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This study examines the effectiveness of the Websites of New Zealand political parties, focusing on the functions that the parties were performing online and on how effectively they were delivering these functions. The research was designed to provide a quantitative evaluation of party Websites and to allow for longitudinal comparisons and comparisons between countries. Using a coding scheme that measured 50 different criteria numerically, providing for objective evaluation and comparison, the study found that New Zealand political parties were not using the Internet effectively, mainly because most were using their Websites for information provision, yet were not providing the tools required to make this information as accessible as possible. 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We argue that to answer this question we need to focus on two key factors—the unequal distribution of readers across weblogs, and the relatively high readership of blogs among journalists and other political elites. The unequal distribution of readership, combined with internal norms and linking practices allows interesting news and opinions to rise to the “top” of the blogosphere, and thus to the attention of elite actors, whose understanding of politics may be changed by frames adopted from the blogosphere.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "16/10/2011", "volume": "134", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "15-30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.springerlink.com.helicon.vuw.ac.nz/content/rm2051728x01278r/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-16T05:17:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-16T05:17:48Z" } }, { "key": "5X4D9TID", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - 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group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/FGJFS9BU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/FGJFS9BU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Volkamer", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FGJFS9BU", "version": 1, "itemType": "presentation", "title": "More trust in Electronic Voting with E2E Verifiable Voting Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "presenter", "firstName": "Melanie ", "lastName": "Volkamer" } ], "abstractNote": "A short presentation summarizing some of the main issues in electronic voting from the OSCE (Office for Security and Co-operation in Europe) website.", "presentationType": "", "date": "", "meetingName": "", "place": "", "series": "", "sessionTitle": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.osce.org/cio/71360", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-04T01:59:11Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-04T01:59:11Z" } }, { "key": "WEW49AW9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - 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This is a UNESCO report about ICT and civic engagement - research on Internet and elections

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-27T08:53:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-27T08:53:48Z" } }, { "key": "5MPVPDKK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/5MPVPDKK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/5MPVPDKK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 670308, "username": "penny1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/penny1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Norris", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5MPVPDKK", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "UNESCO World Report\nBuilding Knowledge Societies:\nThe renewal of democratic practices in knowledge societies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pippa", "lastName": "Norris" } ], "abstractNote": "The core issue for this chapter concerns the political consequences of knowledge\nsocieties, in particular its capacities for strengthening democracy and good governance. To\nconsider these issues, Part I summarizes debates about the impact of knowledge societies on\nthe public sphere. The main influence of this development, it is theorized, will be determined\nby the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ for electronic political information and communications, and\ndemand is heavily dependent, in turn, upon the social characteristics of Internet users and\ntheir prior political orientations. Given this understanding, the study predicts that the primary\nimpact of knowledge societies will be upon facilitating cause-oriented and civic forms of\nactivism, thereby strengthening social movements, more than upon conventional channels of\nparticipation exemplified by voting and campaigning. Part II summarizes the sources of\nsurvey data and the key measures of political activism used in this study, drawing upon the\n19-nation European Social Survey, 2002. Part III examines the evidence for the relationship\nbetween use of the Internet and indicators of civic engagement. Part IV focuses in particular\nupon UK case studies assessing the effect of remote electronic voting in elections. The\nconclusion in Part V summarizes the results and considers the policy implications for\npromoting democracy and good governance.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA", "place": "", "date": "2004", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/UNESCO%20Report%20Knowledge%20Societies.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-27T08:53:48Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-27T08:53:48Z" } }, { "key": "WGCXNMEF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/WGCXNMEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/WGCXNMEF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 664645, "username": "Ashlin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ashlin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ministry of Social Development", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WGCXNMEF", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Social Report 2010", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Ministry of Social Development" } ], "abstractNote": "Shows a range of indicators to measure NZers wellbeing - includes voter turnout", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "seriesTitle": "The Social Report", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/civil-political-rights/voter-turnout.