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Contents

", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Keerthipriya et al. - 2021 - Effects of Male Age and Female Presence on Male As.pdf", "md5": "61780bb5771f877cc8655890f18f7abc", "mtime": 1625901888000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-07-10T07:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2021-07-10T07:24:49Z" } }, { "key": "XXZPQJZS", "version": 1010, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/XXZPQJZS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/XXZPQJZS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Keerthipriya et al.", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XXZPQJZS", "version": 1010, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of Male Age and Female Presence on Male Associations in a Large, Polygynous Mammal in Southern India: The Asian Elephant", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Keerthipriya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Nandini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. N. C.", "lastName": "Vidya" } ], "abstractNote": "We present a detailed study of male associations in the Asian elephant, using six years of data on identified, nonmusth males. Adult males spent greater proportions of their time solitarily than in mixed-sex or in all-male groups. Old (over 30 years) males were sighted more frequently with their age-peers and less frequently with young (15-30 years) males than expected at random in all-male groups. Young males were not sighted more frequently with old males than with young males, and did not disproportionately initiate associations with old males. These results suggest that male associations, in the absence of females, may allow for old nonmusth males to test strengths against age-peers. Social learning from older individuals did not seem to be important in male associations, unlike that observed in the African savannah elephant. We also found a constraint on the sizes of all-male groups, similar to that seen in female groups in our study population, and all-male groups were rarer and smaller than those in African savannah elephants. Although male associations were weak, most males had a significant top associate, with whom their association was the strongest, in female absence. In mixed-sex groups, male associations occurred at random, suggesting that males were tracking female groups independently. Differences in male social organisation from that of the related African savannah elephant that occupies a similar niche possibly arise from differences in ecology.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021", "volume": "9", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Front. Ecol. Evol.", "DOI": "10.3389/fevo.2021.616666", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.616666/full", "accessDate": "2021-07-10T07:24:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2296-701X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Effects of Male Age and Female Presence on Male Associations in a Large, Polygynous Mammal in Southern India", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Frontiers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: Frontiers", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Association networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kabini Elephant Project", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male age", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "male associations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "testing-strengths hypothesis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-07-10T07:24:40Z", "dateModified": "2021-07-10T07:24:40Z" } }, { "key": "GEJ97L47", "version": 1010, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GEJ97L47", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/GEJ97L47", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fernando", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GEJ97L47", "version": 1010, "itemType": "report", "title": "Asian Elephants and the Concept of Carrying Capacity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Prithiviraj", "lastName": "Fernando" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "Unpublished Report", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "4", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ccrsl.org/userobjects/2811_2555_Report-CarryingCapacity.pdf", "accessDate": "2021-02-01", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Zotero", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-01T06:51:43Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-01T06:52:18Z" } }, { "key": "QVYEQWHV", "version": 1012, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/QVYEQWHV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/QVYEQWHV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GEJ97L47", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QVYEQWHV", "version": 1012, "parentItem": "GEJ97L47", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Fernando - Asian Elephants and the Concept of Carrying Capaci.pdf", "accessDate": "2021-02-01T06:51:41Z", "url": "http://www.ccrsl.org/userobjects/2811_2555_Report-CarryingCapacity.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fernando - Asian Elephants and the Concept of Carrying Capaci.pdf", "md5": "e140c6732247296ab187919359ac962e", "mtime": 1612162304000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-01T06:51:41Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-01T06:51:44Z" } }, { "key": "VZUMSXHK", "version": 1013, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/VZUMSXHK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/VZUMSXHK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/HUPC95Z8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VZUMSXHK", "version": 1013, "parentItem": "HUPC95Z8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Hedges et al. - 2008 - Range-wide mapping workshop for Asian elephants (E.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "

Contents

", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Hedges et al. - 2008 - Range-wide mapping workshop for Asian elephants (E.pdf", "md5": "167f2f895093a12a805b18185d8c8a25", "mtime": 1611998890000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-30T09:28:10Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-30T09:28:11Z" } }, { "key": "HUPC95Z8", "version": 1010, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/HUPC95Z8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/HUPC95Z8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hedges et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HUPC95Z8", "version": 1010, "itemType": "report", "title": "Range-wide mapping workshop for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), Cambodia, October 2008", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Hedges" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kim", "lastName": "Fisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Rose" } ], "abstractNote": "Two back-to-back Asian Elephant conservation workshops were held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, October 20–24th, 2008. The first workshop, which was coordinated by WCS and funded by WCS and the USFWS/AsECF, is the subject of this report and focused on a range- wide status review and population assessment, during which all Asian Elephant populations were mapped and a core (or high priority) set of populations for conservation action was identified using primarily biological criteria. The second workshop, which was coordinated by the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG) (and funded by the AsESG, WWF/AREAS, and WCS) took these “where to save the species” data and used them to inform a conservation strategy for Asian Elephants throughout their range (i.e. “how to save the species”). The process used at both workshops was designed to be fully participatory and representatives from all 13 Asian Elephant range States attended the workshops, as did other elephant conservationists from outside these States.\nDuring the first workshop, the participants reviewed the existing maps and data, mapped and characterized known populations of Asian Elephants, as well as areas that may sustain populations but where recent survey data are lacking. During the mapping process the elephant’s range was categorized into Confirmed, Possible, and Recoverable areas (polygons). The participants also identified land which may act as linkages between known populations, and areas where the species might be restored in future. Finally, the participants selected a core set of elephant populations based on biological criteria that would meet a largely biological definition of what it will take to “save Asian Elephants” (see “Developing a synthetic spatially explicit biological vision for saving Asian Elephants” below).\nThe workshop participants agreed that the following values should inform a 100-year Asia-wide vision for Asian Elephant conservation: representation across ecological and genetic “settings”; resiliency and functionality; replication to avoid catastrophic loss; and human needs and aspirations. In discussions about how to turn the agreed vision components (i.e. the “values” listed above) into an operational version of the Vision, a key point was the question of how to best incorporate replication across the different habitat types (ecological “settings”) occupied by Asian Elephants. The participants agreed to use the WWF Global 200 Ecoregions/Biomes as a practical classification of habitat types. The workshop participants also agreed to recognize three subspecies: the Asian mainland plus Sri Lanka (Elephas maximus indicus), Sumatra (E. m. sumatranus), and Borneo (E. m. subsp.), notwithstanding the doubts expressed recently by Cranbrook et al. about the origin of the putative Bornean subspecies.\nThe data compiled during the first of the two back-to-back workshops was used to identify which elephant population populations would be selected if the following rules were adopted:\n Include at least 1 population in every range State (a political, not biological value);\n Include all subspecies;\n Include all populations known or suspected to contain >100 elephants per Global 200\nEcoregion/Biome (or include the 2 largest populations if none >100);\n Include at least 2 populations per Global 200 Ecoregion/Biome;\n Include all Confirmed Range polygons that are contiguous to the polygons selected using\nthe above rules.\n3\nUsing these rules the elephant populations listed in Table 1 and shown in Figures 1–8 were identified. In summary, the rules (which are an attempt to help define what the Vision Statement means in practical operational terms) give a set of populations that:\n Encompass 53 populations (Table 1);\n Represent 50.3% of the current Confirmed, Possible, and Recoverable range of Asian\nElephants (Table 2);\n Represent (very) approximately 75% of the global population of Asian Elephants;\n Represent 22 different ecological settings (Global 200 Ecoregions/“Biomes”), which are\nall those currently occupied by Asian Elephants (Figure 2; Table 2);\n Include – by definition – all 13 Range States and all three subspecies (Sumatra, Borneo,\nand mainland Asia + Sri Lanka; Table 3).\nThese populations can be thought of as a core, or minimum, set of populations that will need to be conserved if we are to be able to say that we have fulfilled the biological components of the Vision Statement.\nThe data compiled at the workshop and the subsequent analyses paint a rather dire picture of the status of Asian Elephants. The 878,639 km2 that represents the sum of all the Confirmed, Possible, and Recoverable range polygons combined represents only 10.2% of the 8,613,003 km2 historical range for the species. Thus almost 90% of the species’ historical range has been lost. Only 29.1% of the entire range (Confirmed, Possible, and Recoverable categories) is within protected areas (PAs) as defined by IUCN (Table 4).\nIn earlier work, Sukumar estimated the minimum viable area for long-term conservation of an elephant population (defined as 500 breeding individuals, a 1:5 male:female sex ratio, and a density of 0.5 elephants/km2) to be 4,400 km2. Notwithstanding the acknowledged difficulties of estimating minimum viable population areas, only 20 of the 53 core populations identified during the workshop have areas larger than this minimum and 7 of these are transnational populations (which brings both opportunities and challenges for management; Table 5).\nIn terms of elephant numbers, with a small number exceptions discussed in the report, all we really know about the status of Asian Elephants is the location of some (probably most) populations. The conservation community still has very little idea about the size (and almost no formal measure of the trend) of most elephant populations, including the great majority of the core populations identified during the October 2008 workshop. Thus the oft-repeated global population ‘estimate’ of about 30,000 to 40,000 or 50,000 Asian Elephants is in reality no more than a crude guess, which has been accepted more or less unchanged for a quarter of a century despite major loss of elephant habitat over this period. Indeed, for a large part of the species’ range we do not even know where the populations are, or indeed if they are still extant, and this is clearly shown by the large areas of Possible Range identified during the workshop. This problem is most acute in the following ecological settings (“Biomes”): Kayah-Karen/Tenasserim moist forests; Naga-Manapuri-Chin Hills moist forests; North Indochina subtropical moist forests; Tropical & Subtropical Moist Forests; Tropical Moist Deciduous & Semi-Evergreen Forests; and in the following Range States, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Cambodia. All these areas are therefore priorities for surveys. In addition, another high priority is to assess through surveys whether those areas of Possible Range and Recoverable Range apparently forming links between Confirmed Range polygons do in fact still constitute elephant habitat because if they do they will help reduce the fragmented nature of much of the species’ range (especially that in Thailand and Indochina).", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "WCS", "place": "", "date": "2008", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-01-30T09:28:10Z", "dateModified": "2021-01-30T09:28:10Z" } }, { "key": "MFK9LDZ6", "version": 1008, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/MFK9LDZ6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/MFK9LDZ6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/FHYS6EQ3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MFK9LDZ6", "version": 1008, "parentItem": "FHYS6EQ3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Chapman et al. - 2019 - Asian elephants exhibit post-reproductive lifespan.