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            "title": "Geographical and temporal variations in the prevalence of mental disorders in suicide: Systematic review and meta-analysis",
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                    "firstName": "Seo-Eun",
                    "lastName": "Cho"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kyoung-Sae",
                    "lastName": "Na"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Seung-Gul",
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            "abstractNote": "Background\nIn contrast to the previous studies reporting that most suicides occur among people with mental disorders, recent studies have reported various rates of mental disorders in suicide in different geographical regions. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the factors influencing the variation in the prevalence of mental disorders reported among suicide victims.\nMethod\nThe authors searched Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify psychological autopsy studies reporting the prevalence of any mental disorders among suicide victims. A meta-regression analysis was conducted to identify the potential effects of geographical regions, the year of publication, measurements of personality disorder, measurements of comorbidity, and the ratio of females on the prevalence of mental disorders in addition to examining the heterogeneity across studies.\nResults\nFrom 4475 potentially relevant studies, 48 studies met eligibility criteria, with 6626 suicide victims. The studies from East Asia had a significantly lower mean prevalence (69.6% [95% CI=56.8 to 80.0]) than those in North America (88.2% [95% CI=79.7–93.5]) and South Asia (90.4% [95% CI=71.8–97.2]). The prevalence of any mental disorder decreased according to the year of publication (coefficients=−0.0715, p&lt;0.001).\nLimitations\nSubstantial heterogeneities were identified within all subgroup analyses.\nConclusions\nThe prevalence of mental disorders among suicide cases seemed relatively low in the East Asia region, and recently published studies tended to report a lower prevalence of mental disorders. The link between the risk factors and suicide in the absence of a mental disorder should be examined in different geographical and sociocultural contexts.",
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                    "lastName": "Won"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Maurizio",
                    "lastName": "Fava"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David",
                    "lastName": "Mischoulon"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Maren",
                    "lastName": "Nyer"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Doh Kwan",
                    "lastName": "Kim"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Jung-Yoon",
                    "lastName": "Heo"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Hong Jin",
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            "abstractNote": "The annual suicide rate in South Korea is the highest among the developed countries. Paraquat is a highly lethal herbicide, commonly used in South Korea as a means for suicide. We have studied the effect of the 2011 paraquat prohibition on the national suicide rate and method of suicide in South Korea. We obtained the monthly suicide rate from 2005 to 2013 in South Korea. In our analyses, we adjusted for the effects of celebrity suicides, and economic, meteorological, and seasonal factors on suicide rate. We employed change point analysis to determine the effect of paraquat prohibition on suicide rate over time, and the results were verified by structural change analysis, an alternative statistical method. After the paraquat prohibition period in South Korea, there was a significant reduction in the total suicide rate and suicide rate by poisoning with herbicides or fungicides in all age groups and in both genders. The estimated suicide rates during this period decreased by 10.0% and 46.1% for total suicides and suicides by poisoning of herbicides or fungicides, respectively. In addition, method substitution effect of paraquat prohibition was found in suicide by poisoning by carbon monoxide, which did not exceed the reduction in the suicide rate of poisoning with herbicides or fungicides. In South Korea, paraquat prohibition led to a lower rate of suicide by paraquat poisoning, as well as a reduction in the overall suicide rate. Paraquat prohibition should be considered as a national suicide prevention strategy in developing and developed countries alongside careful observation for method substitution effects.",
            "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "June 2015",
            "volume": "10",
            "issue": "6",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1-10",
            "series": "",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "FUNGICIDES -- Physiological effect",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "HERBICIDES -- Physiological effect",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "KOREA (South)",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "PARAQUAT",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Research Article",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "SUICIDE prevention",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "SUICIDE statistics",
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            "dateAdded": "2016-02-23T18:55:54Z",
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            "title": "Suicide and Ambient Temperature in East Asian Countries: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Analysis",
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                    "firstName": "Yoonhee",
                    "lastName": "Kim"
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                    "lastName": "Kim"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kristie L.",
                    "lastName": "Ebi"
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            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: A limited number of studies suggest that ambient temperature contributes to suicide; these studies typically focus on a single nation and use temporally and spatially aggregated data. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between ambient temperature and suicide in multiple cities in three East Asian countries. METHODS: A time-stratified case-crossover method was used to explore the relationship between temperature and suicide, adjusting for potential time-varying confounders and time-invariant individual characteristics. Sex- and age-specific associations of temperature with suicide were estimated, as were interactions between temperature and these variables. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate country-specific pooled associations of temperature with suicide. RESULTS: An increase in temperature corresponding to half of the city-specific standard deviation was positively associated with suicide in most cities, although average suicide rates varied substantially. Pooled country-level effect estimates were 7.8% (95% CI: 5.0, 10.8%) for a 2.3°C increase in ambient temperature in Taiwan, 6.8% (95% CI: 5.4, 8.2%) for a 4.7°C increase in Korea, and 4.5% (95% CI: 3.3, 5.7%) for a 4.2°C increase in Japan. The association between temperature and suicide was significant even after adjusting for sunshine duration; the association between sunshine and suicide was not significant. The associations were greater among men than women in 12 of the 15 cities although not significantly so. There was little evidence of a consistent pattern of associations with age. In general, associations were strongest with temperature on the same day or the previous day, with little evidence of associations with temperature over longer lags (up to 5 days). CONCLUSIONS: We estimated consistent positive associations between suicide and elevated ambient temperature in three East Asian countries, regardless of country, sex, and age.",
            "publicationTitle": "Environmental Health Perspectives",
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            "title": "Was the economic crisis 1997-1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time-trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand",
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            "abstractNote": "In 1997-1998 a widespread economic crisis hit the economies of many East/Southeast Asian countries; its impact on suicide rates across the region has not been systematically documented. We investigated the impact of the Asian economic crisis (1997-1998) on suicide in Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Suicide and population data for the period 1985-2006 were extracted from the World Health Organisation's mortality database and Taiwanese mortality statistics. Sex-specific age-standardised suicide rates for people aged 15years or above were analysed using joinpoint regression. Trends in divorce, marriage, unemployment, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and alcohol consumption were compared with trends in suicide rates graphically and using time-series analysis. Suicide mortality decreased in the late 1980s and early 1990s but subsequently increased markedly in all countries except Singapore, which had steadily declining suicide rates throughout the study period. Compared to 1997, male rates in 1998 rose by 39% in Japan, 44% in Hong Kong and 45% in Korea; rises in female rates were less marked. Male rates also rose in Thailand, but accurate data were incomplete. The economic crisis was associated with 10,400 more suicides in 1998 compared to 1997 in Japan, Hong Kong and Korea. Similar increases in suicide rates were not seen in Taiwan and Singapore, the two countries where the economic crisis had a smaller impact on GDP and unemployment. Time-series analyses indicated that some of the crisis's impact on male suicides was attributable to increases in unemployment. These findings suggest an association of the Asian economic crisis with a sharp increase in suicide mortality in some, but not all, East/Southeast Asian countries, and that these increases were most closely associated with rises in unemployment.",
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                    "type": 1
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