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            "abstractNote": "1. Recreational diving engages 20 million people worldwide. Most of the literature refers to tropical destinations but at least 1 million dives per year take place in Mediterranean marine protected areas ( MPAs). 2. Divers may negatively affect underwater habitats. However, if effectively engaged, they can contribute to science, territorial management and more sustainable local economies. 3. During 2006- 2014, volunteers trained by the not- for- profit organization Reef Check Italia ( RCI) completed 24 714 observations and 2417 dives in six Mediterranean countries, contributing to a dataset that supports scientific papers about climate change, rare and non- indigenous species ( NIS), and informs MPA management decision- making. 4. The wide range of opportunities offered by this dataset is illustrated with two examples relevant to marine conservation in the context of MPA management. They concern: ( i) the spread of the NIS Caulerpa cylindracea along the Ligurian coasts, with a focus on Portofino MPA, and ( ii) the distribution and abundance of protected species in the Portofino MPA. 5. A diver- focused survey showed that RCI volunteers are highly committed, and that participation in RCI activities has led to a better understanding of, and a sense of stewardship towards, favoured dive sites and the marine world. Knowing who volunteers are, and why they volunteer in their favourite sector, is crucial to designing citizen- science based projects able to achieve their multiple goals. Copyright # 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
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            "abstractNote": "We reviewed foreign evaluation systems based on the macrobenthic and macroalgal communities and developeda system, composed of a set of ecological indices able to evaluate the functionality (FI, Functional Index;estimation of stability and productivity) and maturity (MI, Maturity Index; comparisons with biological parametersof natural reefs) of artificial reefs by comparing the status in the adjacent natural reefs in Korean coastalwaters. The evaluation system was applied to natural and artificial reefs/reef-planned areas (natural reefs), establishedin the 5 marine ranching areas (Bangnyeong-Daechung, Yeonpyung, Taean, Seocheon and Buan) in thewest coast of Korea. The FI ranged between 31.6 (Bangnyeong-Daechung) and 72.5% (Buan) and MI didbetween 53.1 (Seocheon) and 76.9% (Taean) in average. The evaluation of artificial reefs by the two indices,showed the most appropriate status in Taean. The FI between the adjacent artificial and natural reefs were in significantlinear relationship (r2=0.83, p=0.01). This indicated the local status of biological community may be critical in determining the functionality of the artificial reefs. We have suggested an integrative but preliminaryevaluation system of artificial reefs in this study. The output from the evaluation system may be utilized as a toolfor environment/resource managers or policy makers, responsible for effective use of funds and decision making. Given the importance, we need to use the options to enhance and improve the accuracy as follows: (1) continuousvalidation of the evaluation system and rescaling the criteria of indicators, (2) vigorous utilization of observationand experience through the application and data accumulation and (3) development and testing of brandnewindicators.",
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            "abstractNote": "This study monitored a variety of marine communities during monthly or bimonthly censuses from February 1999 to August 2000. The communities investigated included artificial reefs composed of various substrates, which were placed on an area of sandy bottom at 8, 10, and 13m depths in Muronohana, Ikata, Shikoku, Japan. Economically important shell fishes, such as the turban shell and abalone, appeared on the artificial reefs after 1 month of construction. Shell fishes were recorded at levels of five to 20 individuals per reef. A total of 37 species (4 orders, 19 families) were identified during the experimental period. Apagon semilineatus, Trachurus japonicus, Pteragogus sp., and Pterogobius elapoides accumulated over an average of 100 individuals during the study period. Apagon semilineatus, Pteragogus sp., and P. elapoides accumulated over 1,000 individuals on all artificial reefs in May 1999. Trachurus japonicus reached well over 500 individuals in the artificial iron reef during June and July 2000. Higher monthly variation in fish abundance occurred during periods of high temperature, as compared to periods of low temperature between December 1999 and March 2000. More fish were observed in the artificial iron reef than in the artificial concrete reef, because the former offered a broader inner space and the shadows of the roofs served as a shelter for fish.",
            "publicationTitle": "Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
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            "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering",
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            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society",
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            "parsedDate": "2013",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 133,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Changes in Marine Algal Flora settled on the Artificial Seaweed Reefs Before and After Rocky Cleaning and the Early Succession of the Seaweeds attached to the Test Panels",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "김태연"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "곽철우"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "정의영"
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                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "김영식"
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            "abstractNote": "The marine algal flora assemblages settled on the artificial seaweed reefs in Jeju-do before and after rocky cleaning were investigated during summer and the early succession of seaweeds attached to the test panels on the structures of the artificial reef after rocky cleaning were observed by visual observations and under the dissecting microscope in order to evaluate the effects of this rocky cleaning operation. Species composition and algal biomass on the Bboolsamgak-typed seaweed artificial reefs before and after rocky cleaning were measured and compared before and after rocky cleaning. Before rocky cleaning in July 2012, only nine algal species had existed on the Bboolsamgak-typed seaweed artificial reefs, however,twenty algal species occurred on the seaweed artificial reefs after rocky cleaning in July 2013. Particularly,15 species among them in July 2013 were not found in July 2012 and they seemed to occur newly on the artificial reefs. A large quantity of algal biomass increased in July 2013 after rocky cleaning. Based on the importance value, there was a drastic change in the dominant species between July 2012 and July 2013 after rocky cleaning. By dissecting micrographs, an epiphytic diatom, Licmophora sp. and flagellates,were observed on the 9th day. A chlorophyte, Ulothrix flacca was observed after 14 days, Ulva pertusa,Bryopsis pulmosa, crustose coralline algae, and Cladophora spp. were after one month. After two months,a significant species succession was observed from three previous chlorophyte species to crustose coralline algae existed as a dominant species on the panels. In this study, however, any brown algae were not found until three months in the early seaweed succession. All above results indicates that the rocky cleaning is a very efficient method for the establishment of macroalgal assemblages on the artificial reefs.",