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-10-30T08:44:06Z", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs12862-019-1513-1.pdf", "note": "

Contents

", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Chapman et al. - 2019 - Asian elephants exhibit post-reproductive lifespan.pdf", "md5": "404b7def097d21feec5e693679da3c6d", "mtime": 1572425046000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-10-30T08:44:06Z", "dateModified": "2019-10-30T08:44:08Z" } }, { "key": "FHYS6EQ3", "version": 1007, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/FHYS6EQ3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/FHYS6EQ3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chapman et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-10-21", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FHYS6EQ3", "version": 1007, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Asian elephants exhibit post-reproductive lifespans", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon N.", "lastName": "Chapman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Win", "lastName": "Htut" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Virpi", "lastName": "Lummaa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mirkka", "lastName": "Lahdenperä" } ], "abstractNote": "BackgroundThe existence of extended post-reproductive lifespan is an evolutionary puzzle, and its taxonomic prevalence is debated. One way of measuring post-reproductive life is with post-reproductive representation, the proportion of adult years lived by females after cessation of reproduction. Analyses of post-reproductive representation in mammals have claimed that only humans and some toothed whale species exhibit extended post-reproductive life, but there are suggestions of a post-reproductive stage for false killer whales and Asian elephants. Here, we investigate the presence of post-reproductive lifespan in Asian elephants using an extended demographic dataset collected from semi-captive timber elephants in Myanmar. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of post-reproductive representation values to availability of long-term data over 50 years.ResultsWe find support for the presence of an extended post-reproductive stage in Asian elephants, and that post-reproductive representation and its underlying demographic rates depend on the length of study period in a long-lived animal.ConclusionsThe extended post-reproductive lifespan is unlikely due to physiological reproductive cessation, and may instead be driven by mating preferences or condition-dependent fertility. Our results also show that it is crucial to revisit such population measures in long-lived species as more data is collected, and if the typical lifespan of the species exceeds the initial study period.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Evolutionary Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019-10-21", "volume": "19", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "193", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Evol Biol", "DOI": "10.1186/s12862-019-1513-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1513-1", "accessDate": "2019-10-30T08:43:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-2148", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Demography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fertility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Long-term data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Post-reproductive life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reproductive cessation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-10-30T08:43:48Z", "dateModified": "2019-10-30T08:43:48Z" } }, { "key": "GWSJ7V72", "version": 1006, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GWSJ7V72", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/GWSJ7V72", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lahdenperä et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-10-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GWSJ7V72", "version": 1006, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Capture from the wild has long-term costs on reproductive success in Asian elephants", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mirkka", "lastName": "Lahdenperä" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Win", "lastName": "Htut" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Virpi", "lastName": "Lummaa" } ], "abstractNote": "Capturing wild animals is common for conservation, economic or research purposes. Understanding how capture itself affects lifetime fitness measures is often difficult because wild and captive populations live in very different environments and there is a need for long-term life-history data. Here, we show how wild capture influences reproduction in 2685 female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) used in the timber industry in Myanmar. Wild-caught females demonstrated a consistent reduction in breeding success relative to captive-born females, with significantly lower lifetime reproduction probabilities, lower breeding probabilities at peak reproductive ages and a later age of first reproduction. Furthermore, these negative effects lasted for over a decade, and there was a significant influence on the next generation: wild-caught females had calves with reduced survival to age 5. Our results suggest that wild capture has long-term consequences for reproduction, which is important not only for elephants, but also for other species in captivity.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 9, 2019", "volume": "286", "issue": "1912", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "20191584", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "DOI": "10.1098/rspb.2019.1584", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.2019.1584", "accessDate": "2019-10-30T08:27:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "royalsocietypublishing.