[ { "key": "8DTFSPRQ", "version": 6854, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/8DTFSPRQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/8DTFSPRQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 25785, "username": "pjfried", "name": "Peter J Fried", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pjfried", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stewart et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8DTFSPRQ", "version": 6854, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Stewart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Ellison" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V", "lastName": "Walsh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Cowey" } ], "abstractNote": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be conceptualized as a virtual lesion technique, capable of disrupting organized cortical activity, transiently and reversibly. The technique combines good spatial and temporal resolution and, moreover, because it represents an interference technique, can be said to have excellent functional resolution. The following is a review and discussion of the contribution which TMS has made to the study of vision, attention, development and plasticity and speech and language.", "publicationTitle": "Acta Psychologica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2001", "volume": "107", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "275-291", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Acta Psychol (Amst)", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11388139", "accessDate": "2009-06-16T21:47:43Z", "PMID": "11388139", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-6918", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Frontal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parietal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perceptual Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skull", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Temporal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vision, Ocular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Cortex", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "JNUEWTIE", "version": 6854, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/JNUEWTIE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/JNUEWTIE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 25785, "username": "pjfried", "name": "Peter J Fried", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pjfried", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kammer and Beck", "parsedDate": "2002-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JNUEWTIE", "version": 6854, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Phosphene thresholds evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation are insensitive to short-lasting variations in ambient light", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Kammer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra", "lastName": "Beck" } ], "abstractNote": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the occipital pole is able to induce the perception of light flashes called phosphenes. For phosphene detection and threshold measurement subjects are usually blindfolded or investigated in the dark. The question that we posed here is whether phosphene thresholds change with variations in ambient light. In six subjects we measured thresholds under four different conditions: closed eyes (5 min adaptation) and 0.5, 100, and 3,200 cd/m(2) background illumination. No systematic change in phosphene thresholds was observed with different lighting conditions. In three subjects we repeated the measurements after one week and again found similar values with no systematic modulation. Our data show that cortical excitability does not change with different light adaptation levels. This confirms that the main adaptation to light takes place at subcortical levels, namely at the retina. The practical conclusion is that it is unnecessary to blindfold subjects when determining phosphene thresholds.", "publicationTitle": "Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 2002", "volume": "145", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "407-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Exp Brain Res", "DOI": "10.1007/s00221-002-1160-3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12136391", "accessDate": "2009-04-16T18:25:00Z", "PMID": "12136391", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0014-4819", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Ocular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electric Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Light", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phosphenes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photic Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reproducibility of Results", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Thresholds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "XPQJSDBS", "version": 6854, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/XPQJSDBS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/XPQJSDBS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 25785, "username": "pjfried", "name": "Peter J Fried", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pjfried", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hotson and Anand", "parsedDate": "1999-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XPQJSDBS", "version": 6854, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J R", "lastName": "Hotson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Anand" } ], "abstractNote": "An extrastriate visual area near the human temporo parieto occipital junction (TPO) may selectively mediate motion processing, while contributing little to the perception of color or form. This TPO area may be the human analogue of the monkey middle temporal (MT or V5) and medial superior temporal (MST) extrastriate visual areas. The selectivity of the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on motion processing was unknown, as was the timecourse of occipital to TPO motion processing. In the first experiment, unilateral TMS was delivered over TPO 50-250 ms after the onset of a random dot motion discrimination display that was presented in the right or left hemifield. TMS reduced the correct discrimination of motion direction only when it was delivered in a discrete time window 100-175 ms following the onset of the display. TMS did not significantly affect hemifield spatial acuity in the same time window. In the second experiment, bilateral TMS delivered over occipital cortex also degraded the discrimination of motion-defined form (MDF) in a discrete time window following the onset of a display presented foveally. Bilateral focal TMS delivered over TPO disrupted the discrimination of MDF in a time window beginning 20-40 ms later than the effect of TMS delivered over occipital cortex. Bilateral focal TMS delivered over TPO also degraded the discrimination of color-defined form, motion direction and color. TMS can trace the timing of visual processing from occipital to extrastriate visual areas.", "publicationTitle": "Neuropsychologia", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 1999", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "169-179", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuropsychologia", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10080374", "accessDate": "2009-06-16T21:47:06Z", "PMID": "10080374", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-3932", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Color Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electromagnetic Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motion perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Occipital Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parietal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Space Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Temporal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "3F7XX7U2", "version": 