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Rev.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Measuring Privacy", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "HeinOnline", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "TKAZDPTC" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/496584/items/BG8LUUBG" }, "dateAdded": "2018-07-11T13:26:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-19T16:08:48Z" } }, { "key": "P5IY6VMJ", "version": 2428, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/P5IY6VMJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/P5IY6VMJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2398325, "username": "jvitak", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jvitak", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 3008832, "username": "jpridmore", "name": "Jason Pridmore", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jpridmore", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Skeba and Baumer", "parsedDate": "2020-10-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P5IY6VMJ", "version": 2428, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Informational friction as a lens for studying algorithmic aspects of privacy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Skeba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric P. S.", "lastName": "Baumer" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper addresses challenges in conceptualizing privacy posed by algorithmic systems that can infer sensitive information from seemingly innocuous data. This type of privacy is of imminent concern due to the rapid adoption of machine learning and artificial intelligence systems in virtually every industry. In this paper, we suggest informational friction, a concept from Floridi's ethics of information, as a valuable conceptual lens for studying algorithmic aspects of privacy. Informational friction describes the amount of work required for one agent to access or alter the information of another. By focusing on amount of work, rather than the type of information or manner in which it is collected, informational friction can help to explain why automated analyses should raise privacy concerns independently of, and in addition to, those associated with data collection. As a demonstration, this paper analyze law enforcement use of facial recognition, andFacebook's targeted advertising model using informational friction and demonstrate risks inherent to these systems which are not completely identified in another popular framework, Nissenbaum's Contextual Integrity.The paper concludes with a discussion of broader implications, both for privacy research and for privacy regulation.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 15, 2020", "volume": "4", "issue": "CSCW2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "101:1–101:22", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.", "DOI": "10.1145/3415172", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3415172", "accessDate": "2022-12-22T21:41:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "October 2020", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "algorithmic privacy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "facial recognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "informational friction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "privacy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "targeted advertising", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "TKAZDPTC", "VRBID2AF" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/496584/items/SBQZ6623" }, "dateAdded": "2022-12-22T21:41:48Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-19T16:08:45Z" } }, { "key": "SGKAFK9P", "version": 2428, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/SGKAFK9P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/SGKAFK9P", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/BIEBYMNZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3537932, "username": "katiekritikos", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/katiekritikos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 3008832, "username": "jpridmore", "name": "Jason Pridmore", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jpridmore", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SGKAFK9P", "version": 2428, "parentItem": "BIEBYMNZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Pantzar and Ruckenstein - 2017 - Living the metrics Self-tracking and situated obj.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Pantzar and Ruckenstein - 2017 - Living the metrics Self-tracking and situated obj.pdf", "md5": "c48eb96d3eb4154e02a6a2375c6e7270", "mtime": 1530199008168, "tags": [], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/496584/items/MWCR8FMU" }, "dateAdded": "2018-06-30T14:14:25Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-19T16:08:41Z" } }, { "key": "BIEBYMNZ", "version": 2428, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/BIEBYMNZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/BIEBYMNZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3537932, "username": "katiekritikos", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/katiekritikos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 3008832, "username": "jpridmore", "name": "Jason Pridmore", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jpridmore", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pantzar and Ruckenstein", "parsedDate": "2017", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BIEBYMNZ", "version": 2428, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Living the metrics: Self-tracking and situated objectivity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mika", "lastName": "Pantzar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Minna", "lastName": "Ruckenstein" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper evaluates self-tracking practices in connection with ideas of objectivity via exploration of confrontations with personal data, particularly with reference to physiological stress and recovery measurements. The discussion departs from the notion of ‘mechanical objectivity’, seeking to obtain evidence that is ‘uncontaminated by interpretation’. The framework of mechanical objectivity tends, however, to fall short when people translate physiological measurements to fit their expectations and everyday experiences. We develop the concept of ‘situated objectivity’ with the goal of highlighting the everyday as a domain of interpretation, reflection and ambiguity, proposing that the concept offers an analytical entry point to a more profound understanding of how people engage with their personal data. Everyday data encounters are not methodical and systematic, but combine knowledge in an eclectic manner. Framed in this way, self-tracking practices are less occupied with ‘facts of life’ than translating and transforming life based on earlier experiences, cultural understandings and shared expectations. Paradoxically, new measurement devices and software, which are supposed