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Measurements were made at different times of the day and with different resolutions to estimate the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and study its relationship with several indices related to crop status with the aim of generating useful information for application to precision agriculture techniques. NDVI was calculated from images acquired on four different dates during the cropping season. On two of these dates, two images were acquired to determine how the time of day when the images were taken influences NDVI value. To study the influence of image resolution on NDVI, the original images were resampled to 30 × 30 and 100 × 100 cm pixel sizes. The results showed that the linear regressions between NDVI and grain yield, aerial biomass and nitrogen content in the biomass were significant at the 99% confidence level, except during very early growth stages, whereas the time of day when the images were acquired, the classification process, and image resolution had no effect on the results. The methodology provides information that is related to crop yield from the very early stages of growth and its spatial variability within the crop field to be harvested, which can subsequently be used to prescribe the most appropriate management strategy on a site-specific basis.", "publicationTitle": "Biosystems Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2015", "volume": "132", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biosystems Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.01.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537511015000185", "accessDate": "2016-03-03T22:09:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1537-5110", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Multispectral sensor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "NDVI", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sunflower", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Unmanned aerial vehicle image", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-03T22:09:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-03T22:09:16Z" } }, { "key": "UIGMEBI3", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/UIGMEBI3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/UIGMEBI3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/K6JIFSET", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UIGMEBI3", "version": 10, "parentItem": "K6JIFSET", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-03-02T19:35:40Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/1548-1603.48.1.99", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "1548-1603.48.1.html", "md5": "193d51f3c8edb8031dd45398364af46c", "mtime": 1456947340864, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T19:35:40Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-02T19:35:40Z" } }, { "key": "K6JIFSET", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/K6JIFSET", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/K6JIFSET", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hardin and Jensen", "parsedDate": "2011-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "K6JIFSET", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Small-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Environmental Remote Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Perry J.", "lastName": "Hardin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan R.", "lastName": "Jensen" } ], "abstractNote": "Although potential applications abound, small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles have not yet been widely used for environmental remote sensing. Several challenges remain to be overcome until widespread adoption is possible. One problem is the challenge inherent in flying fragile small-scale aircraft with low weight limits and narrow center of gravity tolerances. Other challenges include: (1) the hostile natural environment in which the aircraft fly; (2) the limits of on-board power; (3) the paucity of commercially available sensors; (4) the difficulties involved in managing and analyzing the large imagery volume generated during a sortie; and (5) the federal regulations in the United States designed to ensure the safety of commercial and private air travel. Each of these challenges is formidable, and overcoming them will require the use of technologies that are currently experimental. However, within each challenge are opportunities for researchers willing to act as innovative pioneers in the remote sensing community.", "publicationTitle": "GIScience & Remote Sensing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2011", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "99-111", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2747/1548-1603.48.1.99", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/1548-1603.48.1.99", "accessDate": "2016-03-02T19:35:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1548-1603", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Small-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Environmental Remote Sensing", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T19:35:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-02T19:35:39Z" } }, { "key": "XZXP53T2", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/XZXP53T2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/XZXP53T2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/DA6T2KDA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XZXP53T2", "version": 8, "parentItem": "DA6T2KDA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-03-02T19:24:54Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/11/2529", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "2529.html", "md5": "dfdaa84c6e05652542a7ef14b126e607", "mtime": 1456946694695, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T19:24:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-02T19:24:54Z" } }, { "key": "NZXVSB2V", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/NZXVSB2V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/NZXVSB2V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/DA6T2KDA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NZXVSB2V", "version": 8, "parentItem": "DA6T2KDA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-03-02T19:24:51Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/11/2529/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Laliberte et al. - 2011 - Multispectral Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aircraf.pdf", "md5": "d8b34c6ef29f731765f3487c71252b31", "mtime": 1456946692036, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T19:24:51Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-02T19:24:52Z" } }, { "key": "DA6T2KDA", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/DA6T2KDA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/DA6T2KDA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Laliberte