[ { "key": "XC6PJ3DW", "version": 67, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/XC6PJ3DW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/XC6PJ3DW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Goe and Gaustad", "parsedDate": "2016-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XC6PJ3DW", "version": 67, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Estimating direct human health impacts of end-of-life solar recovery", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Goe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Gaustad" } ], "abstractNote": "Studies have found that recycling photovoltaics at their end of life has significant potential for energy pay-back time reduction, resource savings, and environmental impact reduction. However, most of these studies do not consider the complexities of PV recycling resulting from lack of collection infrastructure, unavailability of advanced recovery technologies, and the geo-spatial dependence of both of these issues. This work combines geo-spatial modelling and statistics, collection logistics optimization, and environmental impact assessment in order to quantify the impacts resulting from collection, processing, and recovery of PV materials given current US solar installations, municipal solid waste and landfill infrastructure, and the networks between them. Results show that previous work may have underestimated certain environmental impacts due to transportation by an order of magnitude for the US case study. The treatment of a recycling resource credit significantly impacts these results. Using the avoided burden approach results in a net negative SO2 and NOx emissions of up to 0.57 g SO2 per kWh and 0.039 g NOx per kWh. Cumulatively, the avoided burden approach results in an net negative 14.5 PM10 eq g per kWh. If the assumption of the avoided burden approach are true, then recycling cancels out lifecycle emissions.", "proceedingsTitle": "2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)", "conferenceName": "2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2016", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "3606-3611", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/PVSC.2016.7750345", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-10-05T21:08:12Z", "dateModified": "2018-10-05T21:08:12Z" } }, { "key": "IBINWC6N", "version": 65, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/IBINWC6N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/IBINWC6N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ela et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IBINWC6N", "version": 65, "itemType": "report", "title": "Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Ela" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Gevorgian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Fleming" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y. C.", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eduard.", "lastName": "Muljadi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Scholbrook" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Aho" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Buckspan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Pao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Singhvi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Tuohy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Pourbeik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Brooks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Bhatt" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper details a comprehensive study undertaken by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Electric Power Research Institute, and the University of Colorado to understand how the contribution of wind power providing active power control (APC) can benefit the total power system economics, increase revenue streams, improve the reliability and security of the power system, and provide superior and efficient response while reducing any structural and loading impacts that may reduce the life of the wind turbine or its components. The study includes power system simulations, control simulations, and actual field tests using turbines at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The study focuses on synthetic inertial control, primary frequency control, and automatic generation control, and analyzes timeframes ranging from milliseconds to minutes to the lifetime of wind turbines, locational scope ranging from components of turbines to large wind plants to entire synchronous interconnections, and additional topics ranging from economics to power system engineering to control design.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60574.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Active Power Controls from Wind Power", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T20:54:57Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-14T17:06:10Z" } }, { "key": "CBWKF9KI", "version": 62, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/CBWKF9KI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/CBWKF9KI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diakov", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CBWKF9KI", "version": 62, "itemType": "report", "title": "Value of Geographic Diversity of Wind and Solar: Stochastic Geometry Approach; Preprint", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Diakov" } ], "abstractNote": "Based on the available geographically dispersed data for the continental U.S. (excluding Alaska), we analyze to what extent the geographic diversity of these resources can offset their variability. A geometric model provides a convenient measure for resource variability, shows the synergy between wind and solar resources.", "reportNumber": "NREL/CP-6A20-54707", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2012", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54707.