doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00923-5
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "4CD5DRZB", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/4CD5DRZB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/4CD5DRZB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hinnebusch et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-04-26", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4CD5DRZB", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Role of Yersinia Murine Toxin in Survival of Yersinia pestis in the Midgut of the Flea Vector", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. Joseph", "lastName": "Hinnebusch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amy E.", "lastName": "Rudolph" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Cherepanov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jack E.", "lastName": "Dixon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tom G.", "lastName": "Schwan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Åke", "lastName": "Forsberg" } ], "abstractNote": "Transmission by flea bite is a relatively recent adaptation that distinguishes Yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus, from closely related enteric bacteria. Here, a plasmid-encoded phospholipase D (PLD), previously characterized as Yersinia murine toxin (Ymt), was shown to be required for survival of Y. pestis in the midgut of its principal vector, the rat fleaXenopsylla cheopis. Intracellular PLD activity appeared to protect Y. pestis from a cytotoxic digestion product of blood plasma in the flea gut. By enabling colonization of the flea midgut, acquisition of this PLD may have precipitated the transition ofY. pestis to obligate arthropod-borne transmission.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 26, 2002", "volume": "296", "issue": "5568", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "733-735", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1126/science.1069972", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5568/733.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "22KUMN6W", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/22KUMN6W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/22KUMN6W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carniel", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "22KUMN6W", "version": 3, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Evolution of Pathogenic Yersinia, Some Lights in the Dark", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Carniel" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mikael", "lastName": "Skurnik" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "José Antonio", "lastName": "Bengoechea" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Kaisa", "lastName": "Granfors" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "The Genus Yersinia: Entering the Functional Genomic Era", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2003", "publisher": "Springer US", "place": "Boston, MA", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "3-12", "ISBN": "978-0-306-48416-2", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48416-1_1", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "SXFBVQI9", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/SXFBVQI9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/SXFBVQI9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chouikha and Hinnebusch", "parsedDate": "2012-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SXFBVQI9", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Yersinia–flea interactions and the evolution of the arthropod-borne transmission route of plague", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Iman", "lastName": "Chouikha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B Joseph", "lastName": "Hinnebusch" } ], "abstractNote": "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is unique among the enteric group of Gram-negative bacteria in relying on a blood-feeding insect for transmission. The Yersinia–flea interactions that enable plague transmission cycles have had profound historical consequences as manifested by human plague pandemics. The arthropod-borne transmission route was a radical ecologic change from the food-borne and water-borne transmission route of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, from which Y. pestis diverged only within the last 20 000 years. Thus, the interactions of Y. pestis with its flea vector that lead to colonization and successful transmission are the result of a recent evolutionary adaptation that required relatively few genetic changes. These changes from the Y. pseudotuberculosis progenitor included loss of insecticidal activity, increased resistance to antibacterial factors in the flea midgut, and extending Yersinia biofilm-forming ability to the flea host environment.", "publicationTitle": "Ecology and industrial microbiology/Special section: Microbial proteomics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2012", "volume": "15", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "239-246", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Current Opinion in Microbiology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.mib.2012.02.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527412000197", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1369-5274", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "GWXA5VUQ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/GWXA5VUQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/GWXA5VUQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Prentice et al.", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GWXA5VUQ", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Was the Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael B", "lastName": "Prentice" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tom", "lastName": "Gilbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Cooper" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "4", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "72", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00923-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00923-5", "accessDate": "2016-02-15", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1473-3099", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "RH4KKZ62", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/RH4KKZ62", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/RH4KKZ62", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Butler", "parsedDate": "2009-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RH4KKZ62", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Plague into the 21st Century", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Butler" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2009", "volume": "49", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "736-742", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clinical Infectious