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Data Sharing and Reuse in the Long Tail of Science and Technology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jillian C.", "lastName": "Wallis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth", "lastName": "Rolando" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine L.", "lastName": "Borgman" } ], "abstractNote": "Research on practices to share and reuse data will inform the design of infrastructure to support data collection, management, and discovery in the long tail of science and technology. These are research domains in which data tend to be local in character, minimally structured, and minimally documented. We report on a ten-year study of the Center for Embedded Network Sensing (CENS), a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. We found that CENS researchers are willing to share their data, but few are asked to do so, and in only a few domain areas do their funders or journals require them to deposit data. Few repositories exist to accept data in CENS research areas.. Data sharing tends to occur only through interpersonal exchanges. CENS researchers obtain data from repositories, and occasionally from registries and individuals, to provide context, calibration, or other forms of background for their studies. Neither CENS researchers nor those who request access to CENS data appear to use external data for primary research questions or for replication of studies. CENS researchers are willing to share data if they receive credit and retain first rights to publish their results. 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null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-28T21:38:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-28T21:38:39Z" } }, { "key": "HUXK7BRQ", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 520541, "name": "ECAR Research Data Sharing Paper", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/520541/items/HUXK7BRQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper/items/HUXK7BRQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/520541/items/NE8AJQFS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1087982, "username": "RebekahCummings23", "name": "Rebekah Cummings", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rebekahcummings23", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "HUXK7BRQ", "version": 29, "parentItem": "NE8AJQFS", 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"relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-28T21:38:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-28T21:38:13Z" } }, { "key": "5A5WJSSP", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 520541, "name": "ECAR Research Data Sharing Paper", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/520541/items/5A5WJSSP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper/items/5A5WJSSP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1087982, "username": "RebekahCummings23", "name": "Rebekah Cummings", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rebekahcummings23", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Goodman et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-04-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5A5WJSSP", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ten Simple Rules for the Care and Feeding of Scientific Data", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alyssa", "lastName": "Goodman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alberto", "lastName": "Pepe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander W.", "lastName": "Blocker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine L.", "lastName": "Borgman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyle", "lastName": "Cranmer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Merce", "lastName": "Crosas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosanne", "lastName": "Di Stefano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yolanda", "lastName": "Gil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Groth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret", "lastName": "Hedstrom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David W.", "lastName": "Hogg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vinay", "lastName": "Kashyap" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ashish", "lastName": "Mahabal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aneta", "lastName": "Siemiginowska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aleksandra", "lastName": "Slavkovic" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "PLoS Comput Biol", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 24, 2014", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e1003542", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS Comput Biol", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003542", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003542", "accessDate": "2015-04-06T22:52:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Simple rules" }, { "tag": "care and feeding of data" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-28T21:27:56Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-28T21:27:56Z" } }, { "key": "4UV9BQRM", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 520541, "name": "ECAR Research Data Sharing Paper", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/520541/items/4UV9BQRM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ecar_research_data_sharing_paper/items/4UV9BQRM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1087982, "username": "RebekahCummings23", "name": "Rebekah Cummings", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rebekahcummings23", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tenopir et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-06-29", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4UV9BQRM", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Data Sharing by Scientists: Practices and Perceptions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carol", "lastName": "Tenopir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Suzie", "lastName": "Allard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kimberly", "lastName": "Douglass" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arsev Umur", "lastName": "Aydinoglu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lei", "lastName": "Wu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eleanor", "lastName": "Read" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maribeth", "lastName": "Manoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mike", "lastName": "Frame" } ], "abstractNote": "Background \n Scientific research in the 21st century is more data intensive and collaborative than in the past. It is important to study the data practices of researchers – data accessibility, discovery, re-use, preservation and, particularly, data sharing. Data sharing is a valuable part of the scientific method allowing for verification of results and extending research from prior results. \n \n \n Methodology/Principal Findings \n A total of 1329 scientists participated in this survey exploring current data sharing practices and perceptions of the barriers and enablers of data sharing. Scientists do not make their data electronically available to others for various reasons, including insufficient time and lack of funding. Most respondents are satisfied with their current processes for the initial and short-term parts of the data or research lifecycle (collecting their research data; searching for, describing or cataloging, analyzing, and short-term storage of their data) but are not satisfied with long-term data preservation. Many organizations do not provide support to their researchers for data management both in the short- and long-term. If certain conditions are met (such as formal citation and sharing reprints) respondents agree they are willing to share their data. There are also significant differences and approaches in data management practices based on primary funding agency, subject discipline, age, work focus, and world region. \n \n \n Conclusions/Significance \n Barriers to effective data sharing and preservation are deeply rooted in the practices and culture of the research process as well as the researchers themselves. New mandates for data management plans from NSF and other federal agencies and world-wide attention to the need to share and preserve data could lead to changes. 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How would data sharing work best? We think it should happen symbiotically, not parasitically. Start with a novel idea, one that is not an obvious extension of the reported work. Second, identify potential collaborators whose collected data may be useful in assessing the hypothesis and propose a collaboration. Third, work together to test the new hypothesis. Fourth, report the new findings with relevant coauthorship to acknowledge both the group that proposed the new idea and the investigative group that accrued the data that allowed it to be tested. What is learned may be beautiful even when seen from close up.

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A second concern held by some is that a new class of research person will emerge — people who had nothing to do with the design and execution of the study but use another group’s data for their own ends, possibly stealing from the research productivity planned by the data gatherers, or even use the data to try to disprove what the original investigators had posited. There is concern among some front-line researchers that the system will be taken over by what some researchers have characterized as “research parasites.”

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However, many of us who have actually conducted clinical research, managed clinical studies and data collection and analysis, and curated data sets have concerns about the details. The first concern is that someone not involved in the generation and collection of the data may not understand the choices made in defining the parameters. Special problems arise if data are to be combined from independent studies and considered comparable. How heterogeneous were the study populations? Were the eligibility criteria the same? Can it be assumed that the differences in study populations, data collection and analysis, and treatments, both protocol-specified and unspecified, can be ignored?

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