et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-11-22", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "DA6T2KDA", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Multispectral Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aircraft: Image Processing Workflows and Applications for Rangeland Environments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea S.", "lastName": "Laliberte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark A.", "lastName": "Goforth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caitriana M.", "lastName": "Steele" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Albert", "lastName": "Rango" } ], "abstractNote": "Using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) as remote sensing platforms offers the unique ability for repeated deployment for acquisition of high temporal resolution data at very high spatial resolution. Multispectral remote sensing applications from UAS are reported in the literature less commonly than applications using visible bands, although light-weight multispectral sensors for UAS are being used increasingly. . In this paper, we describe challenges and solutions associated with efficient processing of multispectral imagery to obtain orthorectified, radiometrically calibrated image mosaics for the purpose of rangeland vegetation classification. We developed automated batch processing methods for file conversion, band-to-band registration, radiometric correction, and orthorectification. An object-based image analysis approach was used to derive a species-level vegetation classification for the image mosaic with an overall accuracy of 87%. We obtained good correlations between: (1) ground and airborne spectral reflectance (R2 = 0.92); and (2) spectral reflectance derived from airborne and WorldView-2 satellite data for selected vegetation and soil targets. UAS-acquired multispectral imagery provides quality high resolution information for rangeland applications with the potential for upscaling the data to larger areas using high resolution satellite imagery.", "publicationTitle": "Remote Sensing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-11-22", "volume": "3", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2529-2551", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/rs3112529", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/11/2529", "accessDate": "2016-03-02T19:24:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Multispectral Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aircraft", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "REFLECTANCE", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "classification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "multispectral", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T19:24:51Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-02T19:24:51Z" } }, { "key": "2JPN4I7D", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/2JPN4I7D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/2JPN4I7D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/PB9V7GQD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2JPN4I7D", "version": 6, "parentItem": "PB9V7GQD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2016-02-26T19:44:17Z", "url": "https://libproxy.uww.edu:9443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=a9h&AN=112827432&site=ehost-live&scope=site&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-26T19:44:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-26T19:44:17Z" } }, { "key": "PB9V7GQD", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/PB9V7GQD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/PB9V7GQD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rasmussen et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PB9V7GQD", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Are vegetation indices derived from consumer-grade cameras mounted on UAVs sufficiently reliable for assessing experimental plots?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jesper", "lastName": "Rasmussen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Georgios", "lastName": "Ntakos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon", "lastName": "Nielsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jesper", "lastName": "Svensgaard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert N.", "lastName": "Poulsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Svend", "lastName": "Christensen" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent technological advances in UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) technology offer new opportunities for assessing agricultural plot experiments using UAV imagery. Vegetation indices (VIs) based on aerial images derived from consumer-grade cameras are a simple and cheap alternative compared to VIs derived from proximal (on-ground) sensors. The objective of this study was to assess whether VIs derived from consumer-grade cameras mounted on UAVs are reliable and whether there are any shortcomings in image acquisition and analysis that need to be addressed before their general application. This objective was investigated using a rotary-wing and a fixed-wing UAV, true colour (RGB) and colour-infrared (CIR) cameras, four different VIs (ExG, NGRDI, NDVI and ENDVI), altitudes in the range of 30–100 m, different ambient lighting conditions and two different software packages for stitching images together. Results were compared with ground-based recordings by consumer-grade cameras and multispectral sensors. Field experiments in cereals were used to evaluate the assessments. The study showed that VIs based on UAV imagery have the same ability to quantify crop responses to experimental treatments as ground-based recordings with cameras and advanced sensors. However, there are shortcomings that need to be taken into consideration: (1) angular variation in reflectance (bidirectional reflectance), (2) stitching and (3) ambient light fluctuations. Bidirectional reflectance was so extensive that it could lead to misleading conclusions in sunny conditions and this effect could be amplified further by stitching. A procedure for avoiding impacts from bidirectional reflectance is demonstrated when plots were cropped from individual images and a procedure is suggested for stitching images. Camera, VIs and image acquisition altitude were of minor importance, but fluctuating ambient lighting conditions is an issue that should be addressed in future studies.