Diseases", "DOI": "10.1086/604718", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/5/736.short", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "FQKSWIWP", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/FQKSWIWP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/FQKSWIWP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cohn", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FQKSWIWP", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel", "lastName": "Cohn" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Medical History", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "52", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "74-100", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "IMQRSIAZ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/IMQRSIAZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/IMQRSIAZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bos et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-01-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IMQRSIAZ", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kirsten I", "lastName": "Bos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Herbig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jason", "lastName": "Sahl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Waglechner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathieu", "lastName": "Fourment" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen A", "lastName": "Forrest" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Klunk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Verena", "lastName": "Schuenemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Debi", "lastName": "Poinar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Melanie", "lastName": "Kuch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Golding" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olivier", "lastName": "Dutour" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Keim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M", "lastName": "Wagner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward C", "lastName": "Holmes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "Krause" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hendrik N", "lastName": "Poinar" } ], "abstractNote": "The 14th-18th century pandemic of Yersinia pestis caused devastating disease outbreaks in Europe for almost 400 years. The reasons for plague's persistence and abrupt disappearance in Europe are poorly understood, but could have been due to either the presence of now-extinct plague foci in Europe itself, or successive disease introductions from other locations. Here we present five Y. pestis genomes from one of the last European outbreaks of plague, from 1722 in Marseille, France. The lineage identified has not been found in any extant Y. pestis foci sampled to date, and has its ancestry in strains obtained from victims of the 14th century Black Death. These data suggest the existence of a previously uncharacterized historical plague focus that persisted for at least three centuries. We propose that this disease source may have been responsible for the many resurgences of plague in Europe following the Black Death.", "publicationTitle": "bioRxiv", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 12, 2016", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1101/036509", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/01/12/036509.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "T26Z6DQN", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/T26Z6DQN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/T26Z6DQN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nunes-Alves", "parsedDate": "2015-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T26Z6DQN", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bacterial genomics: The Bronze Age: a time before bubonic plague", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claudio", "lastName": "Nunes-Alves" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nat Rev Micro", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2015", "volume": "13", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "738-738", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat Rev Micro", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3592", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1740-1526", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "MG74UZS3", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/MG74UZS3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/MG74UZS3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chain et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-09-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MG74UZS3", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. S. G.", "lastName": "Chain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Carniel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F. W.", "lastName": "Larimer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Lamerdin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. O.", "lastName": "Stoutland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. M.", "lastName": "Regala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. M.", "lastName": "Georgescu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. M.", "lastName": "Vergez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. L.", "lastName": "Land" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. L.", "lastName": "Motin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. R.", "lastName": "Brubaker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Fowler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Hinnebusch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Marceau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Medigue" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Simonet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Chenal-Francisque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Souza" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Dacheux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Elliott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Derbise" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. J.", "lastName": "Hauser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Garcia" } ], "abstractNote": "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a highly uniform clone that diverged recently from the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Despite their close genetic relationship, they differ radically in their pathogenicity and transmission. Here, we report the complete genomic sequence of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 and its use for detailed genome comparisons with available Y. pestis sequences. Analyses of identified differences across a panel of Yersinia isolates from around the world reveal 32 Y. pestis chromosomal genes that, together with the two Y. pestis-specific plasmids, to our knowledge, represent the only new genetic material in Y. pestis acquired since the the divergence from Y. pseudotuberculosis. In contrast, 149 other pseudogenes (doubling the previous estimate) and 317 genes absent from Y. pestis were detected, indicating that as many as 13% of Y. pseudotuberculosis genes no longer function in Y. pestis. Extensive insertion sequence-mediated genome rearrangements and reductive evolution through massive gene loss, resulting in elimination and modification of preexisting gene expression pathways, appear to be more important than acquisition of genes in the evolution of Y. pestis. These results provide a sobering example of how a highly virulent epidemic clone can suddenly emerge from a less virulent, closely related progenitor.