). This allows retailers, through sophisticated forms of data-mining and collaborative filtering techniques, to then reflect this back on to the consumer by recommending further products as guides.\n\nThus, the main thrust of this chapter is ultimately to examine the concept of ‘list culture’ in analysing cultural tastes in literature. It investigates whether or not lists are just a market information guide, mediating a structure of value, or if they are a true recognition of customer preference. Cultural lists could be considered an assessment of value in relation to one another, subsequently Wright questions the value of this. Lists, such as the BBC’s ‘The Big Read’, have been praised for not being elitist and considered an example of a new democracy of literary tastes: ‘For the people, by the people.’ Lists, it is argued, are both enabling and constraining for the public allowing ‘the opening up and management of choices.’ The very concept of a literary list provides a way of utilising the opinions of others to essentially aid ‘negotiation’ (for the individual) in a seemingly ‘endless’ sea of choice; a result of the digitisation of print. Although the influence of a more elitist model in which critics and academics have diminished a new set of authoritarian influences has emerged in the digital age, new innovations in ‘marketing, media presentation, branding and the technological organization of abundant choices’ have helped to create a new, exciting way in which our literary tastes have shaped and changed.", "type": "", "date": "(Forthcoming) 2012", "publisher": "University of Massachusetts Press", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Digital" }, { "tag": "Digital reading" }, { "tag": "Lang" }, { "tag": "Literary production" }, { "tag": "Wright" }, { "tag": "literature" } ], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-24T08:13:36Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-24T08:33:02Z" } }, { "key": "BDESGU3P", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/BDESGU3P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/BDESGU3P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 759513, "username": "SReid210390", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sreid210390", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hayles", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BDESGU3P", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "\"How We Read: Close, Hyper, Machine\"", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine N", "lastName": "Hayles" } ], "abstractNote": "Hayles addresses the varying ways in which we read, outlining that screen reading is on the rise and the subsequent decline in print reading and general understanding of text. Hayles recognizes the casual connection between the fall in print reading and reduced reading skills and stresses that the cultural concerns associated with this decrease in print reading are only significant when a correlation is made. Hayles poses one crucial question: ‘How to convert the increased digital reading into increased reading ability while making effective bridges between digital and reading and the literacy traditionally associated with print.’\n\nHayles highlights the findings of Mark Bauerlein, who maintains that screen reading does not provide any convincing digital reading skills, let alone any transferable skills that could benefit print reading. Hayles points out Bauerlein’s arguments become more anecdotal as his book progresses, and he refuses to look at the genuine possibilities that exist in online reading beyond banalities. Hayles concedes that literary students are seemingly being taught on two different tracks – print and digital. However, it seems that for the most part, it is almost impossible for the skills of each medium to be shared or applied to the other field. \n\nHayles claims that the skill of close reading is an essential element of literary studies, stating that close reading is in fact what transformed English into a structured discipline. Peter Middleton states “close reading is our contemporary term for a heterogeneous and largely unorganized set of practices and assumptions”. The article goes on to discuss different definitions and applications of close reading, including symptomatic reading (in which unusual features in the text are given attention and picked apart) and later surface reading (in which texts are searched for overt meaning rather than hidden messages). Although reiterating the significance of close reading in print reading, Hayles also recognises the importance of not neglecting the positives surrounding digitisation.\n\nFurthermore Hayles discusses the failure of institutions to adapt to the decline in reading skills and teaching methods, for example the psychology of finding out the ability level of students and leading them to the desired knowledge, rather than simply assuming they will get there of their own accord. Hayles calls for a redevelopment of teaching that does not focus solely upon print close reading and argues that a mixture of media forms such as words, sounds, animations and graphics provide an education that is completely relevant to 21st century society.\n\nHayles then objects to define ‘Hyperreading’ as ‘reader-directed, screen-based, computer assisted reading.’ It is proposed that ‘hyperreading’, the spreading of attention across many sources simultaneously due to the availability of a magnitude of related material, has both positive and negative effects on attention and reading skills. Such reading encourages individuals to compare and contrast a volume of material and learn to ‘adopt new strategies of reading’ including scanning and skimming. Nicholas Carr, however, argues that digital reading may lower the attention span of the reader, suggesting that prolonged attention is not as necessary to digital reading as to print reading allowing the reader to become ‘sloppy’. Furthermore, the increased stimulation we experience during digital reading renders sustained concentration extremely difficult. The constant need to multitask detracts from the linear flow. Additionally the continuous clicking and scrolling increases the cognitive load thus meaning we are unlikely to continue reading a single article or book which struggles to hold our attention from sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Search engines such as Google enable the ‘pecking’ away of larger texts and inevitably result in a much more shallow skimming of materials. Despite this, one cannot deny the positive aspects of online research and the endless possibilities that it offers in terms of speed and vast resources.", "publicationTitle": "ADE Bulletin.", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": ".", "issue": "150", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "62-79.", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Digital reading" }, { "tag": "Education" }, { "tag": "Hayles" }, { "tag": "Hyperreading" }, { "tag": "Literary studies " }, { "tag": "Print reading" }, { "tag": "Search Engines" }, { "tag": "Social Network" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-23T23:32:07Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-23T23:32:07Z" } }, { "key": "FWR2TEHR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/FWR2TEHR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/FWR2TEHR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 759513, "username": "SReid210390", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sreid210390", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nunberg", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FWR2TEHR", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Farewell to the Information Age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoffrey", "lastName": "Nunberg" } ], "abstractNote": "Nunberg introduces his article by stating that: ‘nothing betrays the spirit of the age so precisely as the way it represents its future.’ He illustrates this claim by conveying how 1950’s advertisements represented the future in a now seemingly unusual way; The first misapprehension of the age was to focus upon the latest new innovation and claim that it represented the epitome of all technological achievement and subsequently came to an inevitable conclusion as to how it will be developed and applied in the future. They seemingly avoid the banality of new innovations once they are recognisable to the public. Another oversight highlighted is that certain societal beliefs will not change, for example the role of women within society, and the manner in which we assume the future will be representative of present day cultural acceptances. Nunberg applies this idea of misapprehension to the idea of the death of the book. He accepts that there will undoubtedly be a ‘digital revolution’ however contends that print will remain an important participant. He implies that online publications should in fact accompany the already existing hard copies of a text as opposed to detracting from them.\n\nIf the book itself is simply a ‘container’, as John Perry Barlow suggested, then digital technology, for the first time in history, is taking the emphasis placed upon the ‘container’ and transferring it onto the actual content itself. We should ask ourselves... Is the ‘container’ really as relevant as we have been led to believe? Surely the content is where the true meaning lies and ultimately remains unchanged regardless of its container? Nevertheless Nunberg enforces the gross changes that digital humanities will fundamentally impact on the modern modern literacy system.\n\nThe very ways in which information is understood and spread are continuously altering rapidly with the passing of time. Certain ‘concrete’ (or once considered to be concrete) restrictions are no longer in place: anyone anywhere in the world has access to material that previously they would not be aware even existed. Furthermore there is very little financial difference in distributing work online whether it is via a local or global medium. The very concept of the role of the author is being challenged. In providing the general public with the capacity to create a digital voice, the legal status and social privileges of the ‘traditional author’ are irevokebly altered. Additionally, the literary merit of “authors work” is not as easily measured nowadays due to the concept of international appreciation being less credible. Additionally problems occur due to the intertexual nature of the online environment and the inability to determine between sources and once again the credibility of differing publications.\n\nNunberg dissects the word “information”. He starts with a definition given in the OED2, “Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject, or event; that of which is apprised or told; intelligence, news. spec. contrasted with data.” He explores this word in language: how it is used and why? He discusses how “information” is implicit in the way in which it is understood concluding that it focuses not only on how information is benign and must not be confused with knowledge but also should not be solely associated with the medium in which it is confined in. He argues that information is understood by the specific practices of each different individual and society otherwise known as the ‘Phenomenology of Information’. \n\n‘There is very little in modern literature that is not either parasitic on information or in violent reaction against it.’The phenomenology of information can be understood as the very way in which we access, interpret and utilise it. According to Nunberg the phenomenon of information online can be likened to the newspaper industry: ‘the first disposable consumer comodity’ that operates in a capitalist driven manner in order to influence and control.\n\nInformation is uniform and is not based on how the reader interprets it individually (this then becomes knowledge). The article reiterates that it is easy to digitize information because it is a morselized and quantifiable substance which can subsequently be engineered because information is not affected by the medium in which it is represented thus echoing once again Barlow’s theory of a container and it’s contents.\n\nFinally Nunberg acknowledges that the informational functions of the Internet are more convenient and seem far greater than those of print, offering vast and endless opportunity. He states that social aggregations assembled virtually and their ability to reproduce conditions similar to those of the early 17th and 18th centuries by creating a sense of public mediated through personal relationships is ‘perhaps the most pervasive feature of these medias.’ These individuals are unlikely to ever meet or even have direct contact with one another, however due to the online environment under which these relationships operate, each one is immediately and personally accessible to the other. Although online discourse addresses certain informational requirements, it is futile to imagine that they can ever be catalogued in the way that print discourse can: ‘it is too porous to the personal.’", "bookTitle": "The Future of the Book", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1996", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "Berkeley, CA", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "103-138", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Digital Humanities" }, { "tag": "Information" }, { "tag": "Medium" }, { "tag": "Virtual learning" }, { "tag": "content" }, { "tag": "phenomenology of information" }, { "tag": "social progression" } ], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T14:00:53Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T14:04:18Z" } }, { "key": "ZTTUFJUM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/ZTTUFJUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/ZTTUFJUM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 758327, "username": "rachel.darcy179", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.darcy179", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Duguid", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZTTUFJUM", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Material Matters: The Past and Futurology of the Book", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Duguid" }, { "creatorType": "bookAuthor", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Finkelstein" }, { "creatorType": "bookAuthor", "firstName": "Alistair", "lastName": "McCleery" } ], "abstractNote": "Duguid’s article discusses and historicises the position of the book within the context of the digital revolution of data transfer. The discussion raises concerns over the premature prediction of the book’s demise as a means of transferring information and knowledge, as it is supposedly superseded by newer technology. He illustrates the general idea that new technology ‘kills’ old technology and attempts to look beyond often perpetuated aphorisms.