[ { "key": "RSS6V8ER", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/RSS6V8ER", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/RSS6V8ER", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gass et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RSS6V8ER", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing the economic wind power potential in Austria", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Viktoria", "lastName": "Gass" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "Schmidt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franziska", "lastName": "Strauss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erwin", "lastName": "Schmid" } ], "abstractNote": "In the European Union, electricity production from wind energy is projected to increase by approximately 16% until 2020. The Austrian energy plan aims at increasing the currently installed wind power capacity from approximately 1 GW to 3 GW until 2020 including an additional capacity of 700 MW until 2015. The aim of this analysis is to assess economically viable wind turbine sites under current feed-in tariffs considering constraints imposed by infrastructure, the natural environment and ecological preservation zones in Austria. We analyze whether the policy target of installing an additional wind power capacity of 700 MW until 2015 is attainable under current legislation and developed a GIS based decision system for wind turbine site selection.Results show that the current feed-in tariff of 9.7 ct kW h−1 may trigger an additional installation of 3544 MW. The current feed-in tariff can therefore be considered too high as wind power deployment would exceed the target by far. Our results indicate that the targets may be attained more cost-effectively by applying a lower feed-in tariff of 9.1 ct kW h−1. Thus, windfall profits at favorable sites and deadweight losses of policy intervention can be minimized while still guaranteeing the deployment of additional wind power capacities.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2013", "volume": "53", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "323-330", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.079", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512009640", "accessDate": "2016-03-30T14:25:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-30T14:25:22Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-30T14:25:22Z" } }, { "key": "IZ5ZDHE5", "version": 31, 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"numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UNPQDPSE", "version": 30, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Economic Benefits of Kansas Wind Energy", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sftp.polsinelli.com/files/upload/StudyKansasWind2012.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-30T14:23:21Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-30T14:23:41Z" } }, { "key": "8D3A4CJE", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": 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"callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-30T14:22:02Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-30T14:23:02Z" } }, { "key": "KNZB4FWB", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/KNZB4FWB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/KNZB4FWB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ueckerdt et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-12-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KNZB4FWB", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Falko", "lastName": "Ueckerdt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lion", "lastName": "Hirth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gunnar", "lastName": "Luderer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ottmar", "lastName": "Edenhofer" } ], "abstractNote": "LCOE (levelized costs of electricity) are a common metric for comparing power generating technologies. However, there is criticism particularly towards evaluating variable renewables like wind and solar PV (photovoltaics) power based on LCOE because it ignores variability and integration costs. We propose a new metric System LCOE that accounts for integration and generation costs. For this purpose we develop a new mathematical definition of integration costs that directly relates to economic theory. As a result System LCOE allow the economic comparison of generating technologies and deriving optimal quantities in particular for VRE (variable renewable sources). To demonstrate the new concept we quantify System LCOE from a simple power system model and literature values. We find that at high wind shares integration costs can be in the same range as generation costs of wind power and conventional plants in particular due to a cost component “profile costs” captured by the new definition. Integration costs increase with growing wind shares and might become an economic barrier to deploying VRE at high shares. System LCOE help understanding and resolving the challenge of integrating VRE and can guide research and policy makers in realizing a cost-efficient transformation towards an energy system with potentially high shares of variable renewables.", "publicationTitle": "Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 15, 2013", "volume": "63", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "61-75", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.072", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213009390", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T22:13:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-5442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "System LCOE", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T22:13:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T22:13:24Z" } }, { "key": "2MXFBDWI", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/2MXFBDWI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/2MXFBDWI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hirth et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-04-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2MXFBDWI", "version": 28, "itemType": "report", "title": "Why Wind is Not Coal: On the Economics of Electricity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lion", "lastName": "Hirth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Falko", "lastName": "Ueckerdt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ottmar", "lastName": "Edenhofer" } ], "abstractNote": "The economics of electricity is shaped by its physics. A well known example is the non-storability of electricity that causes its price to fluctuate widely. More generally, physical constraints cause electricity to be a heterogeneous good along three dimensions - time, space, and lead-time. Consequently, different generation technologies, such as coal and wind power, produce different economic goods that have a different marginal economic value. Welfare maximization or competitiveness analyses that ignore heterogeneity deliver biased estimates. This paper provides an analytical welfare-economic framework that accounts for heterogeneity for unbiased assessments of power generators. The framework offers a rigorous interpretation of commonly used cost indicators such as ‘levelized electricity costs’ and ‘grid parity’. Heterogeneity is relevant for all generators, but especially for variable renewables such as wind and solar power. We propose a definition of ‘variability’, derive the opportunity costs of variability, and link that concept to the ‘integration cost’ literature. A literature review shows that variability can reduce the value of wind power by 20-50%. Thus it is crucial that economic analysis accounts for the physics of electricity.", "reportNumber": "ID 2428788", "reportType": "SSRN Scholarly Paper", "institution": "Social Science Research Network", "place": "Rochester, NY", "date": "2014/04/24", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2428788", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T22:12:58Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Why Wind is Not Coal", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "papers.ssrn.