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 21, 2004", "volume": "101", "issue": "38", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13826-13831", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0404012101", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/101/38/13826.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "Z2MJSNGJ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/Z2MJSNGJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/Z2MJSNGJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/WP9VBD7W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z2MJSNGJ", "version": 3, "parentItem": "WP9VBD7W", "itemType": "note", "note": "doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70877-1
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "XGFQRC5U", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/XGFQRC5U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/XGFQRC5U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hinnebusch", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XGFQRC5U", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The evolution of flea-borne transmission in Yersinia pestis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. Joseph", "lastName": "Hinnebusch" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Current Issues Molecular Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "7", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "197-212", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "M2IJV7JR", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/M2IJV7JR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/M2IJV7JR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harbeck et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-05-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M2IJV7JR", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michaela", "lastName": "Harbeck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lisa", "lastName": "Seifert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephanie", "lastName": "Hänsch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M.", "lastName": "Wagner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dawn", "lastName": "Birdsell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katy L.", "lastName": "Parise" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ingrid", "lastName": "Wiechmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gisela", "lastName": "Grupe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Astrid", "lastName": "Thomas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Keim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lothar", "lastName": "Zöller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara", "lastName": "Bramanti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia M.", "lastName": "Riehm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holger C.", "lastName": "Scholz" } ], "abstractNote": "Author SummaryPlague is a notorious and fatal human disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that is endemic in many countries around the world. Three of the most devastating pandemics in human history have been associated with plague. The second pandemic originated in central Asia and peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350 (a period of time known as the Black Death). The third pandemic began in the Yunnan province of China in the mid-1850s and subsequently spread to Africa, the Americas, Australia, Europe, and other parts of Asia. The second and third pandemics are well documented and scientifically proven. However, the first pandemic, which began in the 6th century and is also known as Justinianic Plague, is still a matter of controversy. Recently it has been suggested that Justinian's plague was not caused by Y. pestis. We detected Y. pestis DNA in samples obtained from multiple 6th century skeletons from Germany. This confirms that Justinianic Plague crossed the Alps and affected local populations there, including current day Bavaria. Furthermore, we used DNA fingerprinting approaches to determine Asia as the likely geographic origin for these strains.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS Pathog", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2, 2013", "volume": "9", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e1003349", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS Pathog", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003349", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "9SEC5N6Q", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/9SEC5N6Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/9SEC5N6Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Seifert et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-01-13", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9SEC5N6Q", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Genotyping Yersinia pestis in Historical Plague: Evidence for Long-Term Persistence of Y. pestis in Europe from the 14th to the 17th Century", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lisa", "lastName": "Seifert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ingrid", "lastName": "Wiechmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michaela", "lastName": "Harbeck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Astrid", "lastName": "Thomas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gisela", "lastName": "Grupe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michaela", "lastName": "Projahn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holger C.", "lastName": "Scholz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia M.", "lastName": "Riehm" } ], "abstractNote": "Ancient DNA (aDNA) recovered from plague victims of the second plague pandemic (14th to 17th century), excavated from two different burial sites in Germany, and spanning a time period of more than 300 years, was characterized using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Of 30 tested skeletons 8 were positive for Yersinia pestis-specific nucleic acid, as determined by qPCR targeting the pla gene. In one individual (MP-19-II), the pla copy number in DNA extracted from tooth pulp was as high as 700 gene copies/μl, indicating severe generalized infection. All positive individuals were identical in all 16 SNP positions, separating phylogenetic branches within nodes N07_N10 (14 SNPs), N07_N08 (SNP s19) and N06_N07 (s545), and were highly similar to previously investigated plague victims from other European countries. Thus, beside the assumed continuous reintroduction of Y. pestis from central Asia in multiple waves during the second pandemic, long-term persistence of Y. pestis in Europe in a yet unknown reservoir host has also to be considered.