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            "note": "<p><!--StartFragment--></p>\n<p><strong>Notes de lecture<br /></strong></p>\n<p>Titre du livre de Bo Leuf et Ward Cunningham résume bien l'essence du wiki : The Wiki Way : Quick Collaboration on the Web</p>\n<p>Définition : « A wiki is web-based software that allows all viewers of a page to change the content by editing the page online in a browser. This makes wiki a simple and easy-to-use platform for cooperative work on texts and hypertexts. » p. 12</p>\n<p>wikis comme alternative aux forums virtuels et aux listes de diffusion par courriel (mailing list), p.14</p>\n<p>SandBox : espace de test pour que les utilisateurs puissent comprendre le principe d'édition du wiki, est une page qui est vidée de façon régulière, p. 20</p>\n<p>« What we mean by \"wiki effect\" is primarily the self-organixation processes that can be observed in well-known and successful wiki projets. [...] In such cases, it is often evident that the communication of large groups is much more effective and thus can react more flexibly to change than when using hierarchical organizational models. » p. 23</p>\n<p>Large-group dynamics : Why and under what conditions do people cooperate in wiki projets without central control and external pressure? p. 24-28</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Playful creation</strong> : motivation d'avoir la <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">liberté</span> de mettre en pratique ses compétences créatives, sociales et pratiques</li>\n<li><strong>Flat hierarchies</strong> : distribuer également les retombées positives du projet mais aussi les risques</li>\n<li><strong>Modification pressure</strong> : volonté intrinsèque de résoudre des problèmes est un moteur de motivation</li>\n<li><strong>Simple system, simple rules</strong> : limiter la lourdeur des processus décisionnels et d'action</li>\n<li><strong>Open access</strong> : transparence comme moteur de motivation, publication en temps réel (limite le processus de révision qui normalement se déroule avant la publication) pour intégrer le plus rapidement possible les membres de la communauté au processus coopératif (p. 26)</li>\n<li><strong>Diversity of the participants</strong> : climat de confiance mutuelle, mais les conflits demeurent inévitables, avantage de l'hétérogénéité des intérêts dans un groupe = base de connaissances plus riche</li>\n<li><strong>Extremely flexible scheduling</strong> : adaptabilité au rythme de travail, moins de pression temporelle</li>\n<li><strong>Self-determined work</strong> : choix personnel de stratégie, points de focus et intensité du travail fourni pour le wiki</li>\n<li><strong>Reception behavior</strong> : comportement de navigation et de lecture du wiki</li>\n<li><strong>Writing behavior</strong> : comportement de rédaction dans le wiki (lecture seulement, corriger, changer le contenu, changer la mise en forme, etc.)</li>\n<li><strong>Structural behavior</strong> : répartition des niveaux de responsabilité entre les membres de la communauté (administrateur, modérateur, etc.)</li>\n<li><strong>Social behavior</strong> : comportement social des membres entre eux (accueil et intégration de nouveaux membres par exemple) Exemples fournis par Jimmy Wales basé sur les comportements observés dans Wikipédia :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bees</strong> : fournissent beaucoup de travail, ont généralement moins de reconnaissance</li>\n<li><strong>Sock puppets</strong> : membres qui agissent avec plusieurs comptes</li>\n<li><strong>Judges</strong> : mettent l'accent sur la résolution de conflits et la prise de décision</li>\n<li><strong>Moths</strong> : attirés par le conflit, génèrent des discussions qui peuvent tout de même faire avancer les choses en proposer d'autres points de vue</li>\n<li><strong>Vandals</strong> : détruisent volontairement du contenu, moins répandu dans une communauté ouverte qu'on pourrait le penser</li>\n<li><strong>People \"outside\" of the wiki</strong> : développeurs et programmeurs qui permettent une avancée au niveau technique</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>« Even if the technical hurdles are few, using wikis must still be \"learned;\" people still have to be interested in or introduced to the system. This includes the realization that a wiki is never \"finished\" and that not everything is going to function properly right away. » p. 29</p>\n<p>&nbsp;« It has generally been observed that in wiki projets, destruction and/or damage remains relatively insignificant. [...] The fact that many people can control the process and anyone can take instant action is the most significant element in the quality control of large, public wikis. » p. 30</p>\n<p>Usages&nbsp; :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Page d'accueil avec fil de nouvelles</li>\n<li>Liste de tâches (checklist pour un projet)</li>\n<li>Base de connaissances</li>\n<li>Calendrier</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Gestion de projet avec un wiki (basé sur l'usage de TWiki)</span> : p. 267-333</p>\n<p>« wikis, in comparison to other systems (e. g. CMS), offer a number of advantages as an integrative organizational and communicative medium » p. 267</p>\n<p>« In the principles of project management and the wiki philosophy, two opposing concepts meet : a predefined goal, clear definition of work steps, resources and participants on the one hand, and on the other, self-determined goal definition, self responsability for work methodes and steps and an open number of participants. » p. 267</p>\n<p>« Wiki software, then, can provide assistance in certain project phases (Tab. 19.1) or be employed as a supplement to existing systems. Yet they can also serve as the central medium with which to manage all phases. » p. 269</p>\n<ol>\n<li>To wiki or not to wiki?