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T22:12:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T22:12:58Z" } }, { "key": "J8TH9WNU", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": 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"imported_url", "title": "Transparent Cost Database | Transparent Cost Database", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:42:48Z", "url": "http://en.openei.org/apps/TCDB/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "TCDB.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:42:48Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:42:48Z" } }, { "key": "7KMW9966", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/7KMW9966", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/7KMW9966", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7KMW9966", "version": 20, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Transparent Cost Database | Transparent Cost Database", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://en.openei.org/apps/TCDB/", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:42:47Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:42:47Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:42:47Z" } }, { "key": "CU4V3SR3", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/CU4V3SR3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/CU4V3SR3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CU4V3SR3", "version": 19, "itemType": "report", "title": "Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.lazard.com/media/2390/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-analysis-90.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:41:25Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:41:48Z" } }, { "key": "N2ADGA8R", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/N2ADGA8R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/N2ADGA8R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ohunakin et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N2ADGA8R", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic analysis of wind energy conversion systems using levelized cost of electricity and present value cost methods in Nigeria", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olayinka S.", "lastName": "Ohunakin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olanrewaju M.", "lastName": "Oyewola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muyiwa S.", "lastName": "Adaramola" } ], "abstractNote": "Technical electricity generation assessment and economic analysis of six wind energy conversion systems in the categories small, medium, and large (with power ratings of 20, 35, 275, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 kW) were examined in this study. Electricity cost values were estimated based on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and present value cost (PVC) methods for six locations selected across all the geopolitical zones of Nigeria. This was done using wind speed data that span between 25 and 37 years, measured at the height of 10 m. The result showed that the annual average energy output ranges from 2.242 MW h in Uyo with P10-20 turbine to 12,521.55 MW h in Kano using Vestas V80-2 MW wind turbine. Furthermore, of all the selected sites, Kano gave the least costs of electricity production per kilowatt hour with Vestas V80-2 MW model at 67-m hub heights, while the highest is obtained in Uyo with GEV-HP (1 MW) model at 70-m hub heights for the LCOE and PVC height for both the LCOE and PVC methods. In addition, sensitivity of the selected parameters to the levelized cost of electricity was also carried out.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013/01/09", "volume": "4", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-8", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int J Energy Environ Eng", "DOI": "10.1186/2251-6832-4-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2251-6832-4-2", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:39:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2008-9163, 2251-6832", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:39:49Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:39:49Z" } }, { "key": "2Q9SX5S3", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/2Q9SX5S3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/2Q9SX5S3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Doty et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2Q9SX5S3", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deployment Prospects for Proposed Sustainable Energy Alternatives in 2020", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Glenn N.", "lastName": "Doty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David L.", "lastName": "McCree" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Judy M.", "lastName": "Doty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F. David", "lastName": "Doty" } ], "abstractNote": "We present brief comparative economic and environmental appraisals of the alternatives that have received the most attention in recent years: conventional biofuels (agrofuels), cellulosic ethanol (CE), microalgae, electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrids (PEHVs), compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, “semi-clean” (SCPC) coal, clean coal, wood co-firing, nuclear, photovoltaic solar (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), geothermal, hydropower, wind, and a novel alternative energy solution known as “WindFuels”. Critical reviews of the projections of both Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE ) and life-cycle CO2 emissions of these primary alternatives for clean, sustainable energy are presented. We identify and review the major challenges faced by these alternatives — many of which have received incomplete treatment in previous studies. Then from the projected LCOE, carbon neutrality, resource availability, technological challenges, and recent market data; the probable growth rates for the various alternatives are projected, and the environmental benefit and economic burdens associated with these alternatives are assessed.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2010", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "171-182", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1115/ES2010-90376", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ES2010-90376", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:35:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:35:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:35:33Z" } }, { "key": "B3RZQ8A2", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/B3RZQ8A2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/B3RZQ8A2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chen and MacDonald", "parsedDate": "2014-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B3RZQ8A2", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A system-level cost-of-energy wind farm layout optimization with landowner modeling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Le", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erin", "lastName": "MacDonald" } ], "abstractNote": "This work applies an enhanced levelized wind farm cost model, including landowner remittance fees, to determine optimal turbine placements under three landowner participation scenarios and two land-plot shapes. Instead of assuming a continuous piece of land is available for the wind farm construction, as in most layout optimizations, the problem formulation represents landowner participation scenarios as a binary string variable, along with the number of turbines. The cost parameters and model are a combination of models from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Windustry. The system-level cost-of-energy (COE) optimization model is also tested under two land-plot shapes: equally-sized square land plots and unequal rectangle land plots. The optimal COEs results are compared to actual COE data and found to be realistic. The results show that landowner remittances account for approximately 10% of farm operating costs across all cases. Irregular land-plot shapes are easily handled by the model. We find that larger land plots do not necessarily receive higher remittance fees. The model can help site developers identify the most crucial land plots for project success and the optimal positions of turbines, with realistic estimates of costs and profitability.