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 13, 2016", "volume": "11", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0145194", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0145194", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145194", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "CP7URSVF", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/CP7URSVF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/CP7URSVF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cui et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CP7URSVF", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Historical variations in mutation rate in an epidemic pathogen, Yersinia pestis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yujun", "lastName": "Cui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chang", "lastName": "Yu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yanfeng", "lastName": "Yan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dongfang", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yanjun", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thibaut", "lastName": "Jombart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lucy A.", "lastName": "Weinert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zuyun", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhaobiao", "lastName": "Guo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lizhi", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yujiang", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hancheng", "lastName": "Zheng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nan", "lastName": "Qin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiao", "lastName": "Xiao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mingshou", "lastName": "Wu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiaoyi", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dongsheng", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhizhen", "lastName": "Qi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zongmin", "lastName": "Du" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Honglong", "lastName": "Wu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xianwei", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hongzhi", "lastName": "Cao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hu", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jing", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shusen", "lastName": "Yao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Rakin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yingrui", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Falush" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francois", "lastName": "Balloux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Achtman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yajun", "lastName": "Song" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jun", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruifu", "lastName": "Yang" } ], "abstractNote": "The genetic diversity of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is extremely limited because of its recent origin coupled with a slow clock rate. Here we identified 2,326 SNPs from 133 genomes of Y. pestis strains that were isolated in China and elsewhere. These SNPs define the genealogy of Y. pestis since its most recent common ancestor. All but 28 of these SNPs represented mutations that happened only once within the genealogy, and they were distributed essentially at random among individual genes. Only seven genes contained a significant excess of nonsynonymous SNP, suggesting that the fixation of SNPs mainly arises via neutral processes, such as genetic drift, rather than Darwinian selection. However, the rate of fixation varies dramatically over the genealogy: the number of SNPs accumulated by different lineages was highly variable and the genealogy contains multiple polytomies, one of which resulted in four branches near the time of the Black Death. We suggest that demographic changes can affect the speed of evolution in epidemic pathogens even in the absence of natural selection, and hypothesize that neutral SNPs are fixed rapidly during intermittent epidemics and outbreaks.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 8, 2013", "volume": "110", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "577-582", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1205750110", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/110/2/577.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "WP9VBD7W", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/WP9VBD7W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/WP9VBD7W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Drancourt and Raoult", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WP9VBD7W", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Yersinia pestis and the three plague pandemics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Drancourt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Didier", "lastName": "Raoult" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "14", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "918-919", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70877-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70877-1", "accessDate": "2016-02-15", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1473-3099", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "Z8EQCZGZ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/Z8EQCZGZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/Z8EQCZGZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Achtman et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-11-23", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z8EQCZGZ", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Achtman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kerstin", "lastName": "Zurth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giovanna", "lastName": "Morelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gabriela", "lastName": "Torrea" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Annie", "lastName": "Guiyoule" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Carniel" } ], "abstractNote": "Plague, one of the most devastating diseases of human history, is caused by Yersinia pestis. In this study, we analyzed the population genetic structure of Y. pestis and the two other pathogenic Yersinia species, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica. Fragments of five housekeeping genes and a gene involved in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide were sequenced from 36 strains representing the global diversity of Y. pestis and from 12–13 strains from each of the other species. No sequence diversity was found in any Y. pestis gene, and these alleles were identical or nearly identical to alleles from Y. pseudotuberculosis. Thus, Y. pestis is a clone that evolved from Y. pseudotuberculosis 1,500–20,000 years ago, shortly before the first known pandemics of human plague. Three biovars (Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis) have been distinguished by microbiologists within the Y. pestis clone. These biovars form distinct branches of a phylogenetic tree based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the locations of the IS100 insertion element. These data are consistent with previous inferences that Antiqua caused a plague pandemic in the sixth century, Medievalis caused the Black Death and subsequent epidemics during the second pandemic wave, and Orientalis caused the current plague pandemic.