\n\nThe argument develops through an examination and analysis of two futurological tropes; suppression and liberation. First of all, Duguid explores the notion of ‘suppression’ and the often used aphorism that new technologies will ultimately lead to the demise of their predecessors. He also argues that the notion of ‘liberation’ will allow the freedom of information resulting in a pursuit of new information technologies. Duguid states that the analysis of these two ideologies provides the most thorough examination of the book’s position in an increasingly technological society, placing an emphasis on the inextricably linked nature of information and technology.\n\nDuguid deconstructs the argument in relation to the predictions surrounding digitisation, and the effects it will have on the traditional book. He demonstrates that although the ways in which information is transferred and shared have developed and altered, fundamentally the functions it provides will build upon the same principles that have been constructed by society in the past in order to navigate through the sum of knowledge contained within published literature. He argues that despite many revolutionary technologies, simpler mechanisms continue to exist and effectively contribute to our functioning society. Duguid warns against a complacent disregard of the significance of print culture due to ‘those who forget the past’ being ‘condemned to repetition’ (Duguid, 2006: 497).\n\nHowever, Duguid does not undermine the importance of the advances achieved by scholars during this ‘cultural change’; he stresses that this generation may in fact be smothered with technologies that have been in existence since the Renaissance period. To advance in this digital age ancient technologies including books and libraries, despite their cultural or historical merit, must be abandoned yet still recognised. This is to document changing traditions and how the transfer of information has advanced and become more free and accessible. Duguid voices concerns over the changes which are occurring in society, due to our existing relationship with information and each other, identifying ‘individuation’ and ‘separation’ as two consequences of what he considers ‘social demassification’. He articulates succinctly the new compact nature of information storage and accessibility in the digital age and compares this to the previous era and how this has impacted upon our interpersonal connectivity. \n\nDuguid concludes that technology of any era must be looked at within its own particular social, political and historical context to be understood effectively and in order for any real development and change to occur. He warns against over-simplification and suggests that there is still much to be learnt from the book itself which can inform the way we use modern technological resources because these tools for finding information are inextricably linked.", "bookTitle": "The Book History Reader", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "2nd revised edition", "date": "2006", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "63-101", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://classes.myplace.strath.ac.uk/file.php/15616/Duguid_Material_Matters.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Books" }, { "tag": "Culture" }, { "tag": "Digital Humanities" }, { "tag": "Digitisation" }, { "tag": "Duguid" }, { "tag": "Information" }, { "tag": "Knowledge" }, { "tag": "Media" }, { "tag": "Mediation" }, { "tag": "Medium" }, { "tag": "technology" } ], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:58:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T14:04:04Z" } }, { "key": "FGWPJS59", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/FGWPJS59", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/FGWPJS59", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 772426, "username": "kerry.lennox7", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kerry.lennox7", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Grafton", "parsedDate": "2007-11-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FGWPJS59", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Future Reading: Digitization and its Discontents", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anthony", "lastName": "Grafton" } ], "abstractNote": "Grafton’s article deals mainly with the subject of libraries and the attempted creation of a universal library through the internet. Whilst these places both make information accessible to the public, they use very different medias to achieve this. Grafton believes that computers and the internet have revolutionised the way we read in a similar manner as the printing press did. His comparison between ‘Google Book Search’ and ‘Google Library Project’, to public libraries is innovative, and shows us how the internet can bring all books together as one universal library. However, he argues that there will never be an online “infotopia” of texts which catalogue the entire history of the human race. Instead he sees the rush to digitize books, in projects undertaken by companies such as Google, as simply another step in our society’s efforts to accumulate, store, and retrieve information more efficiently (although the digitization of books is undoubtedly one of the more critical moments in this sustained effort.) Grafton historicizes the various attempts to collect this information and comparisons can be drawn between modern methods and ancient ones. For example, while the digitization of books is currently an ongoing project, similar attempts to replicate texts also took place hundreds of years ago in Egypt although these, of course, were done by hand.