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Value of Geographic Diversity of Wind and Solar", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:21:10Z" } }, { "key": "CINECTRI", "version": 62, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/CINECTRI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/CINECTRI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sterling et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CINECTRI", "version": 62, "itemType": "report", "title": "Treatment of Solar Generation in Electric Utility Resource Planning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Sterling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "McLaren" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Taylor" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Cory" } ], "abstractNote": "Today's utility planners have a different market and economic context than their predecessors, including planning for the growth of renewable energy. State and federal support policies, solar photovoltaic (PV) price declines, and the introduction of new business models for solar PV 'ownership' are leading to increasing interest in solar technologies (especially PV); however, solar introduces myriad new variables into the utility resource planning decision. Most, but not all, utility planners have less experience analyzing solar than conventional generation as part of capacity planning, portfolio evaluation, and resource procurement decisions. To begin to build this knowledge, utility staff expressed interest in one effort: utility exchanges regarding data, methods, challenges, and solutions for incorporating solar in the planning process. Through interviews and a questionnaire, this report aims to begin this exchange of information and capture utility-provided information about: 1) how various utilities approach long-range resource planning; 2) methods and tools utilities use to conduct resource planning; and, 3) how solar technologies are considered in the resource planning process.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-60047", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60047.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T21:09:09Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:21:05Z" } }, { "key": "XPBIG6B8", "version": 62, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/XPBIG6B8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/XPBIG6B8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vimmerstedt et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XPBIG6B8", "version": 62, "itemType": "report", "title": "Transformative Reduction of Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Opportunities for Change in Technologies and Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura.", "lastName": "Vimmerstedt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Austin.", "lastName": "Brown" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emily.", "lastName": "Newes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. J.", "lastName": "Markel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Schroeder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yimin", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Chipman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shawn", "lastName": "Johnson" } ], "abstractNote": "Reaching deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. transportation sector will require diverse system and technology development strategies targeting energy intensity, carbon intensity, and demand for transportation services. Technological, economic, demographic, and social trends shape the likelihood of reaching a reduction threshold consistent with what climate scientists report is needed by 2050. This report summarizes work for the U.S. Department of Transportation�s Clean Transportation Sector Initiative and builds upon the U.S. Department of Energy�s Transportation Energy Futures review of opportunities for reductions in petroleum use and GHG emissions. It contributes to the literature by summarizing the potential of emerging emissions-reducing technologies and strategies, including vehicle electrification through plug-in or fuel cell vehicles, connected and automated vehicles, biofuel pathways, vehicle efficiency, and transportation demand reduction. The potential of these and other emerging technologies and strategies was explored at a Clean Transportation Sector Initiative workshop. Key findings from this workshop are incorporated into this report, and the event details are summarized in Appendix C.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-5400-62943", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62943.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Transformative Reduction of Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T20:56:32Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:55Z" } }, { "key": "BRSC7GHA", "version": 61, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/BRSC7GHA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/BRSC7GHA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stark", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BRSC7GHA", "version": 61, "itemType": "report", "title": "Systematic Approach to Better Understanding Integration Costs", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory B.", "lastName": "Stark" } ], "abstractNote": "This research presents a systematic approach to evaluating the costs of integrating new generation and operational procedures into an existing power system, and the methodology is independent of the type of change or nature of the generation. The work was commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy and performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to investigate three integration cost-related questions: (1) How does the addition of new generation affect a system�s operational costs, (2) How do generation mix and operating parameters and procedures affect costs, and (3) How does the amount of variable generation (non-dispatchable wind and solar) impact the accuracy of natural gas orders? A detailed operational analysis was performed for seven sets of experiments: variable generation, large conventional generation, generation mix, gas prices, fast-start generation, self-scheduling, and gas supply constraints. For each experiment, four components of integration costs were examined: cycling costs, non-cycling VO&M costs, fuel costs, and reserves provisioning costs. The investigation was conducted with PLEXOS production cost modeling software utilizing an updated version of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 118-bus test system overlaid with projected operating loads from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council for the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Puget Sound Energy, and Public Service Colorado in the year 2020. The test system was selected in consultation with an industry-based technical review committee to be a reasonable approximation of an interconnection yet small enough to allow the research team to investigate a large number of scenarios and sensitivity combinations. The research should prove useful to market designers, regulators, utilities, and others who want to better understand how system changes can affect production costs.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-5D00-64502", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64502.