to be based on sound, universal and generalisable principles, hard facts and accurate descriptions, become raw material for daily decisions, as people seek bespoke answers and craft personalised theories of health and life. From this perspective, self-tracking measurements can be used to experiment and learn, gaining value in relation to the communicative processes that they promote and contributing to possibilities for rethinking health knowledge and health promotion., This paper evaluates self-tracking practices in connection with ideas of objectivity via exploration of confrontations with personal data, particularly with reference to physiological stress and recovery measurements. The discussion departs from the notion of ‘mechanical objectivity’, seeking to obtain evidence that is ‘uncontaminated by interpretation’. The framework of mechanical objectivity tends, however, to fall short when people translate physiological measurements to fit their expectations and everyday experiences. We develop the concept of ‘situated objectivity’ with the goal of highlighting the everyday as a domain of interpretation, reflection and ambiguity, proposing that the concept offers an analytical entry point to a more profound understanding of how people engage with their personal data. Everyday data encounters are not methodical and systematic, but combine knowledge in an eclectic manner. Framed in this way, self-tracking practices are less occupied with ‘facts of life’ than translating and transforming life based on earlier experiences, cultural understandings and shared expectations. Paradoxically, new measurement devices and software, which are supposed to be based on sound, universal and generalisable principles, hard facts and accurate descriptions, become raw material for daily decisions, as people seek bespoke answers and craft personalised theories of health and life. From this perspective, self-tracking measurements can be used to experiment and learn, gaining value in relation to the communicative processes that they promote and contributing to possibilities for rethinking health knowledge and health promotion.", "publicationTitle": "DIGITAL HEALTH", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/2055207617712590", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2055207617712590", "accessDate": "2018-06-28T14:55:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "7Q6UJPV5", "TKAZDPTC" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/496584/items/59QMR84X" }, "dateAdded": "2018-06-28T14:55:33Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-19T16:08:41Z" } }, { "key": "TRFHDJZ4", "version": 2426, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/TRFHDJZ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/TRFHDJZ4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3537932, "username": "katiekritikos", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/katiekritikos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 3292304, "username": "pkumar12", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkumar12", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nissenbaum", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TRFHDJZ4", "version": 2426, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Privacy as contextual integrity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helen", "lastName": "Nissenbaum" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Washington Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "79", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "119-157", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/rwarner/classes/internetlaw/2011/materials/nissenbaum_norms.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "TKAZDPTC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-07-05T14:26:52Z", "dateModified": "2024-04-02T21:29:31Z" } }, { "key": "GSLJZHEV", "version": 2425, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/GSLJZHEV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/GSLJZHEV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3292304, "username": "pkumar12", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkumar12", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Henriksen-Bulmer", "parsedDate": "2019-06-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GSLJZHEV", "version": 2425, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Incorporating contextual integrity into privacy decision making: a risk based approach.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Henriksen-Bulmer" } ], "abstractNote": "This work sought to create a privacy assessment framework that would encompass legal, policy and contextual considerations to provide a practical decision support tool or prototype for determining privacy risks, thereby integrating the privacy decision-making function into organisational decision-making by default. This was achieved by way of a meta-model from which two separate privacy assessment frameworks were derived, each represented as a stand-alone prototype spreadsheet tool for privacy assessment before being amalgamated into the main contribution of this work, the PACT (PrivACy Throughout) framework, also presented as a prototype spreadsheet. Thus, this work makes four contributions. First, a meta-model of Contextual Integrity (CI) (Nissenbaum 2010) is presented, where CI has been broken down into its component parts to provide an easy to interpret visual representation of CI. Second, a practical privacy decision support framework for assessing data suitability for publication as open data, the ContextuaL Integrity For Open Data (CLIFOD) questionnaire is presented. Third, the scope of the framework is expanded upon to include other industry sectors or domains. To this end, a data protection impact assessment (DPIA), the DPIA Data Wheel, is exhibited that integrates the provisions brought in by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with CI and a revised version of CLIFOD. This framework is applied and evaluated in the charity sector to demonstrate the applicability of the concepts derived in CLIFOD to any domain where data is processed or shared. Finally, this work culminates with the main contribution of this work, one overarching framework, PrivACy Throughout (PACT). PACT is a privacy decision framework for assessing privacy risks throughout the data lifecycle. It has been derived and underpinned by existing theory though the amalgamation of CLIFOD and the DPIA Data Wheel and extended upon to include a privacy lifecycle plan (PLAN) for managing the data throughout its data life cycle. PACT, incorporates context (using CI), with contemporary legislation, in particular, the General Data Protection Regu- lation (GDPR), to facilitate consistent and repeatable privacy risk assessment from both the perspective of the data subject and the organisation, thereby supporting organisational decision making around privacy risk for both existing and new projects, systems, data and processes.", "thesisType": "Doctoral Thesis", "university": "Bournemouth University", "place": "", "date": "2019-06-07", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "363", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/32385/", "accessDate": "2024-01-08T15:00:37Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Incorporating contextual integrity into privacy decision making", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Pages: ?