[ { "key": "MPMHTKCT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/MPMHTKCT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/MPMHTKCT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cowan et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MPMHTKCT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scope of attention, control of attention, and intelligence in children and adults", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nelson", "lastName": "Cowan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nathanael M", "lastName": "Fristoe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emily M", "lastName": "Elliott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan P", "lastName": "Brunner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J Scott", "lastName": "Saults" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent experimentation has shown that cognitive aptitude measures are predicted by tests of the scope of an individual's attention or capacity in simple working memory tasks and also by the ability to control attention. However, these experiments do not indicate how separate or related the scope and control of attention are. An experiment with 52 children (10 to 11 years old) and 52 college students included measures of the scope and control of attention, as well as verbal and nonverbal aptitude measures. The children showed little evidence of using sophisticated attentional control, but the scope of attention predicted intelligence in that group. In adults, both the scope and control of attention varied among individuals and accounted for considerable individual variance in intelligence. About one third that variance was shared between scope an d control, and the rest was unique to one or the other. Scope and control of attention appear to be related but distinct contributors to intelligence.", "publicationTitle": "Memory & Cognition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2006", "volume": "34", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1754-1768", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Mem Cognit", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489300", "accessDate": "2012-01-24T16:51:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0090-502X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17489300", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-24T16:51:23Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-24T16:51:23Z" } }, { "key": "9U76UFFA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/9U76UFFA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/9U76UFFA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gathercole and Baddeley", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9U76UFFA", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Working memory and language", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan E.", "lastName": "Gathercole" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan D.", "lastName": "Baddeley" } ], "abstractNote": "This book evaluates the involvement of working memory in five central aspects of language processing: vocabulary acquisition, speech production, reading development, skilled reading and comprehension. The authors draw upon experimental, neuropsychological and developmental evidence in a wide-ranging evaluation of the contribution of two components of working memory to each aspect of language. The two components are the phonological loop, which is specialised for the processing and maintenance of verbal material, and the general-purpose processing system of the central executive. . . . The book will therefore be of direct relevance to researchers interested in both language processing and memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)", "series": "Essays in cognitive psychology.", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1993", "publisher": "Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "xiii, 266", "ISBN": "0-86377-289-7(Paperback)", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "APA PsycNET", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "development of working memory & role in vocabulary & speech & reading development & language comprehension", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-24T12:51:05Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-24T12:51:05Z" } }, { "key": "VSTDZ2SW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/VSTDZ2SW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/VSTDZ2SW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TF892ITK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VSTDZ2SW", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TF892ITK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "url": "http://jbd.sagepub.com/content/17/1/109.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z" } }, { "key": "JNPS3T9F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/JNPS3T9F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/JNPS3T9F", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TF892ITK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JNPS3T9F", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TF892ITK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "url": "http://jbd.sagepub.com/content/17/1/109.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z" } }, { "key": "TF892ITK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TF892ITK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/TF892ITK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Siegel", "parsedDate": "1994-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TF892ITK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Working Memory and Reading: A Life-span Perspective", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda S.", "lastName": "Siegel" } ], "abstractNote": "The relationships among working memory, memory span, and reading skills were studied in 1266 individuals, aged 6-49. They were administered tests of word recognition, pseudoword decoding, reading comprehension, a working memory (listening span) task that required the simultaneous processing of syntax and the recall of linguistic information, and a short-term memory task that required the recall of rhyming or nonrhyming letters presented visually. The results indicated that there is a gradual growth in the development of working memory skills from ages 6 to 19 and a gradual decline after adolescence. The short-term memory task did not show a decline in performance among older individuals. On both of these memory tasks and at most of the age levels, individuals with a reading disability performed at significantly lower levels than individuals with normal reading skills. An important component of the development of reading skills appears to be memory for verbal information. Age-related declines in memory appear to be related to the processing demands of the task, which may affect the degree to which rehearsal strategies are possible within the task.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Behavioral Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 01 , 1994", "volume": "17", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109 -124", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/016502549401700107", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jbd.sagepub.com/content/17/1/109.abstract", "accessDate": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Working Memory and Reading", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-24T12:42:10Z" } }, { "key": "ZZT3M8NU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/ZZT3M8NU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/ZZT3M8NU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhang and Luck", "parsedDate": "2009-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZZT3M8NU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sudden death and gradual decay in visual working memory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Weiwei", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven J", "lastName": "Luck" } ], "abstractNote": "General Douglas MacArthur remarked that \"old soldiers never die; they just fade away.\" For decades, researchers have concluded that visual working memories, like old soldiers, fade away gradually, becoming progressively less precise as they are retained for longer periods of time. However, these conclusions were based on threshold-estimation procedures in which the complete termination of a memory could artifactually produce the appearance of lower precision. Here, we use a recall-based visual working memory paradigm that provides separate measures of the probability that a memory is available and the precision of the memory when it is available. Using this paradigm, we demonstrate that visual working memory representations may be retained for several seconds with little or no loss of precision, but that they may terminate suddenly and completely during this period.