Political institutions translate inputs-in the form of changed preferences, new participants, new information, or sudden attention to previously available information-into policy outputs. In the process they impose costs on this translation, and these costs increase institutional friction. We argue that the \"friction\" in political institutions leads not to consistent \"gridlock\" but to long periods of stasis interspersed with dramatic policy punctuations. As political institutions add costs to the translation of inputs into outputs, institutional friction will increase, and outputs from the process will become increasingly punctuated overall. We use a stochastic process approach to compare the extent of punctuations among 15 data sets that assess change in U.S. government budgets, in a variety of aspects of the public policy process, in election results, and in stock market returns in the United States. We find that all of these distributions display positive kurtosis-tall central peaks (representing considerable stability) and heavy tails (reflecting the punctuations, both positive and negative). When we order institutions according to the costs they impose on collective action, those with higher decision and transaction costs generate more positive kurtosis. Direct parameter estimates indicate that all distributions except budget data were best fit by the double-exponential probability distribution; budgets are Paretian.", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 01, 2003", "volume": "97", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "151-169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3118227", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:20:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-0554", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Feb., 2003 / Copyright © 2003 American Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:20:56Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:20:56Z" } }, { "key": "EB2C975T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/EB2C975T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/EB2C975T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jones et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EB2C975T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Policy Punctuations: U.S. Budget Authority, 1947-1995", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bryan D.", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank R.", "lastName": "Baumgartner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James L.", "lastName": "True" } ], "abstractNote": "
Baumgartner and Jones (1993) described a process of punctuated equilibrium in their study of policymaking in the United States since World War II Evidence was drawn from a series of particular issue-areas, but the model has implications for all areas of policymaking In this paper, we explore the validity of this approach with a new dataset that tabulates congressional budget authority at the Office of Management and Budget subfunction level across all areas of the federal budget for the entire postwar period We find that government spending is characterized by much greater change than is typically portrayed in the literature, even if there is great stability for most categories most of the time In addition, overall patterns of spending have been affected by two large-scale punctuations These punctuations divide national spending into three epochs one of postwar adjustment, lasting until FY 1956; one of robust growth, lasting from 1956 through 1974, and one of restrained growth, beginning in FY 1976 We test the epoch hypothesis against three plausible rival hypotheses: changes in the robustness of the postwar economy; partisan divisions; and public opinion The epoch hypothesis survives all of these rivals whether modeled individually or together This paper provides empirical evidence that punctuations occur, not just in some programs or subsystems, but also throughout government.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Politics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 01, 1998", "volume": "60", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-33", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/2647999", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2647999", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:20:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3816", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Policy Punctuations", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Feb., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Southern Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:20:22Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:20:22Z" } }, { "key": "V4RRTIBB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/V4RRTIBB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/V4RRTIBB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Howlett", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "V4RRTIBB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Process Sequencing Policy Dynamics: Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Howlett" } ], "abstractNote": "Studies of policy change have advanced to the point where the basic contours and factors driving policy sequences are now reasonably well identified and understood with a great deal of empirical evidence pointing to the prevalence of punctuated equilibrium processes in many policy fields. However the reasons why such processes occur is less well understood. Most attention to date has focused upon homeostatic models in which exogenously-driven shocks undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria. This article addresses the difficulties this account faces and the conceptual challenges which must be overcome to provide a solid grounding for the understanding and analysis of long-term policy dynamics. It focuses on the merits and demerits of alternative explanations featuring either random junctures and ‘positive-return’ sequences – path dependency – or embedded junctures and ‘reactive’ sequences – process sequencing. Models of policy-making over time using the latter two concepts, it is argued, are more likely to account for the large majority of policy dynamic than the former.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Public Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "29", "issue": "03", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "241-262", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S0143814X09990158", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=6406304&jid=PUP&volumeId=29&issueId=03&aid=6406296", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:17:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Process Sequencing Policy Dynamics", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "path dependence, equilibrium, sequencing, junctures", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:17:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:18:15Z" } }, { "key": "MNANGQHZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/MNANGQHZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/MNANGQHZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/V4RRTIBB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MNANGQHZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "V4RRTIBB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Cambridge Journals Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:17:20Z", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=6406304&jid=PUP&volumeId=29&issueId=03&aid=6406296", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:17:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:17:20Z" } }, { "key": "DIAM9BTF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/DIAM9BTF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/DIAM9BTF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gould and Eldredge", "parsedDate": "1977-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DIAM9BTF", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen Jay", "lastName": "Gould" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niles", "lastName": "Eldredge" } ], "abstractNote": "