\n\nGrafton’s explanation of the first types of systems of catalogue delves into the history of record management, reaching as far back as 300 B.C, when the first alphabetical organisational method was put into practise. This, he details, was followed some 600 years later by a method of cross-reference established in Palestine, which allowed individuals to search for areas of the 4 gospels which paralleled the content of that which they were concerned with. Grafton description reaches through the ages to the 1950’s and Fremont Rider’s claim that microphotography would be a better way of storing information. This seems to assert that a main incentive behind digitisation, and indeed earlier forms of information management, is to gather information, in all forms, in order to create a single, unified institution in which to store it. However, Grafton does concede that companies such as Google and Microsoft are more likely to be concerned with their own incomes and how to make them, and tells us of the many limitations and problems they face even if they were solely focused on gathering information. One of the main problems faced by these companies is the issue of copyright. As Grafton tells us, gaining permission is not always simply as easy as just asking the author. It is often the case that the copyright lasts for fifty years after the author’s death and so it is the author’s descendants that must be asked, and they are not always easy to track down. Additionally, there is the issue of ‘Orphaned’ books which are mostly out of print or forgotten, but it is difficult to determine if copyright still applies to large numbers of these texts. While Microsoft is currently working only with books which have expired their copyright period, Google are controversially scanning books still within copyright, and holding them until legal disputes are settled.\n\n He also points out that while this ‘universal library’ has and will continue to give many people access to material that would have been beyond their reach previously, it is still only available to those with access to a computer and as such cannot be truly universal. He claims that whilst the Internet is an invaluable tool, libraries are still required to achieve in-depth knowledge and to access ‘irreplaceable’ books, but more importantly, they are still necessary because they admit everyone.", "publicationTitle": "The New Yorker", "publisher": "", "place": "New York", "date": "5th November 2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_grafton?currentPage=all", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:58:28Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:58:28Z" } }, { "key": "W58X3P5C", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/W58X3P5C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/W58X3P5C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 766513, "username": "hugh.cairns", "name": "Hugh Cairns", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hugh.cairns", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bolter and Grusin", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W58X3P5C", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "\"Introduction: The Double Logic of Remediation” and “Immediacy, Hypermediacy, and Remediation,”", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jay David", "lastName": "Bolter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard ", "lastName": "Grusin" } ], "abstractNote": "Bolter & Grusin’s articles discuss the world’s obsession with technology. The phrase ‘double logic’ comes from the idea that although new media has rapid development, there is also rapid response to that coming from more traditional forms of media. The claim that we live in a media-rich environment is undeniable, and as they show, this environment will only become richer. Digital technologies are evolving extremely quickly with the differences between old and new media becoming ever clearer. Bolter and Grusin draw attention to the similarities and differences between old and new mediums while providing a broad view of how our society’s desire for immediacy has developed. Although they acknowledge the unique attributes of the technological moment, they are careful to place this within the correct historical contexts. The article also discusses the term hypermediacy. Hypermediacy is a mixture of media, such as text, photos and graphics. TV and the World Wide Web are prime examples of this, as they use a mixture of prose, graphics, animations, videos and sounds. These popularised forms appeal to many senses, and as such, it is argued that not only do we aim to create richer and more varied types of media, we also simultaneously look to find ways of making these media-rich experiences less ‘virtual’. This is exemplified through the discussion in the article of virtual reality, which is said to represent our desire to experience as many scenarios and as much information as is accessible, whilst keeping this experience as true to reality as possible. Society’s avid and almost excessive use of hypermedia then seems to be of a contradictory nature, in that we use it to create the sense of immediacy that we desire whilst trying to remove any traces of it. However, as Bolter and Grusin have shown, hypermediacy and immediacy are very much dependent on each another which makes the comparison that bit more interesting.\n\nFurthermore, it is argued that as different forms of media emerge, from paintings to the first photograph, and from early moving pictures to the Internet, each newer form borrows from its earlier counterparts. These new forms of media use the techniques that made them appealing in the first place, while at the same time bringing with them a greater sense of immediacy. The example of the Internet is used to highlight exactly how this has been achieved. It is suggested that the Internet should not be thought of as a new technological advancement which will disrupt the very fiber of our culture and send it hurtling in new directions which were hitherto unachievable. Instead, it is argued that the Internet should be thought of as a new platform for cultural elements, such as advertising, education and ‘personal expression’ to be presented. These elements form the very backbone of much of our information consumption.", "publicationTitle": "Remediation: Understanding New Media", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:58:24Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:58:24Z" } }, { "key": "CPC7NQHT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/CPC7NQHT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/CPC7NQHT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 767357, "username": "jlgreen1990", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jlgreen1990", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Finkelstein and McCleery", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CPC7NQHT", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Material Matters: the Past and Futurology of the Book", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Finkelstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alistair", "lastName": "McCleery" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "The Book History Reader", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "2nd revised ed.", "date": "2006", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "63-101", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://classes.myplace.strath.ac.uk/file.php/15616/Duguid_Material_Matters.