Danah Boyd provides a brief overview of why the Snapchat app provides an improved method of attracting audience attention, over other social media platforms.
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\n“Although it has now almost become a cliché to pinpoint the crucial role attention plays in the digital economy (Davenport and Beck, 2001; Franck, 1999; Goldhaber, 1997; Lanham 2006), there has been a dearth of empirical research on the essential role human agency plays in an attention economy, and what significant implications the factor of attention has for authoritarian regimes such as China that heavily censor the web.” (2)
\n“By examining the key strategies web editors employ to promote a nationwide blogging movement, this article proposes the concept of ‘professional digital attention agents’ to deepen the understanding of the attention economy. By stressing the importance of human agency, the study contributes to the existing literature on the attention economy that has been overly focused on the technological dimension of attention, namely an emphasis on attracting user attention through such technological means as software development and algorithm designs.” (2)
\n“My findings support the argument that commercialism does not necessarily marginalize critical communication, and could enhance profession- alism under specific circumstances (Hallin, 2000; Lagerkvist, 2006; Picard, 2004; Skovsgaard and van Dalen, 2013). The extremely compressed time span of China’s mod- ernization processes constitutes one of the critical conditions under which the acceler- ated pace of media commercialization opens up possibilities for the ‘co-evolving’ process between the commercial and the critical (Yang, 2009b). Therefore, despite the perils of big commercial portals’ manipulation of online attention that is deemed detrimental to democratic culture (Dahlberg, 2005; Flew, 2009; Hargittai, 2004; McNair, 2009; Martens, 2011), an investigation of the Chinese blogosphere reveals how dotcom corporations’ engagement with the attention economy has positive implications for the pluralization of Chinese society.” (5)
\n“The term ‘professional digital attention agents’ refers to those hired by internet portals to boost online traffic via both promotional strategies and technological means, therefore these wired professionals’ main objective at work is to attract and sustain user attention;” (5)
\n“The rapid professionalization of digital attention agents in China took place almost immediately after the launch of the major dotcom corporations – Sina.com, Sohu.com and Netease.com – in the late 1990s. Early examples of digital attention agents are the few ‘well-known IDs’ (zhiming ID, meaning online names) who first gained fame and symbolic prestige for various reasons on Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). The length of time one spent online, level of technical prowess, specialty displayed (good writing style, humour, critical analysis skills, etc.) and online social skills may all contribute to the recognition and symbolic power of posters.” (6)
\n“the rapid professionalization process shifts the nature of attention-gathering capacity for individuals. During the pre-professionalization stage, netizens gaining online recognition and symbolic prestige were primarily content- generators. Most of them embraced a non-utilitarian claim for the ‘immaterial labour’ they contributed to online space (Lazzarato, 1996; Yang, 2010). However, after formally joining the profession, the agenda of these agents shifts from content generators to con- tent publicists. Instead of providing user-generated content, these agents capitalize on the ‘immaterial labour’ of other internet users and aim at publicizing their user-generated content in an impressive manner (Lazzarato, 1996).” (6)
\n“In addition to Sina.com’s administrative structure and the incorporation of sophisticated recom- mendation and ranking systems, web editors as professional digital attention agents are essential to the corporation’s position as the dominant trendsetter in the Chinese- language blogosphere.” (7)
\n“As for ways to publi- cize celebrity updates, a hierarchical rule of attention is applied. Sina.com categorizes celebrities into different ‘classes’ based on the level of their popularity, and celebrities’ ‘class status’ largely determines the ways in which their updates are monitored and pub- licized. For instance, staff members at Sina.com track blogs written by such well-known figures as Xu Jinglei, the star-cum-director, 24/7, hence any recent status change will immediately be placed in a prominent position on web pages. Editors’ effective publicity of blog entries written by celebrities, in turn, has significantly contributed to enhancing these figures’ cultural capital in the marketplace. As for bloggers who are less famous, they need to notify web editors about updates in order to get them publicized or recom- mended in a timely fashion.” (8)
\n“Although Sina.com’s initiative to cultivate attention have-nots to be bloggers is mostly driven by the commercial logic of attention economy, the ways in which attention agents popularize blog writing as alternative journalism deserve critical investigation.” (10)
\n“In documenting the key measures that internet companies have adopted to popularize blogging, this article addresses an often neglected and yet crucial factor that drives China’s vibrant blogging scene: the multifaceted function web editors perform as professional digital attention agents. Blog editors stay highly sensitive to the attention value of online materials and user preferences, extend the breadth and depth of blog content, spare no effort to cultivate promising bloggers, nurture the relationship between individual users and the web- site, as well as featuring various opportunities for rewards and recognition to encourage user engagement. Although these editors have remained mostly invisible online, their function as professional digital attention agents has constituted an integral part of the attention economy and exerted tremendous influence on the developmental path of the Chinese blogosphere. Therefore, by proposing the concept of professional digital attention agents and analysing their role in promoting blogging culture in China, this article opens new avenues for exploring the attention economy.” (13)
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“This essay maps some of the ways in which the notion of ‘attention’ is mobilized as an economic category within theories of the Internet, framed in terms of neoclassical or mainstream economics theory and within theories attempting to account for processes of psychic transindividuation and social cooperation in contemporary capitalism.” (1)
\n“While information was said to be a radically new type of commodity that challenged established economic models, attention seems to bring with it a recoding of the economy of new media along more orthodox lines, in as much as it reintroduces a principle of scarcity where there used to be only abundance and limitless possibilities. If information is bountiful, attention is scarce because it indicates the limits inherent to the neurophysiology of perception and the social limitations to time available for consumption.” (1-2) [contrast with Network Economy.]