            "publicationTitle": "Jounal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2013",
            "volume": "25",
            "issue": "6",
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            "pages": "1336-1347",
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            "title": "Review of stability calculation of an artificial reef in the breaking wave zone of coastal waters",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "김창길"
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                    "lastName": "최용석"
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            "abstractNote": "The current study reviews the formula used to calculate the stability of an artificial reef in the breaking wave zone of coastal waters. A comparison was carried out between the existing formula and a new formula that takes into account the water particle velocity in the breaking wave zone. Water particle velocity was analyzed using the Fluent (CADMAS-SURF) software program. The new formula took into various factors, including the difference in the drag coefficient due to the direction of the current and the ratio of distance between two reefs. The drag coefficient of the artificial reef due to the direction of the current was 0.84 when the distance ratio was 0.5. When the artificial reef was placed at 45 degree angle to the current, the product of the drag coefficient and the project area were 40 to 46 % greater than when the reef was placed at 90 degree angle. Our results regarding the stability of an artificial reef indicate that the new formula provides the designers of artificial reefs with a more rational and economic design rationale rather than the existing formula.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering",
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            "title": "A study on suitability selection of artificial reef by GIS",
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                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "김범규"
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            "abstractNote": "This study carried out in order to investigate the most basic elements of suitability selection methods for composition of artificial reef. Acquired data by in-situ measurements and satellite remote sensing analysed in applying GIS. To identify the characteristic of marine environment around the West Sea, the South Sea and the East Sea of Korea, physical conditions-seabed sediment and depth, biological conditions-chlorophyll-α, chemical conditions-Sea Surface Temperature(SST) and DO were used. Suitable sites for artificial reef are selected Taean Peninsula, Geoje, Wando, Pohang, Seocheon, etc. From now on, it will be helpful to effectively utilize artificial reef as well as construct synthetic database. It is also expected to use basic data for artificial reef facilities management.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Journal of The Korea Institute of Electronic Communication Sciences",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2015",
            "volume": "10",
            "issue": "5",
            "section": "",
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            "pages": "629-636",
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            "abstractNote": "Costal regions in Korea often suffer severe damages due to wave-induced disasters, storm surge disasters and so on. therefore, many engineers and researchers have devoted their energy to prevent these costal disasters. The development of artificial reefs including sunken vessels is one of their remarkable achievements and various kind of these artificial upwelling structures have been designed and applied. However, the flow characteristics around a Tetrapod under the water has not been investigated experimentally. So in this article, in uniform flow of circulating water channel and some different velocities, PIV measurement has been conducted on the flow characteristics behind a Tetrapod. The results were analyzed on the flow characteristics of both cases of a Tetrapod. Therefore, it can be concluded that the both cases have its own distinctive flow characteristics behind the bluff body; Case-A has an steep upstream flow pattern. On the contrary, Case-B has an developed downstream flow pattern in the near wake of the Tetrapod. The velocity gradient at position x=150mm of Case-A appears gently up and down But, the velocity gradient at the same position of Case-B appears better highly up and down.",
            "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "2008",
            "volume": "44",
            "issue": "3",
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            "pages": "207-217",
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            "title": "Settlement Characteristics of Square Reefs installed on Soft Seafloor Ground",
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                    "firstName": "",
                    "lastName": "김대권"
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                    "lastName": "최임호"
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            "abstractNote": "Square reefs of 2 groups installed at 1984 on mud and sandy-mud seafloor were compared with settlment conditions of those at Goheong coastal in middle-south sea of Korea at 2007. Reefs installed on mud and sandy-mud seafloor were settled to 1.9m and 2.4m, respectively. It suggest that a function of square reefs group installed on soft seafloor decrease over 50% after 20 years.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering",
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            "date": "2010",
            "volume": "34",
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            "pages": "163-167",
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        "version": 134,
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            "creatorSummary": "Zhenhua et al.",
