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            "abstractNote": "Abstract:  The utilization of 3D computerized systems has allowed more effective procedures for forensic facial reconstruction. Three 3D computerized facial reconstructions were produced using skull models from live adult Korean subjects to assess facial morphology prediction accuracy. The 3D skeletal and facial data were recorded from the subjects in an upright position using a cone-beam CT scanner. Shell-to-shell deviation maps were created using 3D surface comparison software, and the deviation errors between the reconstructed and target faces were measured. Results showed that 54%, 65%, and 77% of the three facial reconstruction surfaces had <2.5 mm of error when compared to the relevant target face. The average error for each reconstruction was −0.46 mm (SD = 2.81) for A, −0.31 mm (SD = 2.40) for B, and −0.49 mm (SD = 2.16) for C. The facial features of the reconstructions demonstrated good levels of accuracy compared to the target faces.",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Validation of a computer modelled forensic facial reconstruction technique using CT data from live subjects: A pilot study",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Laura J.",
                    "lastName": "Short"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Balvinder",
                    "lastName": "Khambay"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ashraf",
                    "lastName": "Ayoub"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Caroline",
                    "lastName": "Erolin"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Chris",
                    "lastName": "Rynn"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Caroline",
                    "lastName": "Wilkinson"
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            "abstractNote": "Introduction\nHuman forensic facial soft tissue reconstructions are used when post-mortem deterioration makes identification difficult by usual means. The aim is to trigger recognition of the in vivo countenance of the individual by a friend or family member. A further use is in the field of archaeology. There are a number of different methods that can be applied to complete the facial reconstruction, ranging from two dimensional drawings, three dimensional clay models and now, with the advances of three dimensional technology, three dimensional computerised modelling. Studies carried out to assess the accuracy of facial reconstructions have produced variable results over the years. Advances in three dimensional imaging techniques in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, particularly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), now provides an opportunity to utilise the data of live subjects and assess the accuracy of the three dimensional computerised facial reconstruction technique.\nAim\nThe aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a computer modelled facial reconstruction technique using CBCT data from live subjects.\nMaterials and methods\nThis retrospective pilot study was carried out at the Glasgow Dental Hospital Orthodontic Department and the Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification, Dundee University School of Life Sciences. Ten patients (5 male and 5 female; mean age 23 years) with mild skeletal discrepancies with pre-surgical cone beam CT data (CBCT) were included in this study. The actual and forensic reconstruction soft tissues were analysed using 3D software to look at differences between landmarks, linear and angular measurements and surface meshes.\nResults and conclusion\nThere were no statistical differences for 18 out of the 23 linear and 7 out of 8 angular measurements between the reconstruction and the target (p &lt; 0.05).\n\nThe use of Procrustes superimposition has highlighted potential problems with soft tissue depth and anatomical landmarks’ position. Surface mesh analysis showed that this virtual sculpture technique can be objectively assessed using the distance between the meshes. This study found that the percentage of faces with less than ±2.5 mm error ranged from 56% to 90%. This may be improved if Procrustes superimposition could be applied to all the mesh points rather than specific landmarks.",
            "publicationTitle": "Forensic Science International",
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            "date": "April 2014",
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            "DOI": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.042",
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            "title": "Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Database for Craniofacial Reconstruction in Korean Adults",
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                    "firstName": "Hyeon-Shik",
                    "lastName": "Hwang"
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                    "firstName": "Byung-Kuk",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract:  One hundred Korean adults (50 men, 50 women) were scanned in the upright position using a cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanner. The soft tissue (ST) thicknesses were measured at 31 landmarks, 10 midline and 21 bilateral landmark sites, and the means and standard deviations were obtained for male and female subjects. While 18 of 31 landmarks showed sex differences, the majority showed higher values for male subjects with the exception of a few landmark sites corresponding to the zygoma area, which showed smaller values in men than in women. The mandibular area showed greater differences between the right and left sides. Overall, the ST thickness measurements obtained in this study can be used as a database for the forensic craniofacial reconstruction of Korean adult faces.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Forensic Sciences",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "November 1, 2012",
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                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Korean adults",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "craniofacial reconstruction",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "forensic science",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "soft tissue thickness",
                    "type": 1
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            "dateAdded": "2016-02-14T21:04:12Z",
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            "creatorSummary": "Pohlenz et al.",
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            "title": "3D C-arm as an alternative modality to CT in postmortem imaging: Technical feasibility",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Philipp",
                    "lastName": "Pohlenz"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Marco",
                    "lastName": "Blessmann"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lars",
                    "lastName": "Oesterhelweg"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Christan R.",
                    "lastName": "Habermann"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Philipp G. C.",
                    "lastName": "Begemann"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Christian",
                    "lastName": "Schmidgunst"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Felix",
                    "lastName": "Blake"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dirk",
                    "lastName": "Schulze"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Klaus",
                    "lastName": "Püschel"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Rainer",
                    "lastName": "Schmelzle"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Max",
                    "lastName": "Heiland"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Object\nThe aim of our study was to demonstrate the image quality of the new device using human cadavers, extending the horizon of available imaging modalities in forensic medicine.\nMaterials and methods\nSix human cadavers were examined, revealing C-arm data sets of the head, neck thorax, abdomen and pelvis. High-resolution mode was performed with 500 fluoroscopy shots during a 190° orbital movement with a constant tube voltage of 100 kV and a current of 4.6 mA. Based on these data sets subsequent three-dimensional reconstructions were generated.\nResults\nReconstructed data sets revealed high-resolution images of all skeletal structures in a near-CT quality. The same image quality was available in all reconstruction planes. Artefacts caused by restorative dental materials are less accentuated in CBCT data sets. The system configuration was not powerful enough to generate sufficient images of intracranial structures.\nConclusion\nAfter the here-demonstrated encouraging preliminary results, the forensic indications that would be suitable for imaging with a 3D C-arm have to be defined. Promising seems the visualization local limited region of interest as the cervical spine or the facial skeleton.",
            "publicationTitle": "Forensic Science International",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "March 5, 2008",
            "volume": "175",
            "issue": "2–3",
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            "pages": "134-139",
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            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Forensic Science International",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.005",
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            "PMCID": "",
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            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Flat-panel detector",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Forensic radiology",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Postmortem imaging",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Virtopsy®",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "cone-beam computed tomography",
                    "type": 1
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            "dateAdded": "2016-02-14T21:04:12Z",
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