-? 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2018 - Taking proportionality seriously The use of conte.pdf", "md5": "930c2bd9c9647a73779c482bb722e497", "mtime": 1704726007000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2024-01-08T15:00:07Z", "dateModified": "2024-01-08T15:00:07Z" } }, { "key": "FIWM6HXL", "version": 2419, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/FIWM6HXL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/FIWM6HXL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3292304, "username": "pkumar12", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkumar12", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guinchard", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FIWM6HXL", "version": 2419, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Taking proportionality seriously: The use of contextual integrity for a more informed and transparent analysis in EU data protection law", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Audrey", "lastName": "Guinchard" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract\n Difficulties abound as to where the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate processing of personal data should be set. The open‐ended wording of the EU Data Protection Directive (DPD) 95/46 leaves space for diverse interpretations. The European Court of Justice finds it difficult to establish methodically the contextual data flows associated with individuals’ rights and their processing, with cascading consequences for the proportionality analysis, thus echoing the wider debate on proportionality. Taking stock of the criticisms of the ECJ's decisions and of the changes introduced by the General Data Protection Regulation, this paper proposes to use contextual integrity, a framework of analysis developed by Helen Nissenbaum, largely implicit in EU data protection law, to provide a systematic method of interpretation that ensures more consistency in current EU legal practice. 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"relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2023-10-14T23:39:34Z", "dateModified": "2023-10-14T23:39:34Z" } }, { "key": "2RBCZ45M", "version": 2401, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 496584, "name": "Mobile Privacy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/496584/items/2RBCZ45M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_privacy/items/2RBCZ45M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3292304, "username": "pkumar12", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkumar12", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lubitz et al.", "parsedDate": "2022-11-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2RBCZ45M", "version": 2401, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Population Using Wearable Devices: The Fitbit Heart Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven A.", "lastName": "Lubitz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anthony Z.", "lastName": "Faranesh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caitlin", "lastName": "Selvaggi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven J.", "lastName": "Atlas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David D.", "lastName": "McManus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel E.", "lastName": "Singer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sherry", "lastName": "Pagoto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael V.", "lastName": "McConnell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexandros", "lastName": "Pantelopoulos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea S.", "lastName": "Foulkes" } ], "abstractNote": "Background:\n Morbidity from undiagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) may be preventable with early detection. Many consumer wearables contain optical photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors to measure pulse rate. PPG-based software algorithms that detect irregular heart rhythms may identify undiagnosed AF in large populations using wearables, but minimizing false-positive detections is essential.\n \n \n Methods:\n We performed a prospective remote clinical trial to examine a novel PPG-based algorithm for detecting undiagnosed AF from a range of wrist-worn devices. Adults aged ≥22 years in the United States without AF, using compatible wearable Fitbit devices and Android or iOS smartphones, were included. PPG data were analyzed using a novel algorithm that examines overlapping 5-minute pulse windows (tachograms). Eligible participants with an irregular heart rhythm detection (IHRD), defined as 11 consecutive irregular tachograms, were invited to schedule a telehealth visit and were mailed a 1-week ambulatory ECG patch monitor. The primary outcome was the positive predictive value of the first IHRD during ECG patch monitoring for concurrent AF.\n \n \n Results:\n A total of 455 699 participants enrolled (median age 47 years, 71% female, 73% White) between May 6 and October 1, 2020. IHRDs occurred for 4728 (1%) participants, and 2070 (4%) participants aged ≥65 years during a median of 122 (interquartile range, 110–134) days at risk for an IHRD. Among 1057 participants with an IHRD notification and subsequent analyzable ECG patch monitor, AF was present in 340 (32.2%). Of the 225 participants with another IHRD during ECG patch monitoring, 221 had concurrent AF on the ECG and 4 did not, resulting in an IHRD positive predictive value of 98.2% (95% CI, 95.5%–99.5%). For participants aged ≥65 years, the IHRD positive predictive value was 97.0% (95% CI, 91.4%–99.4%).\n \n \n Conclusions:\n A novel PPG software algorithm for wearable Fitbit devices exhibited a high positive predictive value for concurrent AF and identified participants likely to have AF on subsequent ECG patch monitoring. Wearable devices may facilitate identifying individuals with undiagnosed AF.\n \n \n Registration:\n \n URL:\n https://www.clinicaltrials.gov\n ; Unique identifier: NCT04380415.", "publicationTitle": "Circulation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022-11-08", "volume": "146", "issue": "19", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1415-1424", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Circulation", "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060291", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060291", "accessDate": "2023-10-14T23:39:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0009-7322, 1524-4539", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Population Using Wearable Devices", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "TKAZDPTC" ], "relations": {}, 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