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Age" }, { "tag": "Ethnicity" }, { "tag": "MSD" }, { "tag": "Socio-economic" }, { "tag": "Voting" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-20T08:28:40Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-20T08:28:40Z" } }, { "key": "MHVZUMVW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/MHVZUMVW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/MHVZUMVW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 664645, "username": "Ashlin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ashlin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2011-09-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MHVZUMVW", "version": 1, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "MMP: Why Young Vote is Vital", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "MMP: Why Young Vote is Vital", "websiteType": "News - editorial", "date": "20 September 2011", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/comment/5652945/Why-this-vote-vital-for-the-young", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Advocacy" }, { "tag": "Lobby" }, { "tag": "MMP" }, { "tag": "Referendum" }, { "tag": "Youth" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-20T08:17:19Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-20T08:19:07Z" } }, { "key": "DAXUVTME", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/DAXUVTME", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/DAXUVTME", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 670308, "username": "penny1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/penny1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "COLEMAN", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DAXUVTME", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New mediation and direct\nrepresentation:\nreconceptualizing\nrepresentation in the\ndigital age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "COLEMAN" } ], "abstractNote": "This article explores three responses to the emergence of\ndigitally mediated political representation. The first regards\ndisintermediation as a basis for direct democracy,\ntranscending the traditional arrangements and institutions\nof political representation. The second model\ninstitutionalizes digital information and communication\ntechnology (ICT) within the rational–bureacratic\nframework of existing governance. The third model is\nbased upon a reconceptualization of democratic\nrepresentation, based upon new notions of accountability,\nplurality and authentic reality. It is argued that virtual\ndeliberation and indirect representation are under severe\npolitical strain and that digitally-mediated direct\nrepresentation could provide a basis for a more dialogical\nand deliberative democracy in place of the dialogue of the\ndeaf which tends to characterize contemporary political\nrepresentation.\nKey words", "publicationTitle": "new media and society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "Vol7", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "177–198", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://nms.sagepub.com/content/7/2/177", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T10:52:06Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T10:52:06Z" } }, { "key": "FCQ9RMZ9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/FCQ9RMZ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/FCQ9RMZ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 670308, "username": "penny1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/penny1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "COLEMAN", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FCQ9RMZ9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Public life and the\ninternet: if you build a\nbetter website, will citizens\nbecome engaged?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "COLEMAN" } ], "abstractNote": "This study links uses and gratifications theory to a theory that\naddresses civic engagement and then applies it to create an\nelectronic public sphere designed to encourage citizens to\nparticipate in civic life. An experimental website on the topic\nof the state budget was created and tested to assure maximum\nusability by citizens. It found that the site designed to conform\nto users’ wants and needs in content, navigation and appearance\ndid indeed foster positive attitudes toward civic engagement.\nParticipants who saw the usable site were significantly more\nlikely to have positive attitudes toward civic engagement than\nthose who saw a site not designed for usability.The site features\nunder the control of website creators, such as story content and\nsite appearance, showed strong correlations with civic engagement\nattitudes.", "publicationTitle": "new media and society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "Vol10(2)", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "179–201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://nms.sagepub.com/content/10/2/179", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T10:47:30Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T10:48:08Z" } }, { "key": "9QJ6DIVG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/9QJ6DIVG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/9QJ6DIVG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 670308, "username": "penny1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/penny1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Davis", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9QJ6DIVG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New media and fat\ndemocracy: the paradox\nof online participation1", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Davis" } ], "abstractNote": "piece speculates on the internet’s wider influences on the shape of institutional politics\nin representative ‘actually existing democracies’. Findings, based on 100 semi-structured\ninterviews with political actors (politicians, journalists and officials) operating around the\nUK Parliament, suggest two contrasting trends. On the one hand, more political actors at\nthe immediate edges of the UK institutional political process are being further engaged\nin a sort of centrifugal movement going outwards from the centre. At the same time, the\nspace between this extended political centre and its public periphery is increasing. This\nfatter, democratic elitist shift in UK politics may be interpreted as ‘new’ and ICT-driven.\nIt might equally be argued that new media is exacerbating pre-existing political party and\nmedia trends in mature democracies which fail to engage ordinary citizens.", "publicationTitle": "new media & society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "12", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "745–761", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://nms.sagepub.com/content/12/5/745", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T10:44:54Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T10:44:54Z" } }, { "key": "S7VWQH8X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/S7VWQH8X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/S7VWQH8X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dunlop ", "parsedDate": "2008-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S7VWQH8X", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Online Voting: Reducing Voter Impediments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tarsi", "lastName": "Dunlop " } ], "abstractNote": "The creation of an online system for voters on a state by state basis will\naddress some structural impediments that voters face on Election Day.", "publicationTitle": "Policy