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:46Z" } }, { "key": "26PZ62SV", "version": 61, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/26PZ62SV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/26PZ62SV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ibanez et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "26PZ62SV", "version": 61, "itemType": "report", "title": "Solar Reserve Methodology for Renewable Energy Integration Studies Based on Sub-Hourly Variability Analysis: Preprint", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Ibanez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Brinkman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Hummon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Lew" } ], "abstractNote": "Increasing penetrations of wind a solar energy are raising concerns among electric system operators because of the variability and uncertainty associated with power sources. Previous work focused on the quantification of reserves for systems with wind power. This paper presents a new methodology that allows the determination of necessary reserves for high penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) power and compares it to the wind-based methodology. The solar reserve methodology is applied to Phase 2 of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study. A summary of the results is included.", "reportNumber": "NREL/CP-5500-56169", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2012", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/56169.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Solar Reserve Methodology for Renewable Energy Integration Studies Based on Sub-Hourly Variability Analysis", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:40Z" } }, { "key": "P2VBH7EV", "version": 60, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/P2VBH7EV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/P2VBH7EV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diakov et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P2VBH7EV", "version": 60, "itemType": "report", "title": "Renewable Generation Effect on Net Regional Energy Interchange: Preprint", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor.", "lastName": "Diakov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory.", "lastName": "Brinkman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas.", "lastName": "Jenkin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Margolis" } ], "abstractNote": "Using production-cost model (PLEXOS), we simulate the Western Interchange (WECC) at several levels of the yearly renewable energy (RE) generation, between 13 percent and 40 percent of the total load for the year. We look at the overall energy exchange between a region and the rest of the system (net interchange, NI), and find it useful to examine separately (i) (time-) variable and (ii) year-average components of the NI. Both contribute to inter-regional energy exchange, and are affected by wind and PV generation in the system. We find that net load variability (in relatively large portions of WECC) is the leading factor affecting the variable component of inter-regional energy exchange, and the effect is quantifiable: higher regional net load correlation with the rest of the WECC lowers net interchange variability. Further, as the power mix significantly varies between WECC regions, effects of 'flexibility import' (regions 'borrow' ramping capability) are also observed.", "reportNumber": "NREL/CP-6A20-63657", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63657.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Renewable Generation Effect on Net Regional Energy Interchange", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:30Z" } }, { "key": "H68HDAJP", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/H68HDAJP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/H68HDAJP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Parsons et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H68HDAJP", "version": 59, "itemType": "report", "title": "Renewable Electricity Grid Integration Roadmap for Mexico: Supplement to the IEA Expert Group Report on Recommended Practices for Wind Integration Studies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Parsons" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaquelin.", "lastName": "Cochran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea.", "lastName": "Watson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jessica", "lastName": "Katz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ricardo", "lastName": "Bracho" } ], "abstractNote": "As a recognized leader in efforts to mitigate global climate change, the Government of Mexico (GOM) works proactively to reduce emissions, demonstrating strong political will and capacity to comprehensively address climate change. Since 2010, the U.S. government (USG) has supported these efforts by partnering with Mexico under the Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies (EC-LEDS) program. Through the program, the USG has partnered with Mexico�s Ministry of Energy (SENER), as well as other government agencies, to support GOM in reaching its clean energy and climate change goals. Specifically, the EC-LEDS program is supporting GOM�s clean energy goal of generating 35% of its electricity from renewable energy (RE) by 2024. EC-LEDS, through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S Department of Energy�s (DOE�s) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has been collaborating with SENER and GOM interagency working group�the Consejo Consultivo para las Energ�as Renovables (Consultative Council on Renewable Energy)�to create a grid integration roadmap for variable RE.1 A key objective in creating a grid integration roadmap is assessing likely impacts of wind and solar energy on the power system and modifying planning and operations accordingly. This paper applies best practices in conducting a grid integration study to the Mexican context.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-7A40-63136", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63136.