\n“In theories of the attention economy, attention is first of all a scarce resource, which is what allows the Internet to become an economic medium again, that is, a medium to which all the axioms of market economics can once again be applied. Scarcity is the condition that can give rise to a proper economy, the ‘attention economy’.” (2)
\n“According to theorists of the attention economy, in as much as attention is both scarce and measurable, it can become not simply a commodity like others, but a kind of capital.” (2)
\n“While already in 1999, Georg Franck attempted to describe attention as ‘the new currency of business’, proposing that attention constitute a new kind of capital (‘attentive capital’) and even a kind of wage or income (attention income such as that generated by fame and celebrity, for example) (Franck 1999), the attempts to capitalize attention have recently gone even further. Thus, for example, the Wikipedia entry for ‘attention economy’ reports proposals for ‘attention transactions’ (Goldhaber); the institution of new property rights in attention; and, of course, also the issuing of ‘attention bonds’, that is, ‘small warranties that some information will not be a waste of the recipient’s time, placed into escrow at the time of sending’ (Loder, Van Alstyne & Wash, 2004).” (3)
\nThe ‘attention economy’ is business as usual: “By consuming attention and making it scarce, the wealth of information creates poverty that in its turn produces the conditions for a new market to emerge. This new market requires specific techniques of evaluation and units of measurement (algorithms, clicks, impressions, tags, etc).” (4)
\n“Within current discussions of the economic implications of shifts in technologies of attention, the latter is seen not only as ‘scarce’ because limited, but also as increasingly ‘degraded’. In a strange reversal of early information theory’s take on entropy, attention here becomes the scarce quantity which is ‘consumed’ by that which is abundant, that is, information. In the recent wave of publishing around the idea of a ‘crisis of attention’ (which parallels and supplements discussions of attention economy), it is common to find the notion of a ‘degradation of attention’ provoked by digital technologies and its economic effects.” (4)
\n“In this sense, the attention economy brings to the fore and makes explicit the long tendency of modern culture to produce what Jonathan Crary has called an ‘ongoing crisis of attentiveness’ in which ‘the changing configurations of capitalism continually push attention and distraction to new limits and thresholds, with an endless sequence of new products, sources of stimulation, and streams of information, and then respond with new methods for managing and regulating perception...’ (Crary, 1999: 13).” (6)
\n“When read together, both statements about the attention economy and the crisis of attention point to the reconfiguration of the attentive capacities of the subject in ways which constitute attention at the same time as a scarce, and hence a valuable resource, while also producing an impoverished subject. The brain provides the scarce resource that allows the digital economy to be normalized, while also suffering a depletion of its cognitive capacities.” (7)
\n“The economy of attention is, then, also the economy of socialization of ideas, affects and percepts, and hence an economy of social production and cooperation. But are theories of the attention economy equipped to deal with the socially productive character of attentional assemblages or do they remain confined to an individual model of cognition which is too centred on the individual brain?” (8)
\n“The neuroplastic brain, then, not only reconfigures its cognitive architecture in response to new media exposure, but, when seen together with the enactive and involuntary impressions produced by paying attention as an act of potential imitation, turns the self-possessive and rational economic subject into a potentially mimetic node.” (8)
\n“The labour of attention enables social cooperation and is thus the real source of the production of value – a social kind of production steeped in relationality.” (10)
\n“Paying attention to social networks can potentially imply truly taking care of self and others in ways that can renew depleted libidinal energy and trigger the emergence of a new collective organisation.” (12)
\n“Theories of the attention economy, then, appear locked within the limits of scarcity, unable to account for the powers of invention of networked subjectivities, falling back into ‘herd-like’ models of connected sociality, and delegating to speculative mechanisms of financialization the capacity to create value out of partial attention and continuous distraction.” (13)
\n“While theories of attention economy, however, correspond to explicit commercial and business practices of organizing and managing attention, what we need is a further exploration of some other ways in which paying attention can become a practice that will be able to produce different forms of subjectivity and different models of what an economy of social cooperation could be like.” (13)
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T08:02:22Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T08:02:25Z" } }, { "key": "SWZBHBIX", "version": 312, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 479988, "name": "Internet Commerce and Consumers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_commerce_and_consumers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/479988/items/SWZBHBIX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_commerce_and_consumers/items/SWZBHBIX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/479988/items/D465V2XX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 28392, "username": "scroeser", "name": "Sky Croeser", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scroeser", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SWZBHBIX", "version": 312, "parentItem": "D465V2XX", "itemType": "note", "note": "If an economy is the means and rationale through which a given society commodifies and exchanges scarce resources, then the ‘attention economy’, following Marazzi (2008), defines human attention as a scarce but quantifiable commodity. According to Goldhaber (1997) and subsequent critics, this is the techno-cultural milieu in which contemporary Western societies operate and in which the ‘web-native’ generation lives. (1)