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2014", "volume": "77", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "484-494", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Conversion and Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413006237", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:31:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:31:35Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:31:35Z" } }, { "key": "GG6NIEPB", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/GG6NIEPB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/GG6NIEPB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "K. Cory and P. Schwabe", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GG6NIEPB", "version": 14, "itemType": "report", "title": "Wind Levelized Cost of Energy: A Comparison of Technical and Financing Input Variables", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "K. Cory" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "P. Schwabe" } ], "abstractNote": "The expansion of wind power capacity in the United States has increased the demand for project development capital. In response, innovative approaches to financing wind projects have emerged and are proliferating in the U.S. renewable energy marketplace. Wind power developers and financiers have become more efficient and creative in structuring their financial relationships, and often tailor them to different investor types and objectives. As a result, two similar projects may use very different cash flows and financing arrangements, which can significantly vary the economic competitiveness of wind projects. This report assesses the relative impact of numerous financing, technical, and operating variables on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) associated with a wind project under various financing structures in the U.S. marketplace. Under this analysis, the impacts of several financial and technical variables on the cost of wind electricity generation are first examined individually to better understand the relative importance of each. Then, analysts examine a low-cost and a high-cost financing scenario, where multiple variables are modified simultaneously. Lastly, the analysis also considers the impact of a suite of financial variables versus a suite of technical variables.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A2-46671", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2009", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46671.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Wind Levelized Cost of Energy", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:25:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:26:31Z" } }, { "key": "S3TWMZX5", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/S3TWMZX5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/S3TWMZX5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Herbert-Acero et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-10-29", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S3TWMZX5", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Review of Methodological Approaches for the Design and Optimization of Wind Farms", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José F.", "lastName": "Herbert-Acero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oliver", "lastName": "Probst" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pierre-Elouan", "lastName": "Réthoré" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gunner Chr", "lastName": "Larsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Krystel K.", "lastName": "Castillo-Villar" } ], "abstractNote": "This article presents a review of the state of the art of the Wind Farm Design and Optimization (WFDO) problem. The WFDO problem refers to a set of advanced planning actions needed to extremize the performance of wind farms, which may be composed of a few individual Wind Turbines (WTs) up to thousands of WTs. The WFDO problem has been investigated in different scenarios, with substantial differences in main objectives, modelling assumptions, constraints, and numerical solution methods. The aim of this paper is: (1) to present an exhaustive survey of the literature covering the full span of the subject, an analysis of the state-of-the-art models describing the performance of wind farms as well as its extensions, and the numerical approaches used to solve the problem; (2) to provide an overview of the available knowledge and recent progress in the application of such strategies to real onshore and offshore wind farms; and (3) to propose a comprehensive agenda for future research.", "publicationTitle": "Energies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-10-29", "volume": "7", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6930-7016", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/en7116930", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/11/6930", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:25:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:25:09Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:25:09Z" } }, { "key": "AEP7J49H", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/AEP7J49H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/AEP7J49H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rezaei Mirghaed and Roshandel", "parsedDate": "2013-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AEP7J49H", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Site specific optimization of wind turbines energy cost: Iterative approach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammad", "lastName": "Rezaei Mirghaed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ramin", "lastName": "Roshandel" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study was aimed at developing a model to optimize the sizing parameters and farm layout of wind turbines according to the wind resource and economic aspects. The proposed model, including aerodynamic, economic and optimization sub-models, is used to achieve minimum levelized cost of electricity. The blade element momentum theory is utilized for aerodynamic modeling of pitch-regulated horizontal axis wind turbines. Also, a comprehensive cost model including capital costs of all turbine components is considered. An iterative approach is used to develop the optimization model. The modeling results are presented for three potential regions in Iran: Khaf, Ahar and Manjil. The optimum configurations and sizing for a single turbine with minimum levelized cost of electricity are presented. The optimal cost of energy for one turbine is calculated about 46.7, 54.5 and 46.6 dollars per MW h in the studied sites, respectively. In addition, optimal size of turbines, annual electricity production, capital cost, and wind farm layout for two different rectangular and square shaped farms in the proposed areas have been recognized. According to the results, optimal system configuration corresponds to minimum levelized cost of electricity about 45.8 to 67.2 dollars per MW h in the studied wind farms.