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            "title": "Protection of Alaska Native Customary and Traditional Hunting and Fishing Rights Through Title Viii of Anilca",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper analyzes the degree to which the administration of Title VIII of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act¹ (ANILCA) of 1980 protects customary and traditional hunting and fishing by Alaska Natives and their tribal communities. A recent Memorandum of Understanding² (MOU) entered into by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the Kuskokwim Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (KRITFC) for co-management of subsistence fisheries will be used as a means to analyze the issue. This paper concludes with suggestions for improving the administration of Title VIII to better secure Alaska Native and Tribal rights for self-determination.",
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            "title": "Toward Multicultural Environmental Education: The Case of the Arab and Ultraorthodox Sectors in Israel",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract: Recent thinking in multicultural education can contribute to environmental education (EE) in culturally diverse societies. This article uses case studies of two minorities in Israel to illustrate the potential for bringing together these two areas of educational research that have developed significantly in recent years. After introducing the topics of EE and multicultural education, we discuss some compelling intersections between them. We then introduce the Arab and ultraorthodox sectors, and describe the ways in which issues of educational contents, representation, resources, and infrastructure affect EE in these sectors. We show how policies and concrete measures for forwarding EE in these groups in a multicultural manner can draw on their specific culture, education systems, and environmental situations.",
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            "extra": "I think that some of the most applicable information of this article can be found in the beginning. It summarizes a lot of theory regarding the mix of multiculturalism and environmental education. It discuses traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), the study of how the understanding of \"environment\" is passed on generationaly This could be applicable if we want to progress with the study of Portland neighborhoods. The bulk of the article focuses on improving environmental pedagogy particularly in multicultural terms and environmental justice. The study of Ultraorthodox and Arab groups in Israel could be helpful if we choose to steer our project towards how to improve elementary environmental education within Portland neighborhoods. However, I think that for now, the most helpful information is the general theory presented in the beginning.",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract: Recent years have witnessed the rapid proliferation and growth of local, national, and transnational environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), national bureaucracies concerned with environmental management, and transnational institutions charged with implementing various forms of global environmental governance. This proliferation and recent theoretical trends within the discipline have contributed to a dramatic upsurge in interest among anthropologists in analyzing this phenomenon. The present discussion is an attempt to take stock of this current research trend within anthropology and to contextualize it within a larger set of topical and theoretical concerns. I examine some of the theoretical and practical sources of our interest in environmentalism and review a series of recent trends in the anthropological analysis of environmental movements, rhetorics, and representations. I also identify a set of other issues that I believe a critically informed anthropology might address in the production of future ethnographic accounts of environmental discourses, movements, and institutions.",
            "publicationTitle": "Current Anthropology",
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            "date": "Jun1999",
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            "pages": "277-309",
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            "extra": "This paper explores the relationship between anthropology and environmentalism, both for what it is currently, and for what it could become. As an anthropologist, he is interested in how anthropology interacts with environmentalism. In this way, he is it \"from the other side.\"He claims that the analysis of disciplines (such as anthropology in this case) is either aimed at creating a more effective way to study, or it is aimed at why we study what we do. He focuses on the latter. This paper may be helpful if we want to delve more deeply into the role of ethnography in environmental studies.",
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            "dateAdded": "2016-03-02T05:43:44Z",
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            "extra": "Looks like this book dives into using theoretical discussion and case-studies to tackle environmental problems throught knolwledge, teaching and research.  Some of the things that are covered are ricks, change, the role of social anc cultural factors within enviornmental policy. Also highlights of hybridity between nature and society when it comes to environmentla issues.",
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            "extra": "-issues that are affecting both developing and developed worlds\n-issues covered: intergenerational equity, priorities amung species, and international justice.\n\npt 1- concepts theories and values\npt 2- applications and issues\nps3- global justice and clobal citizenship",