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 23, 1999", "volume": "96", "issue": "24", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "14043-14048", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/96/24/14043.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "N5UM7X99", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/N5UM7X99", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/N5UM7X99", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gilbert et al.", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N5UM7X99", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. T. P.", "lastName": "Gilbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon", "lastName": "Cuccui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niels", "lastName": "Lynnerup" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard W.", "lastName": "Titball" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Cooper" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael B.", "lastName": "Prentice" } ], "abstractNote": "This study reports the results of a collaborative study undertaken by two independent research groups to (a) confirm recent PCR-based detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in human teeth from medieval plague victims in France, and (b) to extend these observations over five different European burial sites believed to contain plague victims dating from the late 13th to 17th centuries. Several different sets of primers were used, including those previously documented to yield positive results on ancient DNA extracts. No Y. pestis DNA could be amplified from DNA extracted from 108 teeth belonging to 61 individuals, despite the amplification of numerous other bacterial DNA sequences. Several methods of extracting dentine prior to the DNA extraction were also compared. PCR for bacterial 16S rDNA indicated the presence of multiple bacterial species in 23 out of 27 teeth DNA extracts where dentine was extracted using previously described methods. In comparison, positive results were obtained from only five out of 44 teeth DNA extracts for which a novel contamination-minimizing embedding technique was used. Therefore, high levels of environmental bacterial DNA are present in DNA extracts where previously described methods of tooth manipulation are used. To conclude, the absence of Y. pestis-specific DNA in an exhaustive search using specimens from multiple putative European plague burial sites does not allow us to confirm the identification of Y. pestis as the aetiological agent of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. In addition, the utility of the published tooth-based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration.Reprinted by permission of the publisher.;1 Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK 2 Centre for Infection, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, 64 Turner St, London E1 2AD, UK 3 Museum of London, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK 4 Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Pathology, University of Copenhagen, 1017, Copenhagen, Denmark 5 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK Correspondence Michael B. Prentice m.b.prenticeatqmul.ac.uk This study reports the results of a collaborative study undertaken by two independent research groups to (a) confirm recent PCR-based detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in human teeth from medieval plague victims in France, and (b) to extend these observations over five different European burial sites believed to contain plague victims dating from the late 13th to 17th centuries. Several different sets of primers were used, including those previously documented to yield positive results on ancient DNA extracts. No Y. pestis DNA could be amplified from DNA extracted from 108 teeth belonging to 61 individuals, despite the amplification of numerous other bacterial DNA sequences. Several methods of extracting dentine prior to the DNA extraction were also compared. PCR for bacterial 16S rDNA indicated the presence of multiple bacterial species in 23 out of 27 teeth DNA extracts where dentine was extracted using previously described methods. In comparison, positive results were obtained from only five out of 44 teeth DNA extracts for which a novel contamination-minimizing embedding technique was used. Therefore, high levels of environmental bacterial DNA are present in DNA extracts where previously described methods of tooth manipulation are used. To conclude, the absence of Y. pestis -specific DNA in an exhaustive search using specimens from multiple putative European plague burial sites does not allow us to confirm the identification of Y. pestis as the aetiological agent of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. In addition, the utility of the published tooth-based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration. Abbreviations: ABC, Ancient Biomolecules Centre; aDNA, ancient DNA; SBH, St Bartholomew's Hospital Details of all cloned bacterial DNA sequences and database matches and specific details of PCR cycles are available in Microbiology Online. Present address: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.;This study reports the results of a collaborative study undertaken by two independent research groups to (a) confirm recent PCR-based detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in human teeth from medieval plague victims in France, and (b) to extend these observations over five different European burial sites believed to contain plague victims dating from the late 13th to 17th centuries. Several different sets of primers were used, including those previously documented to yield positive results on ancient DNA extracts. No Y. pestis DNA could be amplified from DNA extracted from 108 teeth belonging to 61 individuals, despite the amplification of numerous other bacterial DNA sequences. Several methods of extracting dentine prior to the DNA extraction were also compared. PCR for bacterial 16S rDNA indicated the presence of multiple bacterial species in 23 out of 27 teeth DNA extracts where dentine was extracted using previously described methods. In comparison, positive results were obtained from only five out