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-10-30T08:27:07Z", "dateModified": "2019-10-30T08:27:07Z" } }, { "key": "LR9QL5E2", "version": 1003, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/LR9QL5E2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/LR9QL5E2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/J792BK3Z", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LR9QL5E2", "version": 1003, "parentItem": "J792BK3Z", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Lohay - 2019 - Elephants without borders historical and contemp.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-09-29T07:06:42Z", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George_Lohay/publication/335753405_Elephants_without_borders_historical_and_contemporary_genetic_connectivity_in_Tanzania/links/5d794937299bf1cb809970de/Elephants-without-borders-historical-and-contemporary-genetic-connectivity-in-Tanzania.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Lohay - 2019 - Elephants without borders historical and contemp.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-09-29T07:06:42Z", "dateModified": "2019-09-29T07:07:34Z" } }, { "key": "5E57NVNG", "version": 1001, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/5E57NVNG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/5E57NVNG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/TQQYCX5L", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5E57NVNG", "version": 1001, "parentItem": "TQQYCX5L", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Sharma et al. - 2019 - Behavioural responses of free-ranging Asian elepha.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sharma et al. - 2019 - Behavioural responses of free-ranging Asian elepha.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-09-29T07:04:56Z", "dateModified": "2019-09-29T07:04:56Z" } }, { "key": "TQQYCX5L", "version": 1001, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/TQQYCX5L", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/TQQYCX5L", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sharma et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-08-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TQQYCX5L", "version": 1001, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Behavioural responses of free-ranging Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) towards dying and dead conspecifics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nachiketha", "lastName": "Sharma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sanjeeta Sharma", "lastName": "Pokharel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shiro", "lastName": "Kohshima" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Raman", "lastName": "Sukumar" } ], "abstractNote": "Reactions to dying and dead conspecifics have been observed in many non-human animals. Elephants, particularly African elephants, are thought to have an awareness of the death of their conspecifics, as they show compassionate behaviour towards others in distress. However, there is a paucity of scientific documentation on thanatological responses displayed by Asian elephants. Here, we report three detailed, directly observed cases of free-ranging Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) responding to dying and dead conspecifics. Behavioural responses were recorded opportunistically and described as pre-, peri- and post-mortem phases based on the status of the individual before, near or after its death. In all three observations, elephants showed approach and exploratory (sniffing and inspecting) behaviours, and epimeletic or helping (physically supporting dying calves) in pre- and peri-mortem phases. We also recorded high-frequency vocalizations (trumpets) by an adult female in the presence of a dying calf. Our observations indicate that, like their African counterparts, Asian elephants might experience distress in response to the death of conspecifics, and may have some awareness of death. This information furthers our understanding of the emotional and cognitive complexities of highly social elephants, and contributes to the growing field of elephant thanatology.", "publicationTitle": "Primates", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019-08-19", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Primates", "DOI": "10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8", "accessDate": "2019-09-29T07:04:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1610-7365", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dead conspecifics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Death", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "High-frequency vocalizations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Injured calf", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thanatology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-09-29T07:04:29Z", "dateModified": "2019-09-29T07:04:29Z" } }, { "key": "4GVXUD7N", "version": 999, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/4GVXUD7N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/4GVXUD7N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/WRLSGIKE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4GVXUD7N", "version": 999, "parentItem": "WRLSGIKE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2019-09-29T06:14:36Z", "url": "https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/319960/1-s2.0-S2589871X18X00023/1-s2.0-S2589871X19301378/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=AgoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMb%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCICZTYy8OXBpfXlaJlI1A2us6CxN9H7%2FHrv1Udvy%2F9dPeAiEAwf7GVXddC17JK1rABhC0kBF27WLPhrOYsgpU%2FOAl5bwq4wMInv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDCGpIRlfDwx1tke%2Btiq3A%2FAxLg6TSe36In0fALuwdZ4c2anEwEEdR0IDbVT%2F19gkgra%2F3P2B9jP7crTdR9GHi4Aztw5SbyruS%2BKSpb8uegnyEdDJrOhIuqdLPlEFdTQimqQh8YnrHBuh5cKDKruQOqOwkZVdmfWFHsEVn5kkd7esKdgVi7UGrGLDnKZwfH5z%2BVuCsXbXl6Wpo8ZwXOgopLXetgRGfDnByQ8QSemQF%2FedVfz6FhymtnxGM8uTVqTZWDNwJLxr5Ur%2BgW0jnTVW%2BbMvvU21I3ufV2FfWwLGUaKtpU3%2ByUszSdmtNvgZxHXhFzVMtfodJjcLqYPXMcFyUy2%2FN3Ap8QyQjJAgv7WDvrr9pabsIQv6Jx%2FjmdyuO%2FngtCDMHktfs%2B%2B6h0qY4oDG9nAJDH7POKArrWCTx9IRlg2itUipOD7flm89f32Cj%2BbO1ff4bIm%2BmVTpCUiQC6r2sxzxIdZ0IJUyUxpBJV%2FQkgbt8Bh8l%2Fzvvq%2FfgxMRVS2f7jng203n63pwy%2B8XEP8ldtQqfriy35uIyNdedSZjQUl3qYjTAZoM5AZnJ%2FO7SUo1pzTUYRkbMibl5jLVhpB%2Bhz1uqtrfml0wqffA7AU6tAGG5AaOsVxiyLH%2BUW2tKd0SPp8Sml3bBwRcIcYK8wEO5VTT7FeB584GefLTvgIMJxHt9cN0TbpnfgT%2BgE3ieJX8YzLOE7aSiQ%2FNI90fc2DNIZNPv8bv56c0M363pJILsZHZPA2rA7FIgVZSgE5DiSgoBZqFHjA54Dvlim4EG2I391evnMX%2Fr5GeSSPaiuj6H5eriRHH8%2BRmnC70DQ0q8QQhELZF12uBZ8GCC7bUlhmDcyniv1U%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20190929T061432Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYTCDG6OOL%2F20190929%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=dbf43a4737a01fb76c8f52f1489fecb3a82c95e982a8a6a3496fdaac543c6aeb&hash=45249ae3b84d1884bc38fbb8b04abfcb3aa2223c6d570bbddc34de10009bbe00&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2589871X19301378&tid=spdf-3d11cf58-ba3b-4171-998d-e39cc9a15cb2&sid=1c57d13127d43143a4182602570aa32e9800gxrqb&type=client", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Singh et al. - 2019 - Resolving the trans-boundary dispute of elephant p.