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            "extra": "CONTENT that might be useful from a glance\n-pt 1 diciplinary approaches: (sociology)\n-pt 2 Concepts: enviro security, ecological modernization\n-pt 3  Issues",
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            "extra": "From the back key terms that stood out:\npeer-reviewed, cultural and mass media studies, emerging issues, qualative and quantative methodologies...\n\nContent that stood out:\n-envro reports as utopian narratives\n-the rhetoric of autobiography in women's environmental narratives\n-a sense of self-in-place\n-non-verbal ways of communication with nature: a cross-case study",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract: Adaptive co-management and Participatory action Research (PaR) promotes social ecological resilience by simultaneously protecting wildlife and its habitat and promoting capacity and motivation for sustainable harvest management by communities. we report here on a case study of learning through a partnership (1994–2009) between science and Traditional ecological knowledge (Tek) to determine the sustainability of titi (sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus) harvests by Rakiura Maori in southern New Zealand. Testimony of Maori elders and titi harvesters (birders), members of the Rakiura Titi islands administering Body, researchers and participants in workshops and meetings were recorded throughout the 14-year research project to identify critical determinants of success of the partnership. a large majority of participants sup- ported the research, mainly because it expanded their knowledge by investigating the reasons for declining bird numbers and the means of ensuring the continu- ation of their muttonbirding heritage. initial concerns about the research included fear that prohibition or quota would be imposed through political pressure from external groups; the intrusion of strangers on the islands; the misconception that the research was being promulgated by government regulatory agencies; and scepticism about research findings. Research also precipitated conflict and division within the Rakiura community, and some birders feared that science might displace matauranga Maori (Tek) of the Rakiura people for guiding harvest manage- ment. Core conditions for community engagement included trust between parties, effective communication of the science, equitable decision making responsibility, and building scientific capability and monetary support to enable meaningful participation. The most fundamental requirement is mutual respect for each party’s knowledge. attention to this inclusive, equitable, slow and prolonged process makes it more likely that the community will uptake results to improve sustainability of harvesting. The research has heightened awareness within the harvesting community of conservation issues facing the titi and of potential options to mitigate them. eradica- tion or control of weka (Gallirallus australis), and reducing titi harvest levels from around a quarter of the manu (family birding territories), are the main practical ways of increasing sustainability, but the magnitude and direction of climate change impacts on the shearwater population remains uncertain.",
            "publicationTitle": "New Zealand Jornal of Zoology",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "Sep2009",
            "volume": "36",
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            "pages": "211-241",
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            "extra": "This paper focuses on the techniques used for effective partnerships between an environmental study and a the local Titi group. This study of seabirds in New Zealand had remarkable support and participation from the titi people. As the abstract mentioned, the authors claim that this relationship was fostered through multiple techniques. While these techniques are too many to mention, I found a common theme of working for the benefit of the people, as opposed to working around them as a barrier to important science. For example, there communication with the Titi included an emphasis of collaboration, stressing the common goal of the birds returning. They also emphasized the opportunity of education among Titi youth, which the people appreciated. Additionally, they encouraged the importance of a community mandate from the titi, as well as personal accountability from the scientists. This paper will likely be helpful if we want to explore the ways in which environmentalists can improve relationships with local people in areas they study.",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract: Reviews three books about ethnography. \"Entangled Edens: Visions of the Amazon,\" by Candace Slater; \"The Trouble With Turtles: Cultural Understandings of the Environment on a Greek Island,\" by Dimitrios Theodossopoulos; \"Rough Waters: Nature and Development in an East African Marine Park,\" by Christine Walley.",
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            "extra": "All three of these books seek to use ethnography to bridge the gap between Environmental NGOs and local groups. Each ethnography explores the local view of \"environment\" and how this view interacts with Envirionmental NGOs in the area. Hetherington describes this as a bottom-up approach, in which information about \"the environment\" is gained through the people closest to it.",
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            "title": "Local perceptions in climage change debates: insights from case studies in teh Alps and Andes.",
            "creators": [
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                    "lastName": "Jurt et al."