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Renewable Electricity Grid Integration Roadmap for Mexico", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T16:26:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:22Z" } }, { "key": "CG6EG7ZI", "version": 59, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/CG6EG7ZI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/CG6EG7ZI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ahlstrom et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CG6EG7ZI", "version": 59, "itemType": "report", "title": "Relevant Studies for NERC's Analysis of EPA's Clean Power Plan 111(d) Compliance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Ahlstrom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charlie", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard J.", "lastName": "Piwko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Debra.", "lastName": "Lew" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aaron", "lastName": "Bloom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Trieu.", "lastName": "Mai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kara.", "lastName": "Clark" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Milligan" } ], "abstractNote": "The proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Power Plan (CPP) aims to cut carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from existing power plants to 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is preparing a series of reports to examine possible reliability concerns from the required change in the generation mix needed to achieve this target. In addition to describing their own analysis, NERC plans to highlight and summarize relevant and technically sound studies completed by other parties. This paper describes multiple studies of wind and solar integration that have found CO2 reductions of approximately 30%. These studies can be viewed as viable paths to compliance with the EPA rule, alternative 'bookend cases' to compare to compliance based largely on natural gas, or something in between. The studies in this paper represent a body of work that can help inform the public discussion surrounding the cost and reliability impacts of complying with the proposed EPA CPP. Although it is possible to assume that a large-scale transition from coal to natural gas generation is the primary path to CPP compliance, there are actually many available paths toward compliance, and states will have significant flexibility in their approaches. Another path toward compliance emphasizes the use of wind and solar energy, and it has been studied very extensively during the past 15 years. Several recent wind and solar integration studies focused on power system operations, reliability, and stability while reducing CO2 emissions by 30% or more. This document can assist NERC's efforts to include this relevant material in their reports. And this report is useful in showing that a 30% CO2 reduction has already been extensively studied, with the analysis showing that reliable and cost-effective compliance is possible.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-5D00-63979", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63979.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T17:34:25Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:16Z" } }, { "key": "JCZ4FUR4", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/JCZ4FUR4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/JCZ4FUR4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Denholm et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JCZ4FUR4", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California: A Field Guide to the Duck Chart", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "O'Connell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory.", "lastName": "Brinkman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennie.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" } ], "abstractNote": "In 2013, the California Independent System Operator published the 'duck chart,' which shows a significant drop in mid-day net load on a spring day as solar photovoltaics (PV) are added to the system. The chart raises concerns that the conventional power system will be unable to accommodate the ramp rate and range needed to fully utilize solar energy, particularly on days characterized by the duck shape. This could result in 'overgeneration' and curtailed renewable energy, increasing its costs and reducing its environmental benefits. This paper explores the duck chart in detail, examining how much PV might need to be curtailed if additional grid flexibility measures are not taken, and how curtailment rates can be decreased by changing grid operational practices. It finds that under 'business-as-usual' types of assumptions and corresponding levels of grid flexibility in California, solar penetrations as low as 20% of annual energy could lead to marginal curtailment rates that exceed 30%. However, by allowing (or requiring) distributed PV and storage (including new installations that are part of the California storage mandate) to provide grid services, system flexibility could be greatly enhanced. Doing so could significantly reduce curtailment and allow much greater penetration of variable generation resources. Overall, the work described in this paper points to the need to fully integrate distributed resources into grid system planning and operations to allow maximum use of the solar resource.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-65023", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65023.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T16:19:57Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:20:04Z" } }, { "key": "HPT69VRV", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/HPT69VRV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/HPT69VRV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "O'Connell et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HPT69VRV", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "On the Inclusion of Energy-Shifting Demand Response in Production Cost Models: Methodology and a Case Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niamh", "lastName": "O'Connell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elaine T.", "lastName": "Hale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Ian Doebber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennie.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" } ], "abstractNote": "In the context of future power system requirements for additional flexibility, demand response (DR) is an attractive potential resource. Its proponents widely laud its prospective benefits, which include enabling higher penetrations of variable renewable generation at lower cost than alternative storage technologies, and improving economic efficiency. In practice, DR from the commercial and residential sectors is largely an emerging, not a mature, resource, and its actual costs and benefits need to be studied to determine promising combinations of physical DR resource, enabling controls and communications, power system characteristics, regulatory environment, market structures, and business models. The work described in this report focuses on the enablement of such analysis from the production cost modeling perspective. In particular, we contribute a bottom-up methodology for modeling load-shifting DR in production cost models. The resulting model is sufficiently detailed to reflect the physical characteristics and constraints of the underlying