6852, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/3F7XX7U2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/3F7XX7U2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": 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"creatorSummary": "Silvanto and Pascual-Leone", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "S2I5X8RV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Juha", "lastName": "Silvanto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alvaro", "lastName": "Pascual-Leone" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Brain Topography", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "21", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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I. the Psychophysics of Visual Suppression", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Kammer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Puls" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Strasburger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. J.", "lastName": "Hill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F. A.", "lastName": "Wichmann" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Experimental Brain Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "160", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "118-128", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "QN37H8EP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/QN37H8EP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/QN37H8EP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kammer", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QN37H8EP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Kammer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Neuropsychologia", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "191-198", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "QXC2J8V2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/QXC2J8V2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/QXC2J8V2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gothe et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QXC2J8V2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Janna", "lastName": "Gothe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephan A.", "lastName": "Brandt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kerstin", "lastName": "Irlbacher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simone", "lastName": "Röricht" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bernhard A.", "lastName": "Sabel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bernd-Ulrich", "lastName": "Meyer" } ], "abstractNote": "Any attempt to restore visual functions in blind subjects with pregeniculate lesions provokes the question of the extent to which deafferented visual cortex is still able to generate conscious visual experience. As a simple approach to assessing activation of the visual cortex, subjects can be asked to report conscious subjective light sensations (phosphenes) elicited by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the occiput. We hypothesized that such induction of phosphenes can be used as an indicator of residual function of the visual cortex and studied 35 registered blind subjects after partial or complete long-term (>10 years) deafferentation of the visual cortex due to pregeniculate lesions. TMS was applied over the visual cortex in 10 blind subjects with some residual vision (visual acuity <20/400; Group 1), 15 blind subjects with very poor residual vision (only perception of movement or light; Group 2), 10 blind subjects without any residual vision (Group 3) and 10 healthy controls. A stimulation mapping procedure was performed on a 1 x 1 cm skull surface grid with 130 stimulation points overlying the occipital skull. We analysed the occurrence of phosphenes at each stimulation point with regard to frequency and location of phosphenes in the visual field. Previous experiments have shown that repetitive TMS reliably elicits brief flashes of white or coloured patches of light. Therefore, stimulation was performed with short trains of seven consecutive 15 Hz stimuli applied with an intensity of 1.3 times the motor threshold. Under such conditions, phosphenes occurred in 100% of subjects in Group 1, in 60% of Group 2 and in 20% of Group 3. Phosphene thresholds were normal, but the number of effective stimulation sites was significantly reduced in Groups 2 and 3. The results indicate that in blind subjects there is alteration in TMS-induced activation of the deafferented visual cortex or processes engaged in bringing the artificial cortex input to consciousness. The ability to elicit phosphenes is reduced in subjects with a high degree of visual deafferentation, especially in those without previous visual experience.", "publicationTitle": "Brain", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 2002", "volume": "125", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "479-490", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/brain/awf045", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/125/3/479", "accessDate": "2009-06-23T23:29:08Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "HighWire", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } }, { "key": "PZNGIUIN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4879, "name": "Cerebral Dynamics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4879/items/PZNGIUIN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/cerebral_dynamics/items/PZNGIUIN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17991, "username": "selkin", "name": "Seth Elkin-Frankston", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/selkin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bjoertomt et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-09-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "PZNGIUIN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Spatial neglect in near and far space investigated by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Otto", "lastName": "Bjoertomt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Cowey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V", "lastName": "Walsh" } ], "abstractNote": "Localized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to disrupt visuospatial perception in the near and far space of six healthy volunteer subjects. In addition to the baseline condition, they were stimulated over the right posterior parietal cortex, the right or left dorsal occipital cortex or the right ventral occipital cortex, during the brief presentation of a transected horizontal line. Subjects had to indicate whether the part of the line to the left or right of the transection appeared longer. The stimulus display was back-projected on a screen at a viewing distance of either 50 or 150 cm ( near' and far' space, respectively). Reaction times and choices were measured. In a forced-choice paradigm, subjects showed pseudoneglect', the natural tendency of neurologically intact subjects to perceive the left side of a centrally transected line as slightly longer than the right. These errors occurred more for lines in near space than for lines in far space. Magnetic stimulation of the right posterior parietal cortex or the right ventral occipital lobe selectively induced a significant shift to the right in the perceived midpoint for near- and far-space lines, respectively. The results reproduced in normal subjects the dissociation between neglect in near and far space that has been described in patients with different right-hemisphere lesions. This dissociation supports the contention that there is a dorsal/near space-ventral/far space segregation of processing in the visual system which reflects the behavioural goals of the two putative visual streams.", "publicationTitle": "Brain", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2002", "volume": "125", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2012-2022", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/brain/awf211", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/125/9/2012", "accessDate": "2009-04-16T15:05:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "HighWire", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-12T05:06:02Z" } } ]