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract: The importance of integrating local perspectives into international debates about climate change has received increasing attention. Local perspectives on the impacts of climate change often focus on issues of loss and harm and support the widely recognized need for global responses to climate change as suggested by scientists and international institutions. Here we argue that local perspectives need to be addressed not only from outside communities but also from inside in order to understand people’s responses to climate change: their concerns, their understanding of themselves as members of particular groups and their position in the world, their view on responsibilities for causing climate change, and their perceptions of possible responses. The ethnographic work at two study sites, one in Carhuaz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, and one in Stilfs, South Tyrolean Alps, Italy, identifies dominant perceptions on climate change at each site with a particular focus on glacier retreat. The case studies show that the view on the need for global action as response to climate change is not necessarily shared throughout the world, and thus presents a challenge to global collaboration.",
            "publicationTitle": "Climate Change",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "Dec2015",
            "volume": "133",
            "issue": "3",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "511-523",
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            "extra": "This paper explores the relationship of various people of the Alps to climate change and glacial retreat. It does this by drawing from various ethnographic work. One of the most important points is the emphasis on history as a shaper of the local view of climate change. Additionally, authors stress the variety of relationships people have with the glaciers, and the importance of understanding these relationships. For example, in Carhauz people are incredibly connected to the glaciers beyond economic necessity. Additionally, authors stress the variability in the degree to which different groups accept or deny responsibility. I think the source is EXTREMELY valuable. It is applicable to the idea of integrating ethnography in the environmental science and it explores the various views of environmental problems with one area.",
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            "title": "Equity, Eco-Racism and Environmental History on JSTOR",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Martin V.",
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            "abstractNote": "This journal article talks about the history of environmental inequity and Eco-Racism, discussing things such as how Western environmentalism dominates and is not all-inclusive.",
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            "date": "Autumn, 1995",
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            "extra": "-this source seems valuable because it touches on the how American social history has layed the roots for many racist and white washed institutions, like the environmental movement. \n-it also touches on how the American Society for Environmental History is predominantly white, a statistic that supports the issue we are tackling in our solutions project that many fassetts of the environmental movement are white-centric. \n-the article also cites how women and members of ethnic minorities are incredibly passionate about environmentalism, in history as well as today. Perhaps this is because low income and marginalized groups are often of lesser socio-economic statuses due to inequity and racism. Clearly, our current white-centric environmental movement is not cross culturally, cross ethnically, or cross economically inclusive.",
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            "itemType": "newspaperArticle",
            "title": "A Question of Environmental Racism in Flint - The New York Times",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "John",
                    "lastName": "Eligon"
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            "abstractNote": "This article talks about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan. Residents of Flint had their water contaminated, making it undrinkable. A predominantly black community, little was done in response to this disaster. The article discusses the injustices of envirionmental racism such as this instance.",
            "publicationTitle": "New York Times",
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            "date": "Jan. 21, 2016",
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            "extra": "-the article cites potential reasons for environmental racism, including political power, underscoring how issues related to environmental equity are often intersectional.\n-the article also seems to imply that the water crisis in Flint may not have been an instance of Eco-racism, an interesting idea that I think would be valuable for my group and I to investigate. Why is the water crisis in Flint an issue of race as well as resource equity? Why might some say it is not a race issue? I think understanding different perspectives and the fallacy of a specific issue is really important to make an argument strong, and I think this article may be a great place to begin doing that.",
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            "title": "Ethnic Variation in Environmental Belief and Behavior",
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                    "firstName": "Cassandra Y.",
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                    "firstName": "J. M.",
                    "lastName": "Bowker"
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                    "firstName": "H. Ken",