flexible load, and includes the possibility of capturing diurnal and seasonal variations in the resource. Nonetheless, the model is of low complexity and thus suitable for inclusion in conventional unit commitment and market clearing algorithms. The ability to simulate DR as an operational resource on a power system over a year facilitates an assessment of its time-varying value to the power system. The modeling methodology is demonstrated through a case study of aggregated supermarket refrigeration systems providing balancing energy reserves in real-time markets at different levels of variable generation (VG). This DR resource is implemented in a test power system that represents a subset of the U.S Western Interconnection centered on Colorado. The value of DR from the population of supermarkets in Colorado is found to be $32.85 per kilowatt-year (kW-yr) presuming no other DR resources. The value decreases significantly (to $6.95/kW-year in the most extreme case) when we increase the capacity of the DR resource to naively represent the incorporation of DR from other flexible loads (in actuality, other DR resources will have different characteristics, such that the decrease in value will not be as steep). Refrigeration DR is found to offer greater value to the power system during the winter months than the summer months due to operational constraints that limit the flexibility of the resource during the summer. The value of DR is found to increase as the penetration of VG increases, reaching $46.05/kW-year for our baseline DR penetration and a variable generation (VG) penetration of 55%. We do see a plateau in the value of DR going from 45% to 55% VG. This is attributable to the inability of DR to provide energy storage on horizons longer than 24 hours. Overall, this work is a study in methodology. The case study is included primarily to show that the model is working properly and that this line of research is worthwhile. The reported numbers do not represent a true value of DR, but they do suggest orders of magnitude for a particular DR resource providing a particular grid service in a particular power system; they also confirm expected correlation directions between value and DR penetration (decreasing) and between value and VG penetration (increasing). Future work includes extending this method and developing new methods to be able to model physically realistic DR resources at scale. Some important aspects not studied here include capturing all possible value streams for a single resource (capacity, energy, and ancillary service values), simultaneously evaluating DR from multiple resources, and economically competing DR resources based on their costs of enablement and the trade-offs between end-user disutility and participation payments.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-64465", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64465.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "On the Inclusion of Energy-Shifting Demand Response in Production Cost Models", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:19:48Z" } }, { "key": "D8N93FE6", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/D8N93FE6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/D8N93FE6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hummon et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D8N93FE6", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Modelling Concentrating Solar Power with Thermal Energy Storage for Integration Studies: Preprint", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Hummon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Mehos" } ], "abstractNote": "Concentrating solar power with thermal energy storage (CSP-TES) can provide multiple benefits to the grid, including low marginal cost energy and the ability to levelize load, provide operating reserves, and provide firm capacity. It is challenging to properly value the integration of CSP because of the complicated nature of this technology. Unlike completely dispatchable fossil sources, CSP is a limited energy resource, depending on the hourly and daily supply of solar energy. To optimize the use of this limited energy, CSP-TES must be implemented in a production cost model with multiple decision variables for the operation of the CSP-TES plant. We develop and implement a CSP-TES plant in a production cost model that accurately characterizes the three main components of the plant: solar field, storage tank, and power block. We show the effect of various modelling simplifications on the value of CSP, including: scheduled versus optimized dispatch from the storage tank and energy-only operation versus co-optimization with ancillary services.", "reportNumber": "NREL/CP-6A20-60365", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60365.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Modelling Concentrating Solar Power with Thermal Energy Storage for Integration Studies", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:19:35Z" } }, { "key": "PKU7JRZ9", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/PKU7JRZ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/PKU7JRZ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Macknick", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PKU7JRZ9", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Modeling electricity sector vulnerabilities related to water temperatures. (LDRD Poster-Citation Only)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jordan.", "lastName": "Macknick" } ], "abstractNote": "This project develops an integrated platform for modeling water temperature-related power plant vulnerabilities and costs.", "reportNumber": "NREL/PO-6A20-64516", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:19:29Z" } }, { "key": "9B7QDKGV", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/9B7QDKGV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/9B7QDKGV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Denholm et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9B7QDKGV", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Methods for Analyzing the Economic Value of Concentrating Solar Power with Thermal Energy Storage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennie.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mackay.", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ella", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caixia", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "Concentrating solar power with thermal energy storage (CSP-TES) provides multiple quantifiable benefits. To the extent feed-in tariffs should reflect the value of energy, quantifying the value of CSP power is important to policymaking. These benefits can be divided into two major categories: avoided variable costs and avoided fixed costs. This report describes modeling approaches that have emerged to quantify these benefits, specifically in the context of state-level policymaking in the United States. It also discusses these modeling methods and potential applicability in the China context.