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Books" }, { "tag": "Concepts" }, { "tag": "Digital Humanities" }, { "tag": "Digitisation" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:34:10Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:36:25Z" } }, { "key": "RMTHKUDG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/RMTHKUDG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/RMTHKUDG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 766380, "username": "feekeefee", "name": "Fiona", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/feekeefee", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bolter and Grusin", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RMTHKUDG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Introduction: the Double Logic of Remediation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jay, David", "lastName": "Bolter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard ", "lastName": "Grusin" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Remediation: Understanding New Media", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2-51", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262522799intro1.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "technology" }, { "tag": "virtual reality" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:36:09Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:36:09Z" } }, { "key": "IVTGT8H2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/IVTGT8H2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/IVTGT8H2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 772426, "username": "kerry.lennox7", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kerry.lennox7", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Feng", "parsedDate": "1012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IVTGT8H2", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Have Mouse, Will Travel: Consuming and Creating Chinese Popular Literature on the Web", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jin", "lastName": "Feng" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "From Codex to Hypertext: Reading at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "forthcoming 1012", "publisher": "University of Massachusetts Press", "place": "Amherst", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "SQIA5MTU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:34:34Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:34:34Z" } }, { "key": "4MRD3Q92", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/4MRD3Q92", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/4MRD3Q92", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 767271, "username": "sfbryson", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sfbryson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Grafton", "parsedDate": "2007-11-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4MRD3Q92", "version": 1, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "Future Reading:\nDigitization and its discontents", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anthony", "lastName": "Grafton" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The New Yorker", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": " November 5, 2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_grafton?currentPage=all", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:34:14Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:34:14Z" } }, { "key": "X8H5G2MV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/X8H5G2MV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/X8H5G2MV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/CPC7NQHT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "X8H5G2MV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CPC7NQHT", "itemType": "note", "note": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:34:10Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:34:10Z" } }, { "key": "BVF37FZR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/BVF37FZR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/BVF37FZR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 778217, "username": "whatcaitiedid", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/whatcaitiedid", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cohen", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BVF37FZR", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Digital Humanitis Boots Up on Some Campuses", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patricia", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "New York", "date": "2011", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/books/digital-humanities-boots-up-on-some-campuses.html?_r=1&ref=humanities20", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Digital Humanities" }, { "tag": "Virtual learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:32:24Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:34:04Z" } }, { "key": "MSEJF4HZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/MSEJF4HZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/MSEJF4HZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 758969, "username": "jessicagroves2", "name": "jessica groves", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jessicagroves2", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cohen", "parsedDate": "2010-12-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MSEJF4HZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Victorian Literature, Statistically Analyzed With New Process", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patricia", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "4 Dec 2010", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/books/04victorian.html?ref=humanities20", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Analyze" }, { "tag": "Digital Humanities" }, { "tag": "Google" }, { "tag": "digital media" }, { "tag": "literature" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:33:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:33:44Z" } }, { "key": "88FDP3Q2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 52728, "name": "strathqq405", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/52728/items/88FDP3Q2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/strathqq405/items/88FDP3Q2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 767177, "username": "boyinabubble", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boyinabubble", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nunberg", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "88FDP3Q2", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Farewell to the Information Age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoffrey", "lastName": "Nunberg" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "The Future of the Book,", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1999", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "Brepols (Belgium)", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~nunberg/farewell.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T13:33:40Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T13:33:40Z" } } ]