Studies Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2008", "volume": "36", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6885", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.helicon.vuw.ac.nz/docview/210546991?accountid=14782", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T08:47:55Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T10:02:10Z" } }, { "key": "SI62IE6J", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/SI62IE6J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/SI62IE6J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "wall et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SI62IE6J", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Picking your party online – An investigation of Ireland’s first online voting advice application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "matthew", "lastName": "wall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria Laura", "lastName": "Sudulicha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rory ", "lastName": "Costellob " }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Enrique ", "lastName": "Leonc" } ], "abstractNote": "Online voting advice applications (VAAs), which help voters to decide in elections, have become commonplace in\nmany European countries. However, their use and reliability is under-researched. This paper analyses the data generated by a\nVAA deployed in the run-up to the May 2007 general election in Ireland. The website was designed to allow users to compare\ntheir own placement on a number of policy dimensions with those of the main parties competing in the election. We compare the\nusers of the website to the population in terms of their overall demographic characteristics and policy preferences, and examine\nthe extent to which the advice issued by the website corresponded to users’ stated voting intentions. The findings indicate that\nthe VAA attracted users that were not representative of the wider population. Furthermore, we find that the supporters of the\ntwo main centre-right parties in Ireland (Fianna F´ail and Fine Gael) were less likely to be correctly identified by the application\nthan supporters of the other parties. While VAAs offer the potential to improve the quality of democratic participation, the\nfindings reported here also highlight a number of important challenges.", "publicationTitle": "Information Polity", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "14", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "203–218", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3233/IP-2009-0179", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T10:01:11Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T10:01:11Z" } }, { "key": "AZEX9MSI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/AZEX9MSI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/AZEX9MSI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rommele and Ward", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AZEX9MSI", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Electronic Democracy: Mobilisation, Organisation, and Participation via New ICTs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Rachel K. ", "lastName": "Gibson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea ", "lastName": "Rommele" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen J.", "lastName": "Ward" } ], "abstractNote": "The emergence of the Internet has transformed public affairs. Despite predictions to the contrary, representative institutions have survived the onslaught of information and communication technologies (leTs). Early cyber-optimists envisaged that new leTs, such as the Internet, would become the mechanism of self-government. Online deliberations,\nInternet voting, and referenda would facilitate a return to Athenian-like democracy and the erosion of the institutions of representative government. This erosion has not occurred.\nThis is the starting point of Electronic Democracy. The editors, all prominent within the field, suggest that attention should shift from the study of the micro impacts of the Internet to the meso and macro levels. Electronic Democracy examines a variety of key actors within representative democracy to assess how they are using the Internet to fulfill their traditional functions.\nIn the introductory chapter, the volume's editors, Rachel Gibson, Andrea Rommele, and Stephen Ward, begin by presenting four scenarios illustrating the possible impacts of leTs on political institutions: erosion, limited erosion, modernization, and reinvigoration.\nHaving rejected the first scenario, the potential effects could range from a reduction of the role of representative institutions (limited erosion) to a reinvigorated politics where representative institutions create meaningful engagement with citizens through technology (reinvigoration). The overall argument of the collection is that context matters. How any\npolitical institution employs the Internet within its daily operations is dependent on its unique institutional and organizational context.\nThe book is organized in two parts, focusing on macro- and meso-level representative structures. This important distinction between the two levels of analysis is never fully\nexplained. However, the editors claim that by combining them, the volume presents a snapshot of how successful representative institutions are using the Internet within their traditional\nfunctions.\nSeveral chapters feature case studies of different actors using the Internet within different national contexts. Three of the chapters are comparative in nature, constrasting the use of technology by similar actors in different countries. For instance, Thomas Zittel compares technological developments within the national legislatures of Germany, Sweden,\nand the United States. With the exception of the theoretical chapter by Charles Raab and Christine Bellamy, the other chapters are empirically focused. Although the contributors use various methodological approaches, content analysis of websites, interviews, and\nexamination of government documentation are three research methods used consistently throughout.\nThough the volume presents a limited number of cases, it encompasses the full range of political actors that make up representative democracy: legislatures (local and national),\npolitical parties, protest movements, trade unions, and global organizations. The diversity of institutional actors is a clear strength of the collection. While the use of the Internet by\nlegislatures and political parties has received wide scholarly attention, the inclusion of these other representative actors is insightful to those looking to understand the impact of the Internet within the wider political system. Another advantage is the volume's comparative focus. It is well known that there is a dominance of American politics research in Internet literature. The case studies feature several advanced industrial countries, including Sweden, Germany, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Additionally, two of the chapters focus on the impact of the Internet on international affairs. The collection, therefore, contributes to a greater understanding of Internet politics within lesser-known\npolities.