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            "abstractNote": "We use national-level data to test a modified version of Stern, Dietz, & Guagnano’s causal model of environmental belief and behavior. We focus mainly on ethnic variation in environmental belief, as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), and ethnic variation for four environmental behaviors: environmental reading, household recycling, environmental group joining, and participation in nature-based outdoor recreation. Blacks and foreign-born Latinos were less likely than Whites to score higher on the NEP. Any behavioral differences between Whites and the respective minority groups were expected to diminish with the inclusion of the NEP as an intervening variable in the model between ethnicity and behavior. However, ethnic differences remained stable and strong even when environmental belief was added. Overall, Asian American and U.S.-born Latino environmentalism was most similar to Whites. African American concern and behavior was least similar to White environmentalism. Gender, age, and liberal political orientation were also consistent explicators for both environmental concern and behavior.",
            "publicationTitle": "",
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            "url": "http://eab.sagepub.com/content/36/2/157.short",
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            "extra": "-I think this article looks useful because it discusses how culture influences behavior/belief towards the environment. Since our solutions project is triyng to underscore how important cultural understanding is, thisi article will likely help us explain why, which is that different cultural groups often have different conceptions and relationships to the environment.\n-I also like this article because it talks about a model called the New Ecological Paradigm, a model that is intended to make connections between ethnicity and behavior. Not only does this model support my group's belief that culture and environmentalism to intersect, but it could also be a factor we may include in our solution.",
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            "creatorSummary": "Francis O. Adeola",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Environmentalism and Risk Perception: Empirical Analysis of Black and White Differentials and Convergence - Society & Natural Resources - Volume 17, Issue 10",
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            "abstractNote": "This study employs nationally representative data to assess the similarities and differences between Blacks and Whites on measures of environmentalism and risk attitudes in the United States. Theoretically guided hypotheses were formulated and tested. Discriminant analysis of the General Social Survey (GSS) and International Social Survey Program (ISSP) data was conducted using three major themes or modules of environmentalism and risk aversion. The results indicate that Blacks are as concerned as or even more concerned than Whites in terms of general environmental attitudes. Whites, however, exhibit higher scores relative to Blacks on attitudes toward economic aspects of proenvironmental behavior or behavioral orientations. Blacks are more inclined than Whites to favor increasing government spending on environmental protection and are relatively more concerned about environmental problems. While there are some points of agreement, these racial groups exhibit dissimilar environmentalism and risk avoiding behaviors on several measures. White respondents scored significantly lower on risk perception and attitudes toward technological and environmental risks relative to their Black counterparts. Methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.",
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            "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920490505329",
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            "extra": "-Our solutions project is intended to talk about the ethnocentrism of environmentalism and how it is not an accessible movement for people of different races/cultures/socioeconomic backgrounds, etc. This article seems useful because it provides data that shows blacks are just as interested in environmental issues as whites.\n-The only issue is we don't currently have the ability to view the entire thing! Perhaps we can get Watzek to purchase access to it?",
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            "abstractNote": "The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the attention paid by social scientists to environmental issues, and a gradual acknowledgement, in the wider community, of the role of social science in the public debate on sustainability. At the same time, the concept of `culture', once the property of anthropologists has gained wide currency among social scientist. These trends have taken place against a growing perception, among specialist and public, of the global nature of contemporary issues. This book shows how an understanding of culture can throw light on the way environmental issues are perceived and interpreted, both by local communities and within the contemporary global arena.\nTaking an anthropological approach the book examines the relationship between human culture and human ecology, and considers how a cultural approach to the study of environmental issues differs from other established approaches in social science. This book adds significantly to our understanding of environmentalism as a contemporary phenomenon, by demonstrating the distinctive contribution of social and cultural anthropology to the environmental debate. It will be of particular interest to students and researchers in the fields of social science and the environment.",
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            "extra": "-One reason I think this source is valuable is because it talks about how understanding culture can actually strengthen the environmnetal movement.\n-By promoting a cultural perspective to understand human ecology, there is likely a lot of information we can use to support our solution that a strong understanding of culture is necessary in order to have an inclusive environmental movement.",
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            "abstractNote": "By equating environmentalism exclusively with affluence, scholars seem to posit an evolutionary sequence- of poor societies becoming prosperous before they can find green movements in their midst. But as Steven Brechin and Willett Kempton not,'the conventional wisdom- that the citzens of developing countries do not or cannot care about the environment - has been broadly accepted by Western publics and the dipolmatic community, with theoretical backing from the post materailist thesis  but with little date from those developing countries.'\n    The consensus that Silent Spring begat the modern environmental movement might be allowed to stand; but the consensus that the societies of the Third World are too poor to be green shall not go undisputed. By bringing in 'data from those developing countries,' this chapter suggests that there does in fact exist a vibrant and growing environmental constituency in socieites such as Brazil, India, and Thailand, countries far-flung and richly varied among themselves but united nonetheless by the poverty of the masses of their peoples.",