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-09-29T06:14:36Z", "dateModified": "2019-09-29T06:14:36Z" } }, { "key": "WRLSGIKE", "version": 999, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/WRLSGIKE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/WRLSGIKE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Singh et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WRLSGIKE", "version": 999, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Resolving the trans-boundary dispute of elephant poaching between India and Nepal", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sujeet K.", "lastName": "Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gul", "lastName": "Jabin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Basumatary" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gopal Prakash", "lastName": "Bhattarai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kailash", "lastName": "Chandra" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mukesh", "lastName": "Thakur" } ], "abstractNote": "In Kangchenjunga Landscape (KL), which is shared by three countries – Bhutan, India, and Nepal, the wild elephants migrate from east of Jhapa (Nepal), through West Bengal (India) and Sibsoo (Bhutan) to further east in Assam (India). The route Jhapa-WB-Sibsoo-Assam is a known route for elephant movements where maximum causalities have been reported in the past. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the individual identity of a poached elephant in Jhapa, Nepal and ivory which was suspected to be from the same individual elephant confiscated in Siliguri, India. We undertook STR profiling of the confiscated specimens with nine polymorphic STRs. The forensic parameters has established the fact that the two analyzed samples of elephant were not identical and belong to two different individuals. The present study highlights the necessity of transboundary research for elephant conservation and monitoring their movements in Kangchenjunga Landscape and emphasizes the use of forensic genetics in curbing illegal wildlife trade.", "publicationTitle": "Forensic Science International: Synergy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2019", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "146-150", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Forensic Science International: Synergy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.07.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X19301378", "accessDate": "2019-09-29T06:14:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2589-871X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ivory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kangchenjunga landscape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "STR genotyping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wildlife forensics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-09-29T06:14:32Z", "dateModified": "2019-09-29T06:14:32Z" } }, { "key": "UPVD96QN", "version": 997, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/UPVD96QN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/UPVD96QN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/R8NV8HK5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UPVD96QN", "version": 997, "parentItem": "R8NV8HK5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Kanagaraj et al. - 2019 - Predicting range shifts of Asian elephants under g.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-07-31T07:52:09Z", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ddi.12898", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kanagaraj et al. - 2019 - Predicting range shifts of Asian elephants under g.pdf", "md5": "58b285d7c08670ea41344eb7c7513b34", "mtime": 1564559529000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-07-31T07:52:09Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-31T07:52:09Z" } }, { "key": "R8NV8HK5", "version": 994, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/R8NV8HK5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/R8NV8HK5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kanagaraj et al.", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "R8NV8HK5", "version": 994, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Predicting range shifts of Asian elephants under global change", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rajapandian", "lastName": "Kanagaraj" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel B.", "lastName": "Araujo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rathin", "lastName": "Barman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Priya", "lastName": "Davidar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rahul", "lastName": "De" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dinesh K.", "lastName": "Digal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. V.", "lastName": "Gopi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. J. T.", "lastName": "Johnsingh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kashmira", "lastName": "Kakati" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephanie", "lastName": "Kramer‐Schadt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Babu R.", "lastName": "Lamichhane" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Salvador", "lastName": "Lyngdoh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. D.", "lastName": "Madhusudan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muneer Ul Islam", "lastName": "Najar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jyotirmayee", "lastName": "Parida" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Narendra M. B.", "lastName": "Pradhan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Philippe", "lastName": "Puyravaud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Raghunath" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. P. Abdul", "lastName": "Rahim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. Muthamizh", "lastName": "Selvan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naresh", "lastName": "Subedi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonio", "lastName": "Trabucco" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Swati", "lastName": "Udayraj" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thorsten", "lastName": "Wiegand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amirtharaj C.