of 44 teeth DNA extracts for which a novel contamination-minimizing embedding technique was used. Therefore, high levels of environmental bacterial DNA are present in DNA extracts where previously described methods of tooth manipulation are used. To conclude, the absence of Y pestis-specific DNA in an exhaustive search using specimens from multiple putative European plague burial sites does not allow us to confirm the identification of Y. pestis as the aetiological agent of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. In addition, the utility of the published tooth-based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration.;This study reports the results of a collaborative study undertaken by two independent research groups to (a) confirm recent PCR-based detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in human teeth from medieval plague victims in France, and (b) to extend these observations over five different European burial sites believed to contain plague victims dating from the late 13th to 17th centuries. Several different sets of primers were used, including those previously documented to yield positive results on ancient DNA extracts. No Y. pestis DNA could be amplified from DNA extracted from 108 teeth belonging to 61 individuals, despite the amplification of numerous other bacterial DNA sequences. Several methods of extracting dentine prior to the DNA extraction were also compared. PCR for bacterial 16S rDNA indicated the presence of multiple bacterial species in 23 out of 27 teeth DNA extracts where dentine was extracted using previously described methods. In comparison, positive results were obtained from only five out of 44 teeth DNA extracts for which a novel contamination-minimizing embedding technique was used. Therefore, high levels of environmental bacterial DNA are present in DNA extracts where previously described methods of tooth manipulation are used. To conclude, the absence of Y. pestis-specific DNA in an exhaustive search using specimens from multiple putative European plague burial sites does not allow us to confirm the identification of Y. pestis as the aetiological agent of the Black Death and subsequent plagues. In addition, the utility of the published tooth-based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration.;", "publicationTitle": "Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "150", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "341-354", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://utexas.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3faxQxEA4qCkKx_mpdf0AE8W3PbLKbTd48bI-K6INUwaeQZBN7cHcuvT2p_70zm9ur7Z3oc8gmYb6dfMlMviFE8BHLr_kEGUOsQyWC17ABaxELYUtdN1Gx4Mpedvb0uJ58lUcf1YdLzaTrAX2t38ynfsRGXFYoaXsTCJFCLH8-eb-JHZSSpWNWhZlaNV8ra2513iWtc3Zlexqc9KAcvIuF7tyw-s1psk-GYq9DUkqv_tSFi6SRuC38-K_13if31jyVjhOwHpAbYfGQ3EmVK389Iu3YLXEi9Eek3_DKbTG1tEXFjmWOjzcxAYkefRrT6YL2ZQBpF0J3RvE1C43gYekQBqDhwtt0L7zEr7Wrrtcip-3Mfl8F-hPfrMyXj8mXyfHpu5N8Xbwht3CG43lUAaiijiJKGSur6tjoKHkReIzcR6Ed_PtM8MYpX6roAmuidOAiXAMkTzlxQPYsJvkvuv4xYPOE0AJTXLi2zFcAIhesKpWvvY-8sUhsM_J226KmTbId5i9C2jUmqHANNAm4D3zi9WD_TccUp9cGTGGY6U1hWEYOER0G_QCM6OEoJVDLvlAZeTkAxoATmE-TohZ2h0kaboA4ZORgQJJpZjNTYTS2lAU0HCZcXY5e1lLqgmfk1Z9A27QjS1dKARHrbxWf_u8CnpG7KQsJU3Oek1vd-Sq8ILcTPH8DnwQgNw", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ANCIENT DNA" }, { "tag": "Archaeology/Europe" }, { "tag": "BLACK-DEATH" }, { "tag": "Bacterial - genetics" }, { "tag": "Bacterial - isolation & purification" }, { "tag": "DENTAL-PULP" }, { "tag": "DNA" }, { "tag": "Funeral Rites - history" }, { "tag": "MICROBIOLOGY" }, { "tag": "MISCODING LESIONS" }, { "tag": "MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA" }, { "tag": "MOLECULAR ANALYSIS" }, { "tag": "MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS DNA" }, { "tag": "POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION" }, { "tag": "POSTMORTEM DAMAGE" }, { "tag": "Plague" }, { "tag": "Plague - history" }, { "tag": "Plague - microbiology" }, { "tag": "Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods" }, { "tag": "SPANISH INFLUENZA-VIRUS" }, { "tag": "Teeth/Analysis" }, { "tag": "Tooth - microbiology" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis - genetics" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis - isolation & purification" } ], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "FRXWTSHE", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/FRXWTSHE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/FRXWTSHE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wood and DeWitte-Aviña", "parsedDate": "2003-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FRXWTSHE", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Was the Black Death yersinial plague?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Wood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sharon", "lastName": "DeWitte-Aviña" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2003", "volume": "3", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "327-328", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The Lancet Infectious Diseases", "DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00651-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309903006510", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1473-3099", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "W8W97PKA", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/W8W97PKA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/W8W97PKA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Drancourt et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-10-13", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W8W97PKA", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: An approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Drancourt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gérard", "lastName": "Aboudharam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Signoli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olivier", "lastName": "Dutour" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Didier", "lastName": "Raoult" } ], "abstractNote": "Ancient septicemic plague epidemics were reported to have killed millions of people for 2 millenniums. However, confident diagnosis of ancient septicemia solely on the basis of historical clinical observations is not possible. The lack of suitable infected material has prevented direct demonstration of ancient septicemia; thus, the history of most infections such as plague remains hypothetical. The durability of dental pulp, together with its natural sterility, makes it a suitable material on which to base such research. We hypothesized that it would be a lasting refuge for Yersinia pestis, the plague agent. DNA extracts were made from the dental pulp of 12 unerupted teeth extracted from skeletons excavated from 16th and 18th century French graves of persons thought to have died of plague (“plague teeth”) and from 7 ancient negative control teeth. PCRs incorporating ancient DNA extracts and primers specific for the human β-globin gene demonstrated the absence of inhibitors in these preparations. The incorporation of primers specific for Y. pestis rpoB (the RNA polymerase β-subunit-encoding gene) and the recognized virulence-associated pla (the plasminogen activator-encoding gene) repeatedly yielded products that had a nucleotide sequence indistinguishable from that of modern day isolates of the bacterium. The specific pla sequence was obtained from 6 of 12 plague skeleton teeth but 0 of 7 negative controls (P < 0.034, Fisher exact test). A nucleic acid-based confirmation of ancient plague was achieved for historically identified victims, and we have confirmed the presence of the disease at the end of 16th century in France. Dental pulp is an attractive target in the quest to determine the etiology of septicemic illnesses detected in ancient corpses. Molecular techniques could be applied to this material to resolve historical outbreaks.