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2013", "volume": "73", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "167-175", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Conversion and Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.016", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413002136", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:05:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Site specific optimization of wind turbines energy cost", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:05:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:05:58Z" } }, { "key": "VIIURB9E", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/VIIURB9E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/VIIURB9E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shrimali et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VIIURB9E", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cost-effective policies for reaching India's 2022 renewable targets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gireesh", "lastName": "Shrimali" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saurabh", "lastName": "Trivedi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandhya", "lastName": "Srinivasan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shobhit", "lastName": "Goel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Nelson" } ], "abstractNote": "India has ambitious renewable energy targets by 2022: 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind. Both of these technologies are perceived to be more costly than conventional, fossil-fuel, power; and, therefore, require policy support. Using representative, project-level cash flow models, we examine two related questions: First, what would be the cost of policy support under existing federal policies; and, second, what would be the most cost-effective federal policy? We answer these questions by first forecasting the unsubsidized levelized cost of electricity for wind, solar, and the marginal fossil fuel; and then examining the cost of support under existing as well as proposed debt-related policies. We find that wind energy is already competitive with the marginal fossil fuel and, therefore, does not require any policy support. We also find that solar energy will become competitive by 2019; and prior to that the most cost-effective federal policy is provision of reduced-cost long-term debt, which can significantly reduce (by more than 90%) the total cost of support compared to accelerated depreciation, the most cost-effective existing federal policy.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2016", "volume": "93", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "255-268", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.062", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014811630163X", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T21:03:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T21:03:23Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T21:03:23Z" } }, { "key": "26ZXT6U4", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/26ZXT6U4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/26ZXT6U4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shrimali et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "26ZXT6U4", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Renewable deployment in India: Financing costs and implications for policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gireesh", "lastName": "Shrimali" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Nelson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shobhit", "lastName": "Goel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charith", "lastName": "Konda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Raj", "lastName": "Kumar" } ], "abstractNote": "India′s ambitious goals for renewable energy raise many questions regarding the nature of investment required. We conduct financial modeling of actual renewable projects in India; and derive the following insights. First, the high cost of debt is the most pressing problem: higher cost and inferior terms of debt in India may raise the cost of renewable energy by 24–32% compared to the U.S. Second, even if cost of debt goes down, loan terms – including short tenors and variable interest rates – will become significant impediments, given that they add 13–14% to the cost of renewable energy in India compared to the U.S. Finally, due to the high cost of debt, policy lessons from the U.S. and Europe; which focus on finer instruments such as duration of revenue-support, revenue-certainty, investor-risk-perception, and completion/cost-certainty; are not likely to be as effective, with potential impacts on the cost of renewable energy in the 3–11% range. In fact, we find that an interest-rate subsidy, which reduces the cost of debt, reduces the overall subsidy burden by 13–16%. This suggests that Indian policymakers need to prioritize the provision of low-cost, long-term debt and take a closer look at the successful efforts by China and Brazil.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2013", "volume": "62", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "28-43", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.071", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513007143", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T20:59:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Renewable deployment in India", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T20:59:07Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T20:59:07Z" } }, { "key": "XJ8NAD2G", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 504699, "name": "LCOE_Wind", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/504699/items/XJ8NAD2G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lcoe_wind/items/XJ8NAD2G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Díaz et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XJ8NAD2G", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dynamic evaluation of the levelized cost of wind power generation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guzmán", "lastName": "Díaz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Javier", "lastName": "Gómez-Aleixandre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José", "lastName": "Coto" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper discusses an alternative computation method of the levelized cost of energy of distributed wind power generators. Unlike in the conventional procedures, it includes time of commencement as an optimization variable. For that purpose, a methodology from Longstaff and Schwartz’s dynamic program for pricing financial American options is derived, which provides the ability to find the optimum time and value while coping with uncertainty revenues from energy sales and variable capital costs. The results obtained from the analysis of wind records of 50 sites entail that the conventional levelized cost of energy can be broken down into an optimum, minimum (time-dependent) value and a penalty for early exercising, which can be employed to define investment strategies and support policies.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2015", "volume": "101", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "721-729", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Conversion and Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.023", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890415005634", "accessDate": "2016-03-29T20:51:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-29T20:51:21Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-29T20:51:21Z" } } ]