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Agronomy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2016", "volume": "74", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "75-92", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "European Journal of Agronomy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.026", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "11610301", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Aerial imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bidirectional reflectance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Crop management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DRONE aircraft in agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "FARMS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "High throughput field phenomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "IMAGING systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ortho-mosaicing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PLANTATIONS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "REFLECTANCE", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "UAS", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-26T19:44:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-26T19:44:17Z" } }, { "key": "PTFRZJ9N", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/PTFRZJ9N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/PTFRZJ9N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/4WH2KS9D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2957786, "username": "SmyczekJD08", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/smyczekjd08", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PTFRZJ9N", "version": 4, "parentItem": "4WH2KS9D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2016-02-26T19:42:19Z", "url": "https://libproxy.uww.edu:9443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=a9h&AN=101931802&site=ehost-live&scope=site&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-26T19:42:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-26T19:42:19Z" } }, { "key": "BTCCCB7H", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/BTCCCB7H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/BTCCCB7H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 32817, "username": "ericcompas", "name": "Eric Compas", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ericcompas", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Van der Merwe and Price", "parsedDate": "2015-03-27", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BTCCCB7H", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Harmful Algal Bloom Characterization at Ultra-High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deon", "lastName": "Van der Merwe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin P.", "lastName": "Price" } ], "abstractNote": "Harmful algal blooms (HABs) degrade water quality and produce toxins. The spatial distribution of HAbs may change rapidly due to variations wind, water currents, and population dynamics. Risk assessments, based on traditional sampling methods, are hampered by the sparseness of water sample data points, and delays between sampling and the availability of results. There is a need for local risk assessment and risk management at the spatial and temporal resolution relevant to local human and animal interactions at specific sites and times. Small, unmanned aircraft systems can gather color-infrared reflectance data at appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions, with full control over data collection timing, and short intervals between data gathering and result availability. Data can be interpreted qualitatively, or by generating a blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI) that is correlated with cyanobacterial biomass densities at the water surface, as estimated using a buoyant packed cell volume (BPCV). Correlations between BNDVI and BPCV follow a logarithmic model, with r2-values under field conditions from 0.77 to 0.87. These methods provide valuable information that is complimentary to risk assessment data derived from traditional risk assessment methods, and could help to improve risk management at the local level.", "publicationTitle": "Toxins", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-3-27", "volume": "7", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1065-1078", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Toxins (Basel)", "DOI": "10.3390/toxins7041065", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417955/", "accessDate": "2015-12-09T18:38:45Z", "PMID": "25826055", "PMCID": "PMC4417955", "ISSN": "2072-6651", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-26T14:57:14Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-26T14:57:14Z" } }, { "key": "M4W4CM35", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/488173/items/M4W4CM35", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/suav/items/M4W4CM35", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 32817, "username": "ericcompas", "name": "Eric Compas", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ericcompas", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bower et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "M4W4CM35", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A method for the temperature calibration of an infrared camera using water as a radiative source", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S M", "lastName": "Bower" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Kou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J R", "lastName": "Saylor" } ], "abstractNote": "Presented here is an effective low-cost method for the temperature calibration of infrared cameras, for applications in the 0-100 degrees C range. The calibration of image gray level intensity to temperature is achieved by imaging an upwelling flow of water, the temperature of which is measured with a thermistor probe. The upwelling flow is created by a diffuser located below the water surface of a constant temperature water bath. The thermistor probe is kept immediately below the surface, and the distance from the diffuser outlet to the surface is adjusted so that the deformation of the water surface on account of the flow is small, yet the difference between the surface temperature seen by the camera and the bulk temperature measured by the thermistor is also small. The benefit of this method compared to typical calibration procedures is that, without sacrificing the quality of the calibration, relatively expensive commercial blackbodies are replaced by water as the radiative source (epsilon approximately 0.98 for the wavelengths considered here). A heat transfer analysis is provided, which improves the accuracy of the calibration method and also provides the user with guidance to further increases in accuracy of the method.", "publicationTitle": "The Review of scientific instruments", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2009", "volume": "80", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "095107", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Rev Sci Instrum", "DOI": "10.1063/1.3213075", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "19791964", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1089-7623", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-26T14:57:14Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-26T14:57:14Z" } }, { "key": "AF78SRQX", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 488173, "name": "SUAV", "links": 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