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 13, 1998", "volume": "95", "issue": "21", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "12637-12640", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/95/21/12637.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "86PXU8NV", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/86PXU8NV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/86PXU8NV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Raoult et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "86PXU8NV", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Plague: History and contemporary analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Didier", "lastName": "Raoult" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nadjet", "lastName": "Mouffok" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Idir", "lastName": "Bitam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Renaud", "lastName": "Piarroux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Drancourt" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nPlague has caused ravaging outbreaks, including the Justinian plague and the “black death” in the Middle Ages. The causative agents of these outbreaks have been confirmed using modern molecular tests. The vector of plague during pandemics remains the subject of controversy. Nowadays, plague must be suspected in all areas where plague is endemic in rodents when patients present with adenitis or with pneumonia with a bloody expectorate. Diagnosis is more difficult in the situation of the reemergence of plague, as in Algeria for example, told by the first physician involved in that outbreak (NM). When in doubt, it is preferable to prescribe treatment with doxycycline while waiting for the test results because of the risk of fatality in individuals with plague. The typical bubo is a type of adenitis that is painful, red and nonfluctuating. The diagnosis is simple when microbiological analysis is conducted. Plague is a likely diagnosis when one sees gram-negative bacilli in lymph node aspirate or biopsy samples. Yersinia pestis grows very easily in blood cultures and is easy to identify by biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Pneumonic plague and septicemic plague without adenitis are difficult to diagnose, and these diagnoses are often made by chance or retrospectively when cases are not part of an epidemic or related to another specific epidemiologic context. The treatment of plague must be based on gentamicin or doxycycline. Treatment with one of these antibiotics must be started as soon as plague is suspected. Analysis of past plague epidemics by using modern laboratory tools illustrated the value of epidemic buboes for the clinical diagnosis of plague; and brought new concepts regarding its transmission by human ectoparasites.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Infection", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2013", "volume": "66", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "18-26", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Infection", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jinf.2012.09.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445312002770", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0163-4453", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Black Death" }, { "tag": "Louse" }, { "tag": "Plague" }, { "tag": "Reemergence" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis" } ], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "2XJW9JC4", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/2XJW9JC4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/2XJW9JC4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rasmussen et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-10-22", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2XJW9JC4", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Rasmussen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Morten Erik", "lastName": "Allentoft" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kasper", "lastName": "Nielsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ludovic", "lastName": "Orlando" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin", "lastName": "Sikora" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karl-Göran", "lastName": "Sjögren" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anders Gorm", "lastName": "Pedersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikkel", "lastName": "Schubert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Van Dam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christian Moliin Outzen", "lastName": "Kapel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henrik Bjørn", "lastName": "Nielsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Søren", "lastName": "Brunak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pavel", "lastName": "Avetisyan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrey", "lastName": "Epimakhov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikhail Viktorovich", "lastName": "Khalyapin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Artak", "lastName": "Gnuni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aivar", "lastName": "Kriiska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Irena", "lastName": "Lasak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mait", "lastName": "Metspalu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vyacheslav", "lastName": "Moiseyev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrei", "lastName": "Gromov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dalia", "lastName": "Pokutta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lehti", "lastName": "Saag" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Liivi", "lastName": "Varul" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Levon", "lastName": "Yepiskoposyan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Sicheritz-Pontén" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert A.", "lastName": "Foley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marta