\nAlthough the system of representative government has withstood the Internet revolution, the Internet has definitely had an effect. Amalgamating the evidence from the chapters, the editors conclude that modernization best encapsulates the current state of Internet politics. Representative institutions are keen to use the Internet as part of their daily practices, but this use has not dramatically transformed their operations or their relationships\nwith citizens. Catherine Needham, for instance, shows that online service delivery trumps e-consultation with citizens in the online strategy of American and British governments.\nPolitical institutions appear bound by their own organizational and institutional structure.\nThe Internet is used to facilitate traditional functions of the actors, not establish new ones.\nThis appears to be true regardless of the type of institutions.\nIt should be pointed out that many of the chapters themselves do not explicitly speak to the issue of context or institutional factors. The exception is Jenny Pickerill's examination of two environmental protest groups, one of which is far more institutionalized than the\nother. Most of the chapters focus on providing an assessment of how weB particular institutions\nare using leTs. Joachim Astrom's chapter, for instance, compares how the attitudes of Swedish politicians compare with actual Internet use, as seen through the local government\nwebsite. The goal of Jennifer Greer and Mark LaPointe's chapter is to assess whether the websites of U.S. senate and gubernatorial candidates actually reflect the participatory communications style made possible through the Internet in the 1998 and 2000 elections.\nWhile the conclusions of the collection are logical, they do not necessary follow from the evidence presented by the various chapters. The disjunction may stem from the fact that chapters began as workshop papers at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions in 2001, several years before the volume was published.\nElectronic Democracy should not be considered the final word on the role institutional context plays in Internet use. More direct study on how the rules and functions of institutions impact Internet use is needed. However, the hypothesis that \"context matters\" is one\nthat should feature prominently in future research. The volume provides an importantstarting point for this discussion. Electronic Democracy makes an excellent contribution to\nthe Internet politics literature. The contributing authors provide valuable data and insightful\nanalysis of their particular case studies. By moving the research agenda beyond the micro\nlevel, the volume provides a clear snapshot of the current state of Internet politics within\nrepresentative government. For students ofthe Internet, this collection is a useful and interesting\nread.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2004", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0415324823", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "This I found as a book review in the Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 31 (2). I got the book from the library though!", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-19T08:43:45Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T08:43:45Z" } }, { "key": "J5N85KXV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/J5N85KXV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/J5N85KXV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Coleman", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J5N85KXV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Just how risky is online voting?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen ", "lastName": "Coleman" } ], "abstractNote": "The UK Government is committed to experimentation with online voting and has promoted Internet voting in local\nelections in 2002 and 2003. This article examines the risks of online voting and suggests that political risks should not be conceived in terms of an elusive scientific objectivity, but should be understood as arising from reflexive contestations involving a range of actors and contexts. After examining the risk of online voting from several perspectives, the article concludes by arguing for a more politicised and nuanced conception of risk which takes into account non-functional aspects of voting, such\nas the symbolic.", "publicationTitle": "Information Polity", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "10", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "95-104", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://gx4ej7nu5f.search.serialssolutions.com.helicon.vuw.ac.nz/directLink?&atitle=Just%20how%20risky%20is%20online%20voting?&author=Coleman,%20Stephen&issn=1570-1255&title=Information%20Polity&volume=10&issue=1,2&date=2005-01-01&spage=95&id=doi:&sid=ProQ_ss&genre=article", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-06T10:48:41Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-19T08:35:58Z" } }, { "key": "NA6UMPQA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49580, "name": "MAPP524 - group assignment", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49580/items/NA6UMPQA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mapp524_-_group_assignment/items/NA6UMPQA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 674863, "username": "yamadafran", "name": "Frances Yamada", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yamadafran", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smith", "parsedDate": "2011-09-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NA6UMPQA", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Is smartphone technology the future of US elections?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lois", "lastName": "Smith" } ], "abstractNote": "With more and more Americans upgrading to smartphones, and as smartphone capabilities continue to improve, even the U.S. government is considering innovative ways to harness this advancing technology. Human factors/ergonomics researchers have evaluated the potential benefits of using smartphones to enable online voting in future U.S. elections and will present their findings at the upcoming HFES 55th Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "HFES Annual Meeting", "publisher": "Human Factors and Ergonomics Society", "place": "", "date": "12 September 2011", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-09/hfae-ist091211.php", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "SiloBreaker Search results for: Keyphrase:Elections AND online voting;\nThis looks like it would be helpful - unfortunately its not available yet, and the university subscription is a year delayed by the publisher. Nice sound bites though.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-13T02:41:35Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-13T02:41:35Z" } } ]