This article shows that occupancy of brokerage positions in the U.S. health policy domain's communication network is a crucial determinant of influence. However, the ability to convert structural position into power is contingent on the type of brokerage position occupied and whether the actor is a government organization. In the government sector, actors in representative positions are more influential to the extent that they take public stands on events, whereas liaison and itinerant positions only confer influence if their occupants remain impartial. The article concludess that the influence of government organizations is contingent on their capacity to link disparate actors in the communication network while remaining uncommitted to specific policy agendas.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T23:26:54Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T23:26:54Z" } }, { "key": "QWX8X9WX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/QWX8X9WX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/QWX8X9WX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Denzau and Mackay", "parsedDate": "1983-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QWX8X9WX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gatekeeping and Monopoly Power of Committees: An Analysis of Sincere and Sophisticated Behavior", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arthur T.", "lastName": "Denzau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert J.", "lastName": "Mackay" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Political Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 01, 1983", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "740-761", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2110891", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00925853", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Nov., 1983 / Copyright © 1983 Midwest Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [ "DD42Z5ED" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z" } }, { "key": "IZ72KDMT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/IZ72KDMT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/IZ72KDMT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/QWX8X9WX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "IZ72KDMT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QWX8X9WX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "2110891", "accessDate": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2110891", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z" } }, { "key": "UHSGKH4B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/UHSGKH4B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/UHSGKH4B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/QWX8X9WX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UHSGKH4B", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QWX8X9WX", "itemType": "note", "note": "By modeling sophisticated forms of committee behavior--sophistication with full information and expected utility maximization with incomplete information--this article more fully conveys the nature and importance of committee power than does previous work based on sincere committee behavior. Under the germaneness rule, for example, sophisticated committee behavior greatly expands the set of structure-induced equilibrium points. Under the closed rule, as another example, sophisticated committee behavior, based on compromise and a careful crafting of bills, moves legislative outcomes closer to the committee's preferred outcomes. Incomplete information and risk aversion lead committee members to behave more cautiously, thereby introducing more inertia into the legislative process and expanding equilibrium sets.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-31T23:22:23Z" } }, { "key": "VFG2ICEF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/VFG2ICEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/VFG2ICEF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/96DVRHA4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VFG2ICEF", "version": 1, "parentItem": "96DVRHA4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "25472462", "accessDate": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25472462", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z" } }, { "key": "TM4PN6AX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/TM4PN6AX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/TM4PN6AX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/96DVRHA4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TM4PN6AX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "96DVRHA4", "itemType": "note", "note": "This article analyzes how a broker's ability to affect prices and extract superior value from its position has economic consequences for the actors tied to it. I argue that intermediaries may exercise partial control in price setting by transferring the price constraints imposed on them by the actors on one side of the market to those on the other side. In so doing, they generate unequal returns for the brokered parties, who then receive different prices due to the nature of the tie between the broker and its other exchange partners. I investigate this argument using a novel mix of quantitative and qualitative data gathered from an intermediary in the staffing sector. The results show that the broker is able to transfer discounts offered to valued buyers (clients) on to the sellers (workers) matched with them, instead of reducing its own margins. As a result, actors with the same resource endowments receive different prices depending on the relationships among other exchange partners in a given triadic network of ties. Using qualitative fieldwork, I elaborate on the mechanisms that make the quantitative results feasible, and I discuss the implications for our understanding of the processes, dynamics, and market stratification consequences of brokerage.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z" } }, { "key": "96DVRHA4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/96DVRHA4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/96DVRHA4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fernandez-Mateo", "parsedDate": "2007-04-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "96DVRHA4", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Who Pays the Price of Brokerage? Transferring Constraint through Price Setting in the Staffing Sector", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabel", "lastName": "Fernandez-Mateo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "American Sociological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 01, 2007", "volume": "72", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "291-317", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25472462", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00031224", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Apr., 2007 / Copyright © 2007 American Sociological Association", "tags": [], "collections": [ "DD42Z5ED" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-26T23:21:44Z" } }, { "key": "ET6SWKQU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/ET6SWKQU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/ET6SWKQU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/WWT5MTGV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ET6SWKQU", "version": 1, "parentItem": "WWT5MTGV", "itemType": "note", "note": "It is common for scholars interested in race and poverty to invoke a lack of access to job networks as one of the reasons that African Americans and Hispanics face difficulties in the labor market. Much research has found, however, that minorities do worse when they use personal networks in job finding. Research in this area has been hampered by the complicated and multi-step nature of the job-finding process and by the lack of appropriate comparison data for demonstrating the various ways in which minorities can be isolated from good job opportunities. We seek to specify what it means to say that minorities are cut off from job networks. Building on the literature on social networks in the labor market, we delineate the various mechanisms by which minorities can be isolated from good job opportunities. We examine how these mechanisms operate, using unique data on the chain of network contacts that funnel to an employer offering desirable jobs. We find that network factors operate at several stages of the recruitment process. We find scant evidence, however, that these network factors serve to cut off minorities from employment in this setting. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and methodological implications of the case for the study of networks, race, and hiring.