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Surendra P.", "lastName": "Goyal" } ], "abstractNote": "Aim Climate change alters the water cycle, potentially affecting the distribution of species. Using an ensemble of species distribution models (SDMs), we predicted changes in distribution of the Asian elephant in South Asia due to increasing climatic variability under warming climate and human pressures. Location India and Nepal. Methods We compiled a comprehensive geodatabase of 115 predictor variables, which included climatic, topographic, human pressures and land use, at a resolution of 1 km2, and an extensive database on current distribution of elephants. For variable selection, we first developed 14 candidate models based on different hypotheses on elephant habitat selection. For each candidate model, a series of 240 individual models were evaluated using several metrics. Using three climatic and one land use change datasets for two greenhouse gas scenarios, ensemble SDMs were used to predict future projections. Results Nine predictor variables were selected for ensemble SDMs. Elephant distribution is driven predominantly by changes in climatic water balance (>60%), followed by changes in temperature and human-induced disturbance. The results suggest that around 41.8% of the 256,518 km2 of habitat available at present will be lost by the end of this century due to combined effects of climate change and human pressure. Projected habitat loss will be higher in human-dominated sites at lower elevations due to intensifying droughts, leading elephants to seek refuge at higher elevations along valleys with greater water availability in the Himalayan Mountains. Main conclusions Changes in climatic water balance could play a crucial role in driving species distributions in regions with monsoonal climates. In response, species would shift their range upwards along gradients of water availability and seasonal droughts. Conservation and management of elephant populations under global change should include design of movement corridors to enable dispersal of the elephant and other associated species to more conducive environments.", "publicationTitle": "Diversity and Distributions", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019", "volume": "25", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "822-838", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/ddi.12898", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ddi.12898", "accessDate": "2019-07-31T07:51:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1472-4642", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2019 The Authors. Diversity and Distributions Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "South Asia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "habitat loss", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "range shift", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "seasonality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "species distribution modelling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "water balance", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-07-31T07:51:46Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-31T07:51:46Z" } }, { "key": "GLDMVPES", "version": 993, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GLDMVPES", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/GLDMVPES", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/VF82QX2W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GLDMVPES", "version": 993, "parentItem": "VF82QX2W", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Fernando et al. - 2019 - First country-wide survey of the Endangered Asian .pdf", "accessDate": "2019-07-31T07:51:00Z", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/025C8042CF17AD9CA11F54C03D034239/S0030605318001254a.pdf/div-class-title-first-country-wide-survey-of-the-endangered-asian-elephant-towards-better-conservation-and-management-in-sri-lanka-div.pdf", "note": "

Contents

", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fernando et al. - 2019 - First country-wide survey of the Endangered Asian .pdf", "md5": "9e13321e289a73af82d5cf5e19b56943", "mtime": 1564559460000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-07-31T07:51:00Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-31T07:51:00Z" } }, { "key": "VF82QX2W", "version": 992, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/VF82QX2W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/VF82QX2W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fernando et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VF82QX2W", "version": 992, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "First country-wide survey of the Endangered Asian elephant: towards better conservation and management in Sri Lanka", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Prithiviraj", "lastName": "Fernando" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. K. Channa R. De", "lastName": "Silva" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. K. A.", "lastName": "Jayasinghe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. K.", "lastName": "Janaka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Pastorini" } ], "abstractNote": "The Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus comes into widespread conflict with agrarian communities, necessitating active management. The species’ distribution is of primary importance for management planning. However, data-based countrywide distribution maps have not been available for any of the 13 Asian elephant range states. We conducted a 5 × 5 km grid-based questionnaire survey in Sri Lanka to produce an island-wide elephant distribution map. Elephants occur over 59.9% of Sri Lanka and people are resident in 69.4% of elephant range, indicating the challenge of separating people and elephants at a landscape scale. Elephants in Sri Lanka have lost 16.1% of their range since 1960 but their current distribution remains largely contiguous. We found the range of adult males was 15.1% greater, and less seasonal, than that of herds, possibly because males have a higher tolerance for conflict with people. The distribution of conflict coincided with the co-occurrence of humans and elephants. We conclude that a human–elephant coexistence model is the only viable option for effectively mitigating human–elephant conflict and conserving elephants in Sri Lanka. The findings are currently being used to effect a paradigm change in elephant conservation and management in the country.", "publicationTitle": "Oryx", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2019/02", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S0030605318001254", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/first-countrywide-survey-of-the-endangered-asian-elephant-towards-better-conservation-and-management-in-sri-lanka/025C8042CF17AD9CA11F54C03D034239", "accessDate": "2019-07-31T07:50:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0030-6053, 1365-3008", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "First country-wide survey of the Endangered Asian elephant", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Core", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elephas maximus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sri Lanka", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conservation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distribution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human–wildlife