We believe that punctuational change dominates the history of life: evolution is concentrated in very rapid events of speciation (geologically instantaneous, even if tolerably continuous in ecological time). Most species, during their geological history, either do not change in any appreciable way, or else they fluctuate mildly in morphology, with no apparent direction. Phyletic gradualism is very rare and too slow, in any case, to produce the major events of evolution. Evolutionary trends are not the product of slow, directional transformation within lineages; they represent the differential success of certain species within a clade-speciation may be random with respect to the direction of a trend (Wright's rule). As an a priori bias, phyletic gradualism has precluded any fair assessment of evolutionary tempos and modes. It could not be refuted by empirical catalogues constructed in its light because it excluded contrary information as the artificial result of an imperfect fossil record. With the model of punctuated equilibria, an unbiased distribution of evolutionary tempos can be established by treating stasis as data and by recording the pattern of change for all species in an assemblage. This distribution of tempos can lead to strong inferences about modes. If, as we predict, the punctuational tempo is prevalent, then speciation-not phyletic evolution-must be the dominant mode of evolution. We argue that virtually none of the examples brought forward to refute our model can stand as support for phyletic gradualism; many are so weak and ambiguous that they only reflect the persistent bias for gradualism still deeply embedded in paleontological thought. Of the few stronger cases, we concentrate on Gingerich's data for Hyopsodus and argue that it provides an excellent example of species selection under our model. We then review the data of several studies that have supported our model since we published it five years ago. The record of human evolution seems to provide a particularly good example: no gradualism has been detected within any hominid taxon, and many are long-ranging; the trend to larger brains arises from differential success of essentially static taxa. The data of molecular genetics support our assumption that large genetic changes often accompany the process of speciation. Phyletic gradualism was an a priori assertion from the start-it was never \"seen\" in the rocks; it expressed the cultural and political biases of 19th century liberalism. Huxley advised Darwin to eschew it as an \"unnecessary difficulty.\" We think that it has now become an empirical fallacy. A punctuational view of change may have wide validity at all levels of evolutionary processes. At the very least, it deserves consideration as an alternate way of interpreting the history of life.", "publicationTitle": "Paleobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 01, 1977", "volume": "3", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "115-151", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2400177", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:15:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0094-8373", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Punctuated Equilibria", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Spring, 1977 / Copyright © 1977 Paleontological Society", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:15:35Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:15:35Z" } }, { "key": "N2S69XA6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/N2S69XA6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/N2S69XA6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Eldrede and Gould", "parsedDate": "1972", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "N2S69XA6", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Thomas J. M.", "lastName": "Schopf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Eldrede" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.J.", "lastName": "Gould" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Models in Paleobiology", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1972", "publisher": "Freeman Cooper & Co", "place": "San Francisco", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "82-115", "ISBN": "0877353255", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:12:58Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:14:34Z" } }, { "key": "KM6CTIDB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/KM6CTIDB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/KM6CTIDB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/N2S69XA6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KM6CTIDB", "version": 1, "parentItem": "N2S69XA6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:12:58Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0877353255", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:12:58Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:12:58Z" } }, { "key": "53XS5ZUM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/53XS5ZUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/53XS5ZUM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baumgartner and Jones", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "53XS5ZUM", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Policy dynamics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank R.", "lastName": "Baumgartner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bryan D.", "lastName": "Jones" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2002", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "372", "ISBN": "9780226039411", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:09:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:10:06Z" } }, { "key": "6KXSIUUT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/6KXSIUUT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/6KXSIUUT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/53XS5ZUM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6KXSIUUT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "53XS5ZUM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:09:52Z", "url": "http://books.google.ca/books?id=xo0XTDfLoNYC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:09:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:09:52Z" } }, { "key": "KWMDXXXB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/KWMDXXXB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/KWMDXXXB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baumgartner and Jones", "parsedDate": "1991-11-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KWMDXXXB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank R.", "lastName": "Baumgartner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bryan D.", "lastName": "Jones" } ], "abstractNote": "Rapid change in public policy outcomes often occurs, but most theories of pluralism emphasize only incrementalism. Yet from a historical view, it can easily be seen that many policies go through long periods of stability and short periods of dramatic reversals. Often the grand lines of policy may be settled for decades during such critical periods of mobilization. In this paper, we argue a single process can explain both periods of extreme stability and short bursts of rapid change. This process is the interaction of beliefs and values concerning a particular policy, which we term the policy image, with the existing set of political institutions--the venues of policy action. In a pluralist political system, subsystems can be created that are highly favorable to a given industry. But at the same time, there remain other institutional venues that can serve as avenues of appeal for the disaffected. Here we use the case of civilian nuclear policy to examine the process by which policy images find a favorable reception in some institutional venues but not others, and how the interaction between image and venue can lead to the rapid creation, destruction, or alteration of policy subsystems. We rely on data from a variety of sources to trace agenda access of the nuclear power issue in each of the policy venues available.