</li>\n<li>Choosing the wiki</li>\n<li>Introducing wiki</li>\n<li>Tweaking : adapter le wiki</li>\n<li>Establishing rules</li>\n<li>Collecting ideas</li>\n<li>Keeping a log with wiki</li>\n<li>Meeting minutes can be entered in the wiki during the meeting itself</li>\n<li>Developing the project structure<ol>\n<li>To do list</li>\n<li>Project diagram</li>\n<li>Forms</li>\n</ol></li>\n<li>Project schedule<ol>\n<li>Graphique en barres</li>\n<li>Fonction de calendrier</li>\n</ol></li>\n<li>Distributing tasks and forming groups<ol>\n<li>Granting permissions</li>\n</ol></li>\n<li>Planning costs and financing with tables</li>\n<li>Executing an event<ol>\n<li>Crisis management</li>\n<li>Registration of participants</li>\n<li>Generating receipts</li>\n<li>Participant list</li>\n<li>Lectures with the presentation plugin (SlideShow)</li>\n<li>Generating visuals for statistics using diagrams</li>\n</ol></li>\n<li>Feedback and documentation<ol>\n<li>Evaluation</li>\n<li>Archiving</li>\n<li>Photo gallery</li>\n</ol></li>\n</ol>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">« The use of this function [permissions] is a good indicator of whether or not the wiki has been optimally adapted for the company. A large number of pages with limited viewing of editing access - often in combination with rigid content - is a sign that the wiki is being used for purposes other tran those for which it is intended. [...] Especially in a corporate environment, you should always remember that the success of wikis and quality of the articles cannot generally be achieved through extensive restrictions, but rather, with a maximum of transparency and contribution. »</span> p. 390</p>\n<p>« <span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">The edit and view restrictions that can be performed on any page are both a blessing and a curse for corporate wikis. Paradoxically, in companies, where the least degree of vandalism is to be expected, such restrictions are utilized very frequently and extensively, and are sometimes a prerequisite for being allowed to act as an author at all. The motivation for this approach is complex : </span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">Especially in large companies, habit plays a considerable role, and thus, permission structures familiar from file servers, databases and other applications are also transferred to the wiki.</span></li>\n<li><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">Confidentiality : a good deal of information is not intended for every employee, espacially in larger firms.</span></li>\n<li><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">Verification. Content intended for the intranet is often closely inspected and approved before it is permitted to be published. You can generally count on that information being valid and, for instance, representing the official standpoint of the company toward customers. This, of course, is not possible in a wiki. However, since a wiki is part of the intranet, it is hard for many to identify the boundaries. In addition, the verified information on the intranet is often more desirable thant the consistently tentative data in a wiki.</span></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\">[...] Nevertheless, [...] it is vital to sensitize people to the fact that the high quality of the articles in the wiki cannot be achieved through compartmentalization, but rather through the largest possible degree of contribution and transparency. The more time is spent on administering a complex permissions structure, the slower the actual wiki work becomes. </span>» p. 392</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Confluence</span> :</p>\n<p>« The introduction to Confluence is neither technically nor organizationnally trivial - in most cases, it's not even \"wikiwiki\". To implement Confluence in the workplace, a pioneering spirit is still required today - ans especially and affiliation to the wiki philosophy. » p. 413</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Critères de sélection d'un logiciel wiki</span> :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Programming language</li>\n<li>System requirements</li>\n<li>Technical capacity</li>\n<li>Installation effort</li>\n<li>User administration</li>\n<li>Division in areas</li>\n<li>Expansion through plugins</li>\n<li>Interface</li>\n<li>Intuitive operation</li>\n<li>Langugage</li>\n<li>Documentation</li>\n<li>Further development</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Wikis in companies and organizations</span> :</p>\n<p>« Wikis in corporate environments must deal with clear command hierarchies and control mechanisms. There are other demands to quality control and assigned responsabilities. Internal wiki projects are often perceived from a \"top down\" perspective and must compete for acceptance in a completely different way than the free and non-commercial community projects. The \"typical\" problems are also other ones. For instance, Tim Bartel, who surveyed approximately 200 companies about wikis for his dissertation, found out that the biggest problems in corporate wikis were a lack of participation and disavvantageous structuring. In contrast, vandalism, which is a considerable problem for Wikipedia, does not play a role in wikis of the business world. » p. 435</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Collaboration</span> :</p>\n<p>«<span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\"> The introduction of a wiki is always an exciting process, because thought structures are broken open and collective learning processes set into motion. Wikis can contribute to collaborative and open relationships, but again and again, experience proves that collaborative writing and organizing with wikis must first be learned. \"Social web\" and \"collabortive innovation\" are fascinating expressions, but collaborative work skills cannot be assumed.</span> It, for example, group members copy finished text into a wiki, other users usually neither can nor wish to alter that text. Such texts give off the message that they represent something finished and untouchable. In order to develop something collaboratively, it makes more sense to start with an outline and key points and then slowly develop a text, or initially divide sections of texts among members. When a text is then edited, it requires sensitivity, so as not to hurt the feelings of the other authors. » p. 438</p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Wikis as project tool</span> : p. 440-441</p>\n<p>Avantages :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cost-free, open-source programs</li>\n<li>Motivate the team to define structures and responsibilities in a cooperative manner</li>\n<li>transparency and overview</li>\n<li>simple, uniform system in which ideas can be collected</li>\n<li>central access to the current version of a document</li>\n<li>adaptability to projects dynamics</li>\n<li>central publication and organizational system</li>\n<li>decentralized organizational structure</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Désavantages :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>state of development of wiki software : no finished project templates, automation in process control, human resources planning or financial administration</li>\n<li>decentralized hypertext structure can lead to initial coordination and acceptance problems</li>\n</ul>\n<p>« an empty wiki will stay empty » p. 445</p>\n<p>« There is no such thing as \"my\" wiki » p. 445</p>\n<p>« Keep it simple » p. 445</p>\n<p>« Let it grow » p. 445</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><!--EndFragment--></p>",
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