conflict", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "survey", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-07-31T07:50:56Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-31T07:50:56Z" } }, { "key": "CCGRQMCZ", "version": 991, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/CCGRQMCZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/CCGRQMCZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/SPNA9GLF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CCGRQMCZ", "version": 991, "parentItem": "SPNA9GLF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Thomas R. Trautmann - Elephants and Kings _ An Environmental History-The University of Chicago Press (2015).epub", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/epub+zip", "charset": "", "filename": "Thomas R. Trautmann - Elephants and Kings _ An Environmental History-The University of Chicago Press (2015).epub", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-05-15T08:37:31Z", "dateModified": "2019-05-15T08:37:31Z" } }, { "key": "SPNA9GLF", "version": 991, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/SPNA9GLF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/SPNA9GLF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Trautmann", "parsedDate": "2015-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SPNA9GLF", "version": 991, "itemType": "book", "title": "Elephants and Kings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas R.", "lastName": "Trautmann" } ], "abstractNote": "Because of their enormous size, elephants have long been irresistible for kings as symbols of their eminence. In early civilizations—such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Civilization, and China—kings used elephants for royal sacrifice, spectacular hunts, public display of live captives, or the conspicuous consumption of ivory—all of them tending toward the elephant’s extinction. The kings of India, however, as Thomas R. Trautmann shows in this study, found a use for elephants that actually helped preserve their habitat and numbers in the wild: war.             Trautmann traces the history of the war elephant in India and the spread of the institution to the west—where elephants took part in some of the greatest wars of antiquity—and Southeast Asia (but not China, significantly), a history that spans 3,000 years and a considerable part of the globe, from Spain to Java. He shows that because elephants eat such massive quantities of food, it was uneconomic to raise them from birth. Rather, in a unique form of domestication, Indian kings captured wild adults and trained them, one by one, through millennia. Kings were thus compelled to protect wild elephants from hunters and elephant forests from being cut down. By taking a wide-angle view of human-elephant relations, Trautmann throws into relief the structure of India’s environmental history and the reasons for the persistence of wild elephants in its forests.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "August 2015", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "304", "ISBN": "978-0-226-26436-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo20273102.html", "accessDate": "2019-05-15T08:32:55Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.press.uchicago.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-05-15T08:32:55Z", "dateModified": "2019-05-15T08:36:09Z" } }, { "key": "IYAWAIUS", "version": 983, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/IYAWAIUS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/IYAWAIUS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/SY6IY6GM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IYAWAIUS", "version": 983, "parentItem": "SY6IY6GM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Vijayakrishnan et al. - 2018 - Physiological stress responses in wild Asian eleph.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-03-03T06:27:18Z", "url": "https://twin.sci-hub.tw/6870/d9f8f2d3f3376853e7751fe636e1095f/vijayakrishnan2018.pdf#view=FitH", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Vijayakrishnan et al. - 2018 - Physiological stress responses in wild Asian eleph.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-03-03T06:27:18Z", "dateModified": "2019-03-03T06:27:18Z" } }, { "key": "SY6IY6GM", "version": 980, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/SY6IY6GM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/SY6IY6GM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vijayakrishnan et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-09-15", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "SY6IY6GM", "version": 980, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Physiological stress responses in wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus in a human-dominated landscape in the Western Ghats, southern India", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sreedhar", "lastName": "Vijayakrishnan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mavatur Ananda", "lastName": "Kumar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Umapathy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vinod", "lastName": "Kumar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anindya", "lastName": "Sinha" } ], "abstractNote": "Increasing anthropogenic pressures on forests, especially in the tropical regions of the world, have restricted several large mammalian species such as the Asian elephant to fragmented habitats within human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we assessed the effects of an anthropogenic landscape and its associated conflict with humans on the physiological stress responses displayed by Asian elephants in the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats mountains in south India. We have quantified faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in focal individual elephants within and across herds, inhabiting both anthropogenic and natural habitats, and evaluated their physiological responses to different socio-ecological situations between November 2013 and April 2014. Physiological stress responses varied significantly among the tested elephant age- and sex categories but not across different types of social organisation. Adults generally showed higher FGM concentrations, even in the absence of stressors, than did any other age category. Males also appeared to have higher stress responses than did females. Although there was no significant variation in mean stress levels between elephants on the plateau in the absence of human interactions and those in adjacent, relatively undisturbed forest habitats, FGM concentrations increased significantly for adult and subadult individuals as well as for calves following drives, during which elephants were driven off aggressively by people. Our study emphasises the general importance of understanding individual variation in physiology and behaviour within a population of a seriously threatened mammalian species, the Asian elephant, and specifically highlights the need for long-term monitoring of the stress physiology