Mirazón", "lastName": "Lahr" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rasmus", "lastName": "Nielsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kristian", "lastName": "Kristiansen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eske", "lastName": "Willerslev" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nThe bacteria Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague and has caused human pandemics with millions of deaths in historic times. How and when it originated remains contentious. Here, we report the oldest direct evidence of Yersinia pestis identified by ancient DNA in human teeth from Asia and Europe dating from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. By sequencing the genomes, we find that these ancient plague strains are basal to all known Yersinia pestis. We find the origins of the Yersinia pestis lineage to be at least two times older than previous estimates. We also identify a temporal sequence of genetic changes that lead to increased virulence and the emergence of the bubonic plague. Our results show that plague infection was endemic in the human populations of Eurasia at least 3,000 years before any historical recordings of pandemics.", "publicationTitle": "Cell", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 22, 2015", "volume": "163", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "571-582", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cell", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867415013227", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0092-8674", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "RB9R8FUH", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/RB9R8FUH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/RB9R8FUH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diamond", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RB9R8FUH", "version": 3, "itemType": "book", "title": "Guns, Germs, and Steel", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jared", "lastName": "Diamond" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1997", "publisher": "W. W. Norton & Company", "place": "London, UK", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "1-480", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "6PNIWQK8", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/6PNIWQK8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/6PNIWQK8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brubaker", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6PNIWQK8", "version": 3, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Chapter 103 - Yersinia pestis A2 - Schwartzman, Yi-Wei TangMax SussmanDongyou LiuIan PoxtonJoseph", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert R.", "lastName": "Brubaker" } ], "abstractNote": "Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, has three remarkable attributes. First, it causes the most severe of all human bacterial infections as judged by historical records. Second, the emergence of Y. pestis occurred no later than 10 000 years ago and its dramatic evolution from an enteropathogen to agent of acute disease may still be in progress. Third, survival and multiplication of Y. pestis within the host and flea vector are largely mediated by laterally transferred DNA and removal of this imported information converts the formidable plague bacillus into an innocuous entity capable of only transient survival in its mammalian host, flea vector, or natural environments. The purpose of this chapter is to integrate these features and to outline the physiological and molecular mechanisms that enable Y. pestis to promote uncompromisingly destructive pathology.", "bookTitle": "Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition)", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place": "Boston", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "1845-1865", "ISBN": "978-0-12-397169-2", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123971692001037", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Black Death" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis" }, { "tag": "bubonic plague" }, { "tag": "epidemiology" }, { "tag": "identification" }, { "tag": "immunity" }, { "tag": "lymphadenopathy" }, { "tag": "pathogenesis" }, { "tag": "physiology" }, { "tag": "virulence factor" } ], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } }, { "key": "7TQ5ZVQU", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 482540, "name": "Sterling Wright Honor Thesis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/482540/items/7TQ5ZVQU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sterling_wright_honor_thesis/items/7TQ5ZVQU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1756236, "username": "BlackLonghorn2016", "name": "Sterling Wright", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/blacklonghorn2016", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zietz and Dunkelberg", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7TQ5ZVQU", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The history of the plague and the research on the causative agent Yersinia pestis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Björn P.", "lastName": "Zietz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hartmut", "lastName": "Dunkelberg" } ], "abstractNote": "The plague is an infectious bacterial disease having a high fatality rate without treatment. It has occurred in three huge pandemics since the 6th century with millions of deaths and numerous smaller epidemics and sporadic cases. Referring to specific clinical symptoms of pulmonary plague the disease became known as the Black Death. This pandemic probably originated in central Asia and began spreading westward along major trade routes. Upon the arrival in the eastern Mediterranean the disease quickly spread especially by sea traffic to Italy, Greece and France and later throughout Europe by land. Until the 18th century many European cities were frequently affected by other great plague epidemics. The worldwide spread of the third pandemic began when the plague reached Hong Kong and Canton in the year 1894. The gram-negative coccobacillus now designated as Yersinia pestis has been discovered as the causative agent of plague in this Hong Kong outbreak. In the following years the role of rats and fleas and their detailed role in the transmission of plague has been discovered and experimentally verified. Today the plague is still endemic in many countries of the world.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "207", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "165-178", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health", "DOI": "10.1078/1438-4639-00259", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463904702771", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1438-4639", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Black Death" }, { "tag": "Plague" }, { "tag": "Yersinia pestis" }, { "tag": "flea" }, { "tag": "history" }, { "tag": "pandemic" }, { "tag": "rat" } ], "collections": [ "Q2A3V47U" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-18T04:08:46Z" } } ]