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            "extra": "-Environmentalism of the poor combines a concern for the enviroment as well as a concern with ensuring social justice, emphasizing the interconnectedness of social and enviromental issues. \n-Economic degradation intesifies economic deprivation, sparking in individuals the sense of moral urgency. \n-Women play a big role in environmentalism of the poor.  As a Velezuelan feminist writes \"' today all women's groups are environmentalist regardless of whether they know what the environment means,'\" exemplfying that individual's do not need to follow western notions of environmentalism but rather they can be mobilized in their own way.",
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            "extra": "Columbia Slough, located in North Portland, has been contaminated by millions of gallons of Portland's raw sewage and by surrounding industries. These contaminates are primarly affecting minority  communities, who are unable to properly fight back due to economic vulnerability, residential restrictions and a lack of political organization.",
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            "title": "Civic Environmentalism in the City",
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            "abstractNote": "This guest column is a summary of remarks by Professor William Shutkin delievered at the Civic Environmentalism Working Group Conference in Portland, Maine, Aug. 17-19. He is lecturer in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Adjunct Professor of Law at Boston College Law School. Also, he is author of The Land That Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century.",
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            "extra": "-Civic environmentalism is a reaction to the lack of environmental quality in urban settings.\n-Civic environmentalism enables stakeholders and residents to become key players in protecting their surroundings.\n-Civic environmentalism transgresses invisible  cultural, racial or ethnic borders by blending together economic and ecological goals.",
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            "abstractNote": "Such is the ubiquity of environmentalism as a significant community experience throughout the world that most anthropologists will nowadays find themselves attending to the concerns their respondents have for the environments which surround and sustain them. In this article, we take stock of some of the issues addressed, and the achievements realized, by environmental anthropology to date. First, we emphasize that there is already a literature which stands as testament to the variety of environmental issues - water, whales and the weather, for instance - on which anthropologists have original insights to offer. Second, we argue that an important anthropological focus is on how ordinary people think and talk about their environments, especially when faced with external forces that have to be responded to in innovative and creative ways in order to be effective. It is not the view from above or below, but the view from within environments that matters most in local settings, which anthropologists have been concerned to unravel. Third, we emphasize that the Asia Pacific region constitutes an exceptionally rich field for anthropological research. Studies already carried out in places as diverse as Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands, the Philippines, Indonesia, Chile and the Torres Strait make categorically clear that local and regional environmental concerns and conflicts are influenced by history, religion, Indigeneity, ethnicity, gender and other considerations that deserve critical anthropological enquiry. It is a crucial message that is endorsed and amplified by our fellow contributors in this special issue.",
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            "extra": "-Anthropological studies highlight the interconnectedness of society and nature.  Allowing them to challenge enthocentric assumptions about various binary categories, such as : nature/culture, human/non-human and native/alien. \n- They interpret Climate change as a \"'threat multiplier'\" that exacerbates existing social, economic, political and environmental issues. \n- Analyzing the interactions between various actors, such as:  families,  farmers, mothers, miners and  fishermen, allows anthropologists to highlight how every day interaction and cultural practices shape how environmental issues are approached.",
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            "abstractNote": "Grassroots environmental movements following Gandhian nonviolent tradition are expanding in India. These movements differ from the ones in the West in that they are concerned with both environmental preservation and issues of economic equity and social justice. The Chipko movement in the Himalaya, Save the Narmada movement in central India, and the Silent Valley movement in the Malabar region of southern India are discussed as examples.",
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            "extra": "-Grassroots environmental movements, such as the ones arising in Japan, Malaysia, the Philiphines, Indonesia, and Thailand, have sparked new political movements that are focused on aiding poor and marginalized individuals. \n-These movements have developed microaction plans to protect/prevent the exploitation of  scarce resources as well as have provided macroconcepts for ecological developement in the future. \n- The beneficiaries  of developement and over exploitation are often not the people they directly affect. For example elites, tourists and entrepreneurs get to reap the benefits, while locals are not even employed in the enterprises brought to the region by this development.",
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