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-64256", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64256.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T17:33:22Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:19:15Z" } }, { "key": "EHPWTJVV", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/EHPWTJVV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/EHPWTJVV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brinkman et al.", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EHPWTJVV", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Low Carbon Grid Study: Analysis of a 50% Emission Reduction in California", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory.", "lastName": "Brinkman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennie.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ali", "lastName": "Ehlen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James H.", "lastName": "Caldwell" } ], "abstractNote": "The California 2030 Low Carbon Grid Study (LCGS) analyzes the grid impacts of a variety of scenarios that achieve 50% carbon emission reductions from California�s electric power sector. Impacts are characterized based on several key operational and economic metrics, including production costs, emissions, curtailment, and impacts on the operation of gas generation and imports. The modeling results indicate that achieving a low-carbon grid (with emissions 50% below 2012 levels) is possible by 2030 with relatively limited curtailment (less than 1%) if institutional frameworks are flexible. Less flexible institutional frameworks and a less diverse generation portfolio could lead to higher curtailment (up to 10%), operational costs (up to $800 million higher), and carbon emissions (up to 14% higher).", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-64884", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2016", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64884.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Low Carbon Grid Study", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T18:07:23Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:19:04Z" } }, { "key": "4HXPDHMI", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/4HXPDHMI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/4HXPDHMI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diakov et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4HXPDHMI", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Improving Power System Modeling: A Tool to Link Capacity Expansion and Production Cost Models", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor.", "lastName": "Diakov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wesley", "lastName": "Cole" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick.", "lastName": "Sullivan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory.", "lastName": "Brinkman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Margolis" } ], "abstractNote": "Capacity expansion models (CEM) provide a high-level long-term view at the prospects of the evolving power system. In simulating the possibilities of long-term capacity expansion, it is important to maintain the viability of power system operation in the short-term (daily, hourly and sub-hourly) scales. Production-cost models (PCM) simulate routine power system operation on these shorter time scales using detailed load, transmission and generation fleet data by minimizing production costs and following reliability requirements. When based on CEM 'predictions' about generating unit retirements and buildup, PCM provide more detailed simulation for the short-term system operation and, consequently, may confirm the validity of capacity expansion predictions. Further, production cost model simulations of a system that is based on capacity expansion model solution are 'evolutionary' sound: the generator mix is the result of logical sequence of unit retirement and buildup resulting from policy and incentives. The above has motivated us to bridge CEM with PCM by building a capacity expansion - to - production cost model Linking Tool (CEPCoLT). The Linking Tool is built to onset capacity expansion model prescriptions onto production cost model inputs. NREL's ReEDS and Energy Examplar's PLEXOS are the capacity expansion and the production cost models, respectively. Via the Linking Tool, PLEXOS provides details of operation for the regionally-defined ReEDS scenarios.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-64905", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64905.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Improving Power System Modeling", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:18:48Z" } }, { "key": "I6HH59PP", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/I6HH59PP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/I6HH59PP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ela et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I6HH59PP", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Impacts of Variability and Uncertainty in Solar Photovoltaic Generation at Multiple Timescales", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Ela" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Diakov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Ibanez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Heaney" } ], "abstractNote": "The characteristics of variability and uncertainty of PV solar power have been studied extensively. These characteristics can create challenges for system operators who must ensure a balance between generation and demand while obeying power system constraints at the lowest possible cost. A number of studies have looked at the impact of wind power plants, and some recent studies have also included solar PV. The simulations that are used in these studies, however, are typically fixed to one time resolution. This makes it difficult to analyze the variability across several timescales. In this study, we use a simulation tool that has the ability to evaluate both the economic and reliability impacts of PV variability and uncertainty at multiple timescales. This information should help system operators better prepare for increases of PV on their systems and develop improved mitigation strategies to better integrate PV with enhanced reliability. Another goal of this study is to understand how different mitigation strategies and methods can improve the integration of solar power more reliably and efficiently.