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T01:59:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T01:59:44Z" } }, { "key": "WWT5MTGV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/WWT5MTGV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/WWT5MTGV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fernandez and Fernandez-Mateo", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WWT5MTGV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Networks, Race, and Hiring", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roberto M.", "lastName": "Fernandez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabel", "lastName": "Fernandez-Mateo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "American Sociological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "71", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "42-71", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-1224", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-17T01:59:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-17T01:59:44Z" } }, { "key": "V8B5XF97", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/V8B5XF97", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/V8B5XF97", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gould", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "V8B5XF97", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Insurgent identities : class, community, and protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roger V.", "lastName": "Gould" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1995", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0226305600 9780226305608 0226305619 9780226305615", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-13T00:59:05Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-13T00:59:05Z" } }, { "key": "DS4N9V6W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/DS4N9V6W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/DS4N9V6W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/V8B5XF97", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DS4N9V6W", "version": 1, "parentItem": "V8B5XF97", "itemType": "note", "note": "In this important contribution both to the study of social protest and to French social history, Roger Gould breaks with previous accounts that portray the Paris Commune of 1871 as a continuation of the class struggles of the 1848 Revolution. Focusing on the collective identities framing conflict during these two upheavals and in the intervening period, Gould reveals that while class played a pivotal role in 1848, it was neighborhood solidarity that was the decisive organizing force in 1871.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-13T00:59:05Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-13T00:59:05Z" } }, { "key": "GUWG2927", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/GUWG2927", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/GUWG2927", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Portes and Rumbaut", "parsedDate": "1990", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GUWG2927", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Immigrant America : a portrait", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alejandro", "lastName": "Portes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rubén G.", "lastName": "Rumbaut" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1990", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "Berkeley", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0520068947 9780520068940 0520070380 9780520070387", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-13T00:10:19Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-13T00:10:19Z" } }, { "key": "R4BC2SC4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/R4BC2SC4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/R4BC2SC4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Portes and Rumbaut", "parsedDate": "1990", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R4BC2SC4", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Immigrant America : a portrait", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alejandro", "lastName": "Portes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rubén G.", "lastName": "Rumbaut" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1990", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "Berkeley", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0520068947 9780520068940 0520070380 9780520070387", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-13T00:06:59Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-13T00:06:59Z" } }, { "key": "AIFWR4SV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/AIFWR4SV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/AIFWR4SV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Feenstra and Hamilton", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AIFWR4SV", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Emergent economies, divergent paths : economic organization and international trade in South Korea and Taiwan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Feenstra" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary G.", "lastName": "Hamilton" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0521622093 9780521622097", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-12T23:30:03Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-12T23:30:03Z" } }, { "key": "2KC2TVA3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/2KC2TVA3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/2KC2TVA3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/DIMEHXXT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2KC2TVA3", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DIMEHXXT", "itemType": "note", "note": "In this chapter I review empirical studies directly testing the hypotheses of my 1973 paper \"The Strength of Weak Ties\" (hereafter \"SWT\") and work that elaborates those hypotheses theoretically or uses them to suggest new empirical research not discussed in my original formulation. Along the way, I will reconsider various aspects of the theoretical argument, attempt to plug some holes, and broaden its base.
ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: 1983 / Copyright © 1983 John Wiley & Sons
This article examines the impact of the \"neutral\" or \"honest\" broker role in presidential decision making, particularly as applied to the job of National Security Council adviser. It provides further evidence of the positive and continuing contribution of the role to effective decision making, which has been expressed both in theory (Alexander George's formulation of the related concept of the \"managerial custodian\" in the 1970s) and in practice (the broker role of the Eisenhower-era NSC special assistants). At the same time, it considers the feasibility of additional tasks such as policy advocacy, public visibility, political watchdog, and operational assignments, which have been embraced, to varying degrees, by more recent NSC advisers but were largely absent in the Eisenhower era and rejected by George as appropriate to the custodian role. The article also examines the applicability of the broker role in light of differing presidential decision-making needs, different advisory structures, and the issue of bureaucratic leverage and personal influence. Attention to the broker role remains relevant not only in understanding classic decision failures (the expansion of troop commitments in Vietnam in 1965) and successes (Indochina in 1954) but in gaining perspective on more recent decisions, such as Iran-Contra during the Reagan years and the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and issues surrounding its postwar reconstruction in the George W. Bush presidency.
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", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-07-06T19:22:39Z", "dateModified": "2011-07-06T19:22:39Z" } }, { "key": "TXIQ4ZCN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 49094, "name": "Brokers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/TXIQ4ZCN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/brokers/items/TXIQ4ZCN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/49094/items/GUIX95C7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 616928, "username": "shawla", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shawla", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TXIQ4ZCN", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GUIX95C7", "itemType": "note", "note": "The concept of brokerage has gained considerable attention in recent years, but few researchers have attempted to specify what the phenomenon is. In this paper, we develop a theoretical conception of brokerage behavior in social systems characterized by the exchange or flow of resources. Building on the idea that any set of actors can be partitioned in a meaningful way into a set of mutually exclusive subgroups, we show that such a partition generates five formally, analytically, and intuitively distinct brokerage types or roles. We construct quantitative measures of each of these five types for actors in social networks and for whole systems, and show that statistical inference can be used to test whether occupancy of a brokerage position is the product of a random distribution of exchange relations or the product of underlying social structure.
The designation of district central-office administrators to operate as boundary spanners among the central office, schools, and community agencies can help with the implementation of challenging policy demands. However, educational research teaches little about central-office boundary spanners in practice. This article addresses that gap with findings from an embedded, comparative case study of boundary spanners in the implementation of collaborative education policy. The study's conceptual framework draws on public management and sociological literature on boundary spanning and neo-institutional theories of decision making. Findings reveal that the boundary spanners in this case initially were particularly well suited to help with implementation in part because they brought non-traditional experiences to the central office. However, over time, many of the resources that aided them initially became liabilities that frustrated their work. This article documents the importance of examining boundary-spanning roles in implementation and suggests how central offices might provide supports to boundary spanners to increase their potential as levers of bureaucratic change.
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