\n“There have been several articulations of the commodification of the human capacity for attention and the political economic rationales for reconstituting capitalism in the locus of the body. It would be a mistake to lionise an originator or moment of inception of this set of ideas, but one might look to a range of progenitors” (3)
\n“In this introduction we identify four particular, yet related, ways of thinking about how attention is commodified, quantified and trained. First, the attention economy has been theorised as the inversion of the ‘information economy’, in which information is plentiful and attention is the scarce resource. Second, post-Marxist critics have identified ‘cognitive capitalism’, the enrolment of human cognitive capacities as ‘immaterial labour’ par excellence, as the foundation for an attention economy. Third, several continental philosophers have identified the cerebral and neural as an object or site of politics, with a neural conception of attention becoming, particularly for Stiegler, a key issue. Finally, the internet, as a mediator of contemporary intellectual and social activities, has been identified by popular commentators as a threat to our mental capacities, devaluing them, and thus posing a risk to our ability to contribute to society.” (3-4)
\n“Several evocations of an attention economy were formed at the end of the last century, including: Beller (1994), Davenport and Beck (2001), Franck (1999) and Goldhaber (1997). The latter three offer normatively positive readings of this emergence, while Beller (discussed further below) proposed the need for a recalibrated critical practice based on a Marxist cultural and political economic framework. The paradigm of the commodity adopted in the latter formulations invites the assumption that attention has no degree: that one either pays attention or does not. Thus, as the capacity for attention by a finite audience, a society, is dispersed across a broadening range of media, those media command ever decreasing ‘segments’ of that market.” (4)
\n“Attention as a commodity, for Goldhaber, endures: it is not a momentary circumstance but something that has prolonged effects. Thus when attention is garnered it builds a potential for further attention in the future” (5)
\n“Where Goldhaber’s analysis rings true is in predictions that we would increasingly place import upon online social networks and the diverse means by which they are accessed – for example: blogs, email, Facebook, instant messaging, Twitter.” (5)
\n“The difference between money and attention for Franck is that in addition to an apparent exchange value attention has the corollary value of identity. Attention cannot be accumulated in the same ways as money but, Franck argues, it can be calculated through ‘esteem’.” (6)
\n“Leftist, largely Marxian or post-Marxist, criticism of the apparent co- opting of capacities for attention by the systems of capitalism have variously addressed the industrialisation of attention capture, the extension of state apparatuses of control towards cognition, and a reaffirmed targeting of the ‘general intellect’ by capitalism.” (7)
\n“The ‘New Economy’ thus has at its heart an attention economy. Marazzi argues that this sets in train a move in the economy to consume not only work time but also ‘non- productive’, or leisure, time.” [links with discussion on attention economy]
\n“The decrease of leisure time within the attention economy also produces a crisis of income because ‘rather than increasing, [income] seems instead to diminish [...] in relation to the increase in the quantity of time dedicated to work’ (Marazzi, 2008: 68).” (8)
\n“Thus for Beller, as for the Post-Fordists, the attention economy not only acts in terms of apparently rational practices but also through cognition itself, the ‘wetware’ of the brain, as a form of not only mental capitalism but also cognitive capitalism.” (9)
\n“A number of popular commentators have offered arguments concerning the effects and potential of the internet that range from feeling anxious about a perceived diminishing of attention caused by life online, to proposing an emerging capacity for creativity and collaboration engendered by network technologies.” (14)
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Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Question of Openness", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kimberly A.", "lastName": "Christen" } ], "abstractNote": "The “information wants to be free” meme was born some 20 years ago from the free and open source software development community. In the ensuing decades, information freedom has merged with debates over open access, digital rights management, and intellectual property rights. More recently, as digital heritage has become a common resource, scholars, activists, technologists, and local source communities have generated critiques about the extent of information freedom. This article injects both the histories of collecting and the politics of information circulation in relation to indigenous knowledge into this debate by looking closely at the history of the meme and its cultural and legal underpinnings. This approach allows us to unpack the meme’s normalized assumptions and gauge whether it is applicable across a broad range of materials and cultural variances.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/11/30", "volume": "6", "issue": "0", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1618", "accessDate": "2016-05-27T08:10:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-8036", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Does Information Really Want to be Free?", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ijoc.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "The IJoC is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the \"human-readable summary\" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that \"you\" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) 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Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; & the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use.", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3CBA3HAS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-27T08:10:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-27T08:10:39Z" } } ]