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-5500-58274", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58274.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:18:22Z" } }, { "key": "57HPX7T8", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/57HPX7T8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/57HPX7T8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Denholm et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "57HPX7T8", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Impact of Wind and Solar on the Value of Energy Storage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Hummon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Palchak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Kirby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Ma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "O'Malley" } ], "abstractNote": "This analysis evaluates how the value of energy storage changes when adding variable generation (VG) renewable energy resources to the grid. A series of VG energy penetration scenarios from 16% to 55% were generated for a utility system in the western United States. This operational value of storage (measured by its ability to reduce system production costs) was estimated in each VG scenario, considering provision of different services and with several sensitivities to fuel price and generation mix. Overall, the results found that the presence of VG increases the value of energy storage by lowering off-peak energy prices more than on-peak prices, leading to a greater opportunity to arbitrage this price difference. However, significant charging from renewables, and consequently a net reduction in carbon emissions, did not occur until VG penetration was in the range of 40%-50%. Increased penetration of VG also increases the potential value of storage when providing reserves, mainly by increasing the amount of reserves required by the system. Despite this increase in value, storage may face challenges in capturing the full benefits it provides. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials, reserve prices, and incomplete capture of certain system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit (reduction in production costs) provided to the system. Furthermore, it is unclear how storage will actually incentivize large-scale deployment of renewables needed to substantially increase VG penetration. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-60568", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60568.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:18:15Z" } }, { "key": "9KPBRH7S", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/9KPBRH7S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/9KPBRH7S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martinez-Anido and Hodge", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9KPBRH7S", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Impact of Utility-Scale Distributed Wind on Transmission-Level System Operations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. Brancucci", "lastName": "Martinez-Anido" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. M.", "lastName": "Hodge" } ], "abstractNote": "This report presents a new renewable integration study that aims to assess the potential for adding distributed wind to the current power system with minimal or no upgrades to the distribution or transmission electricity systems. It investigates the impacts of integrating large amounts of utility-scale distributed wind power on bulk system operations by performing a case study on the power system of the Independent System Operator-New England (ISO-NE).", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-5D00-61824", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/61824.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T17:58:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:18:05Z" } }, { "key": "JA5DVISA", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/JA5DVISA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/JA5DVISA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martinez-Anido et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JA5DVISA", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Impact of Improved Solar Forecasts on Bulk Power System Operations in ISO-NE: Preprint", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. Brancucci", "lastName": "Martinez-Anido" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Florita" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. M.", "lastName": "Hodge" } ], "abstractNote": "The diurnal nature of solar power is made uncertain by variable cloud cover and the influence of atmospheric conditions on irradiance scattering processes. Its forecasting has become increasingly important to the unit commitment and dispatch process for efficient scheduling of generators in power system operations. This study examines the value of improved solar power forecasting for the Independent System Operator-New England system. The results show how 25% solar power penetration reduces net electricity generation costs by 22.9%.", "reportNumber": "NREL/CP-5D00-62817", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62817.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Impact of Improved Solar Forecasts on Bulk Power System Operations in ISO-NE", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T15:18:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:17:57Z" } }, { "key": "DF7Q3ERJ", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/DF7Q3ERJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/DF7Q3ERJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Palchak and Denholm", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DF7Q3ERJ", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Impact of Generator Flexibility on Electric System Costs and Integration of Renewable Energy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Palchak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" } ], "abstractNote": "Flexibility of traditional generators plays an important role in accommodating the increased variability and uncertainty of wind and solar on the electric power system. Increased flexibility can be achieved with changes to operational practices or upgrades to existing generation. One challenge is in understanding the value of increasing flexibility, and how this value may change given higher levels of variable generation. This study uses a commercial production cost model to measure the impact of generator flexibility on the integration of wind and solar generators. We use a system that is based on two balancing areas in the Western United States with a range of wind and solar penetrations between 15% and 60%, where instantaneous penetration of wind and solar is limited to 80%.