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            "title": "A comparative study of fish assemblages near aquaculture, artificial and natural habitats",
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                    "firstName": "Wang",
                    "lastName": "Zhenhua"
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                    "firstName": "Chen",
                    "lastName": "Yong"
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                    "lastName": "Jing"
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            "abstractNote": "Habitat plays a critical role in regulating fish community structure. Using the data collected from a monthly trammel net survey in Ma'an archipelago off the east coast of China, we evaluated impacts of five different habitats (artificial reefs, mussel farms, cage aquaculture, rocky reefs and soft bottom) on fish assemblages. This study suggests that artificial reefs (AR) have significantly higher species richness, abundance and diversity than mussel farms (MF) or soft bottom (SB) habitats during most seasons, and that fish taxa in the AR habitats are similar to those in the rocky reef (RR) habitats. Two different fish assemblage patterns were revealed in the study area using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination: an assemblage dominated by reef fishes (especially by Scorpaenidae species) in AR, RR and cage aquaculture (CA) habitats and an assemblage dominated by Sciaenidae species in MF and SB habitats. We suggest that reef fishes play a key role in differentiating fish community structures in the study area. Although few differences in fish abundance and diversity were found between the CA and SB habitats, a more diverse age structure was observed in the CA habitats. A much more complex fish assemblage and enhanced population of local species were established as a result of the presence of both floating and fixed artificial structures, probably through improved survival rates.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Ocean University of China",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "FEB  2015",
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            "pages": "149-160",
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            "DOI": "10.1007/s11802-015-2455-x",
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            "title": "EFFECTS OF WATER-DEPTH ON HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE OF ARTIFICIAL REEF",
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                    "firstName": "Miao",
                    "lastName": "Zhen-qing"
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            "abstractNote": "The effects of water-depth on the hydrodynamic force of the artificial reef were studied by simulating regular and irregular waves. The computational results show that the water-depth has a substantial effect on hydrodynamic force. The hydrodynamic force increases with the decrease of water-depth in shallow. Especially, in the ultra-shallow water these loads increase very evidently with the decrease of water-depth. The long-term values of hydrodynamic force increase with the decrease of the ratio of water-depth to reef height, and are about 10% larger than those of deep water when the ratio of water-depth to reef height is 4.0. However water-depth hardly affects the long term values of hydrodynamic force when the ratio of water-depth to reef height is larger than 6.0.",
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            "abstractNote": "The hydrodynamic forces and flow field of artificial reef models in steady flow were numerically investigated using the RNG k-E > turbulent model. The numerical simulation results are consistent with results observed by experimental means. A comparative study indicates that the corresponding errors of forces between calculated values and values observed in the experiment vary in the range of 2.3%-11.2% and that the corresponding errors of velocities vary in the range of 1.3%-15.8%. The flow field numerical results show that upstream and vortices exist when the current passes over and through the surface of the reef model. This study suggests that the numerical simulation method can be applied to predict the forces and flow field associated with artificial reefs.",
            "publicationTitle": "Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology",
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            "abstractNote": "This article reports a particle image velocimetry study and the comparative results of a numerical simulation into the hydrodynamic characteristics around an artificial reef. We reveal the process of flow separation and vortex evolution, and compare the force terms generated by our artificial reef model. The numerical simulation agrees well with experimental results, showing the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef. Furthermore, we numerically simulate the hydrodynamics of the reef model for seven velocities. The results show that the drag coefficient is approximately 1.21 in a self-modeling region for Reynolds numbers between 2.123x10(4) and 9x10(4). Therefore, the upwelling height and current width of the flow field do not change significantly when the inflow velocity increases. Our study indicates that computational fluid dynamics can be applied to study the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef and offer clues to its construction.",
            "publicationTitle": "Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology",
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            "date": "SEP  2013",
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            "title": "Characteristics from a hydrodynamic model of a trapezoidal artificial reef",
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            "abstractNote": "Flume experiments and numerical simulation were conducted to characterize the hydrodynamics of a trapezoid artificial reef. Measurements in particle image velocimetry were conducted to observe the formation of upwelling and vortices; and forces for the reef model were measured by load cell. The results of flume experiments agree well with the numerical data. In addition, the flow structure around a reef combining trapezoidal and cubic blocks was simulated numerically under two deployment schemes, showing a more complicated flow structure than that of a stand-alone reef. Relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number suggest that the degree of turbulence can be assessed from the value of drag coefficient downstream from the reef. The role of the reef in water flow is to reduce flow velocity and generate turbulence.",
            "publicationTitle": "Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology",
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            "date": "NOV  2014",
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