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Politics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 01, 1991", "volume": "53", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1044-1074", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/2131866", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2131866", "accessDate": "2011-08-27T17:08:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3816", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Nov., 1991 / Copyright © 1991 Southern Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-27T17:08:37Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-27T17:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "WEQ8FMH8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/WEQ8FMH8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/WEQ8FMH8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Levmore", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WEQ8FMH8", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Interest Groups and the Problem with Incrementalism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saul", "lastName": "Levmore" } ], "abstractNote": "Incrementalism, as opposed to dramatic change, is conventionally lauded\nin law as the prudent path of change—a path that gives credit to history and\nprecedent. The conventional view, however, pays little attention to interest\ngroups. Step-by-step change poses a serious problem when it rearranges the constellation\nof supporters and opponents of further moves. The core problem is\nthat once an interest group loses and becomes subject to some regulation, it has\nreason to turn on its competitors and see to it that they also be regulated. The\nlaws that emerge on the incrementalist’s path therefore may not mark progress\ntoward socially desirable or democratic outcomes. Examples of incrementalist\nlaws include environmental standards, smoking bans, disability accommodations,\nand minimum-age legislation. Nearly all law, however, can be seen as\nincrementalist, just as most tradeoffs can be described as sliding on slippery\nslopes. The incrementalism problem is most striking when a prior regulatory\nstep is costly to reverse from the perspective of those who must comply. The problem\nis alleviated when there is real learning from experience; it is exacerbated\nwhen advocates of change implement a divide-and-conquer strategy to separate\ndefending interests. Compensation policies or even moratoria on certain kinds\nof regulation could possibly decrease wasteful rent seeking and minimize the\ninterest-group problem.", "publicationTitle": "University of Pennsylvania Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "158", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "815-858", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1513610&", "accessDate": "2011-08-22T08:31:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SSRN", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-22T08:31:37Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-22T08:34:18Z" } }, { "key": "QEJJBHD3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/QEJJBHD3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/QEJJBHD3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/WEQ8FMH8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "QEJJBHD3", "version": 1, "parentItem": "WEQ8FMH8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "SSRN Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-08-22T08:31:37Z", "url": "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1513610&", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-22T08:31:37Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-22T08:31:37Z" } }, { "key": "XUNKWDDC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 51627, "name": "Incrementalism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/51627/items/XUNKWDDC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/incrementalism/items/XUNKWDDC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 229760, "username": "amigone", "name": "Andrea Riccardo Migone", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/amigone", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jean and And Others", "parsedDate": "1984-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XUNKWDDC", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Strategic Planning vs. Disjointed Incrementalism: An Institutional Research Perspective. SAIR Conference Paper.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul M.", "lastName": "Jean" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "And Others" } ], "abstractNote": "Strategic planning in higher education is discussed from the perspective of institutional research. Attention is directed to: institutional mission, institutional assessment, institutional leadership, environmental assessment, market analysis, and competitive position. Strategic planning merges incrementalism, which focuses on flexibility, practicality, and political participation in organizational decision-making, with comprehensive planning, which stresses systematic data collection and analysis. Strategic planning requires top administrative leadership, involvement, and support. Similar to corporate planning, strategic planning is entrepreneurial. Strategic planning infuses an awareness of future environmental threats and market opportunities into present-day decision-making to increase organizational capacity and desire to take risks to achieve institutional goals, values, and objectives. Emphasis is placed on the role of institutional research in realizing the potential of strategic planning to help decision-makers guide their institutions through difficult times ahead. Two checklists are included that can be used to evaluate institutional climate and components of strategic planning.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 00, 1984", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED258492", "accessDate": "2011-08-22T08:30:29Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Strategic Planning vs. Disjointed Incrementalism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ERIC", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Institutional Mission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SAIR Conference", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Strategic Planning", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-22T08:30:29Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-22T08:30:54Z" } } ]