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-62275", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62275.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:17:41Z" } }, { "key": "62QKNJET", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/62QKNJET", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/62QKNJET", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hummon et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "62QKNJET", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Grid Integration of Aggregated Demand Response, Part 2: Modeling Demand Response in a Production Cost Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Hummon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Palchak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. J.", "lastName": "Olsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Kiliccote" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Matson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Sohn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Rose" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Dudley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Goli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Ma" } ], "abstractNote": "This report is one of a series stemming from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Demand Response and Energy Storage Integration Study. This study is a multi-national-laboratory effort to assess the potential value of demand response (DR) and energy storage to electricity systems with different penetration levels of variable renewable resources and to improve our understanding of associated markets and institutions. This report implements DR resources in the commercial production cost model PLEXOS.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-58492", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2013", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/58492.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Grid Integration of Aggregated Demand Response, Part 2", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T14:53:33Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:17:32Z" } }, { "key": "KMI78WA2", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/KMI78WA2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/KMI78WA2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hummon et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KMI78WA2", "version": 58, "itemType": "document", "title": "Fundamental Drivers of the Cost and Price of Operating Reserves", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. R.", "lastName": "Hummon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Denholm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Jorgenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Palchak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Kirby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Ma" } ], "abstractNote": "Operating reserves impose a cost on the electric power system by forcing system operators to keep partially loaded spinning generators available for responding to system contingencies variable demand. In many regions of the United States, thermal power plants provide a large fraction of the operating reserve requirement. Alternative sources of operating reserves, such as demand response and energy storage, may provide more efficient sources of these reserves. However, to estimate the potential value of these services, the cost of reserve services under various grid conditions must first be established. This analysis used a commercial grid simulation tool to evaluate the cost and price of several operating reserve services, including spinning contingency reserves and upward regulation reserves. These reserve products were evaluated in a utility system in the western United States, considering different system flexibilities, renewable energy penetration, and other sensitivities. The analysis demonstrates that the price of operating reserves depend highly on many assumptions regarding the operational flexibility of the generation fleet, including ramp rates and the fraction of fleet available to provide reserves.", "type": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T17:39:51Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:17:19Z" } }, { "key": "PCQZ527K", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 489478, "name": "plexos", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/489478/items/PCQZ527K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/plexos/items/PCQZ527K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Getman et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PCQZ527K", "version": 58, "itemType": "report", "title": "Evaluation of Methods for Comparison of Spatiotemporal and Time Series Datasets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Getman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Bush" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Inman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Elmore" } ], "abstractNote": "Performing analysis in any domain of research can involve the problem of selecting data from a collection of seemingly similar spatial and/or temporal datasets. In some cases these data can be highly variable in terms of their resolution (both in space and in time), quality, geographic coverage, or availability. In others, the differences are much less obvious and may present challenges when int int is critical to expanding research from data-rich (domestic) to data-poor (international) analysis domains. Of particular interest is reducing the cost of unnecessarily high temporal or spatial resolution in data collection and acquisition. The objective of the research described in this report is to develop statistical methods for the cross-comparison and relative-quality evaluation of large spatiotemporal datasets. This research outlines several methods that can be used to facilitate interpretation of analytical results and perform validation of modeled data through comparison to known or source datasets. within and across these datasets, researchers can ensure their analysis take advantage of the strengths, and avoids the weaknesses, of the available data. The methodology described in this report can be used to compare the results of different analysis methods to determine the impact of using fewer or different datasets.", "reportNumber": "NREL/TP-6A20-62647", "reportType": "", "institution": "National Renewable Energy Laboratory", "place": "Golden, CO", "date": "2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62647.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-29T15:07:38Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-29T21:17:07Z" } } ]