and behavioural responses of individual elephants across both human-dominated and natural landscapes. Such studies would not only provide comprehensive insights into the adaptive biology of elephants in changing ecological regimes but also aid in the development of effective management and conservation strategies for endangered populations of the species.", "publicationTitle": "General and Comparative Endocrinology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 15, 2018", "volume": "266", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "150-156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "General and Comparative Endocrinology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016648017308584", "accessDate": "2019-03-03T06:26:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0016-6480", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asian elephant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behaviour", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human-dominated landscape", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Individual variation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stress", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-03-03T06:26:09Z", "dateModified": "2019-03-03T06:26:09Z" } }, { "key": "C5T5YKCE", "version": 979, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/C5T5YKCE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/C5T5YKCE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/X63B776A", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C5T5YKCE", "version": 979, "parentItem": "X63B776A", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Nandini et al. - 2018 - Group size differences may mask underlying similar.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-03-03T06:09:49Z", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-pdf/29/1/145/23485347/arx135.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Nandini et al. - 2018 - Group size differences may mask underlying similar.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-03-03T06:09:49Z", "dateModified": "2019-03-03T06:10:38Z" } }, { "key": "R7Y4CUC2", "version": 977, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/R7Y4CUC2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/R7Y4CUC2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GL4IKDN5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R7Y4CUC2", "version": 977, "parentItem": "GL4IKDN5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Wadey et al. - 2018 - Why did the elephant cross the road The complex r.pdf", "accessDate": "2019-03-03T06:10:15Z", "url": "https://twin.sci-hub.tw/6608/57a4fb1275dcf5205382d7b1ba036119/wadey2018.pdf#view=FitH", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Wadey et al. - 2018 - Why did the elephant cross the road The complex r.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-03-03T06:10:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-03-03T06:10:15Z" } }, { "key": "GL4IKDN5", "version": 977, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 48546, "name": "Asian Elephants", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/48546/items/GL4IKDN5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/asian_elephants/items/GL4IKDN5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 30134, "username": "julian.blanc", "name": "Julian Blanc", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/julian.blanc", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wadey et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-02-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GL4IKDN5", "version": 977, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why did the elephant cross the road? The complex response of wild elephants to a major road in Peninsular Malaysia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jamie", "lastName": "Wadey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hawthorne L.", "lastName": "Beyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Salman", "lastName": "Saaban" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nasharuddin", "lastName": "Othman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Leimgruber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ahimsa", "lastName": "Campos-Arceiz" } ], "abstractNote": "Roads cause negative impacts on wildlife by directly and indirectly facilitating habitat destruction and wildlife mortality. We used GPS telemetry to study the movements of 17 wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and a mechanistic modelling framework to analyse elephant response to a road bisecting their habitat in Belum-Temengor, northern Peninsular Malaysia. Our objectives were to (1) describe patterns of road crossing, (2) quantify road effects on movement patterns and habitat preference, and (3) quantify individual variation in elephant responses to the road. Elephants crossed the road on average 3.9±0.6 times a month, mostly (81% of times) at night, and crossing was not evenly distributed in space. The road caused a strong and consistent barrier effect for elephants, reducing permeability an average of 79.5%. Elephants, however, were attracted to the proximity to the road, where secondary forest and open habitats are more abundant and contain more food resources for elephants. Although the road acts as a strong barrier to movement (a direct effect), local changes to vegetation communities near roads attract elephants (an indirect effect). Given that risk of mortality (from poaching and vehicle collisions) increases near roads, roads may, therefore, create attractive sinks for elephants. To mitigate the impact of this road we recommend avoiding further road expansion, reducing and enforcing speed limits, limiting traffic volume at night, managing habitat near the road and, importantly, enhancing patrolling and other anti-poaching efforts. Our results are relevant for landscapes throughout Asia and Africa, where existing or planned roads fragment elephant habitats.", "publicationTitle": "Biological Conservation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2018", "volume": "218", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "91-98", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biological Conservation", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.036", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320717315501", "accessDate": "2019-03-03T06:09:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0006-3207", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Why did the elephant cross the road?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Habitat connectivity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infrastructure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Movement ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Permeability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Resource selection", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-03-03T06:09:51Z", "dateModified": "2019-03-03T06:09:51Z" } } ]