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2009", "volume": "20", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "423-428", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychol Sci", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02322.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19320861", "accessDate": "2012-01-23T15:12:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-9280", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19320861", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Death, Sudden", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Progression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-23T15:12:24Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-23T15:12:24Z" } }, { "key": "U8JG96Z3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/U8JG96Z3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/U8JG96Z3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Compte et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U8JG96Z3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Compte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Brunel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P S", "lastName": "Goldman-Rakic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "X J", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "Single-neuron recordings from behaving primates have established a link between working memory processes and information-specific neuronal persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex. Using a network model endowed with a columnar architecture and based on the physiological properties of cortical neurons and synapses, we have examined the synaptic mechanisms of selective persistent activity underlying spatial working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Our model reproduces the phenomenology of the oculomotor delayed-response experiment of Funahashi et al. (S. Funahashi, C.J. Bruce and P.S. Goldman-Rakic, Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61:331-349, 1989). To observe stable spontaneous and persistent activity, we find that recurrent synaptic excitation should be primarily mediated by NMDA receptors, and that overall recurrent synaptic interactions should be dominated by inhibition. Isodirectional tuning of adjacent pyramidal cells and interneurons can be accounted for by a structured pyramid-to-interneuron connectivity. Robust memory storage against random drift of the tuned persistent activity and against distractors (intervening stimuli during the delay period) may be enhanced by neuromodulation of recurrent synapses. Experimentally testable predictions concerning the neural basis of working memory are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2000", "volume": "10", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "910-923", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cereb. Cortex", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982751", "accessDate": "2012-01-23T13:24:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1047-3211", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10982751", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavior, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Haplorhini", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interneurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory, Short-Term", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Inhibition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prefrontal cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pyramidal Cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptors, AMPA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synapses", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-23T13:24:40Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-23T13:24:40Z" } }, { "key": "JT77ABH2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/JT77ABH2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/JT77ABH2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schutte et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JT77ABH2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Testing the dynamic field theory: working memory for locations becomes more spatially precise over development", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne R", "lastName": "Schutte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John P", "lastName": "Spencer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregor", "lastName": "Schöner" } ], "abstractNote": "The dynamic field theory predicts that biases toward remembered locations depend on the separation between targets, and the spatial precision of interactions in working memory that become enhanced over development. This was tested by varying the separation between A and B locations in a sandbox. Children searched for an object 6 times at an A location, followed by 3 trials at a B location. Two- and 4-year-olds', but not 6-year-olds', responses were biased toward A when A and B were 9-in. and 6-in. apart. When A and B were separated by 2 in., however, 4- and 6-year-olds' responses were biased toward A. Thus, the separation at which responses were biased toward A decreased across age groups, supporting the predictions of the theory.", "publicationTitle": "Child Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003 Sep-Oct", "volume": "74", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1393-1417", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Child Dev", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14552405", "accessDate": "2012-01-23T13:24:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0009-3920", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Testing the dynamic field theory", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 14552405", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Association Learning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child Psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Distance Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory, Short-Term", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Networks (Computer)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Orientation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Problem Solving", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychomotor Performance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Retention (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Space Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stereotyped Behavior", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-23T13:24:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-23T13:24:22Z" } }, { "key": "53EXTZGT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/53EXTZGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/53EXTZGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pouget et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "53EXTZGT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Information processing with population codes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Pouget" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Dayan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Zemel" } ], "abstractNote": "Information is encoded in the brain by populations or clusters of cells, rather than by single cells. This encoding strategy is known as population coding. Here we review the standard use of population codes for encoding and decoding information, and consider how population codes can be used to support neural computations such as noise removal and nonlinear mapping. More radical ideas about how population codes may directly represent information about stimulus uncertainty are also discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Reviews. Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2000", "volume": "1", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "125-132", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat. Rev. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1038/35039062", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11252775", "accessDate": "2012-01-23T13:23:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-003X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11252775", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Likelihood Functions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Processes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nonlinear Dynamics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-23T13:23:44Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-23T13:23:44Z" } }, { "key": "BD6WJ2A2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/BD6WJ2A2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/BD6WJ2A2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TZTHEI2W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BD6WJ2A2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TZTHEI2W", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/104/33/13507.full", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z" } }, { "key": "NR6RS76W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/NR6RS76W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/NR6RS76W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TZTHEI2W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NR6RS76W", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TZTHEI2W", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/104/33/13507.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z" } }, { "key": "TZTHEI2W", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TZTHEI2W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/TZTHEI2W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fair et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TZTHEI2W", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Damien A.", "lastName": "Fair" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nico U. F.", "lastName": "Dosenbach" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jessica A.", "lastName": "Church" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander L.", "lastName": "Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shefali", "lastName": "Brahmbhatt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis M.", "lastName": "Miezin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deanna M.", "lastName": "Barch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcus E.", "lastName": "Raichle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven E.", "lastName": "Petersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bradley L.", "lastName": "Schlaggar" } ], "abstractNote": "Human attentional control is unrivaled. We recently proposed that adults depend on distinct frontoparietal and cinguloopercular networks for adaptive online task control versus more stable set control, respectively. During development, both experience-dependent evoked activity and spontaneous waves of synchronized cortical activity are thought to support the formation and maintenance of neural networks. Such mechanisms may encourage tighter “integration” of some regions into networks over time while “segregating” other sets of regions into separate networks. Here we use resting state functional connectivity MRI, which measures correlations in spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations between brain regions to compare previously identified control networks between children and adults. We find that development of the proposed adult control networks involves both segregation (i.e., decreased short-range connections) and integration (i.e., increased long-range connections) of the brain regions that comprise them. Delay/disruption in the developmental processes of segregation and integration may play a role in disorders of control, such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Tourette's syndrome.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "104", "issue": "33", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13507 -13512", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0705843104", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/104/33/13507.abstract", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T17:26:04Z" } }, { "key": "JDBIK6TR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/JDBIK6TR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/JDBIK6TR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/X9ZWHRCP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JDBIK6TR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "X9ZWHRCP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/362/1481/761.full.pdf+html?frame=sidebar", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z" } }, { "key": "X9ZWHRCP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/X9ZWHRCP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/X9ZWHRCP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "D'Esposito", "parsedDate": "2007-05-29", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "X9ZWHRCP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From cognitive to neural models of working memory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "D'Esposito" } ], "abstractNote": "Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be stored for longer periods of time through active maintenance or rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behaviour. Empirical studies of working memory using neuroscientific techniques, such as neuronal recordings in monkeys or functional neuroimaging in humans, have advanced our knowledge of the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory. This rich dataset can be reconciled with behavioural findings derived from investigating the cognitive mechanisms underlying working memory. In this paper, I review the progress that has been made towards this effort by illustrating how investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying working memory can be influenced by cognitive models and, in turn, how cognitive models can be shaped and modified by neuroscientific data. One conclusion that arises from this research is that working memory can be viewed as neither a unitary nor a dedicated system. A network of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is critical for the active maintenance of internal representations that are necessary for goal-directed behaviour. Thus, working memory is not localized to a single brain region but probably is an emergent property of the functional interactions between the PFC and the rest of the brain.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 29 , 2007", "volume": "362", "issue": "1481", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "761 -772", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1098/rstb.2007.2086", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/362/1481/761.abstract", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z" } }, { "key": "BDANKF3J", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/BDANKF3J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/BDANKF3J", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/X9ZWHRCP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BDANKF3J", "version": 1, "parentItem": "X9ZWHRCP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "url": "http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/362/1481/761.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T16:59:59Z" } }, { "key": "9T7IES55", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/9T7IES55", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/9T7IES55", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kwon et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9T7IES55", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neural basis of protracted developmental changes in visuo-spatial working memory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Kwon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. L.", "lastName": "Reiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Menon" } ], "abstractNote": "Developmental studies have shown that visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) performance improves throughout childhood and adolescence into young adulthood. The neural basis of this protracted development is poorly understood. In this study, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine VSWM function in children, adolescents, and young adults, ages 7–22. Subjects performed a 2-back VSWM experiment that required dynamic storage and manipulation of spatial information. Accuracy and response latency on the VSWM task improved gradually, extending into young adulthood. Age-related increases in brain activation were observed in focal regions of the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (including Broca's area), left premotor cortex, and left and right posterior parietal cortex. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relative contributions of age, accuracy, and response latency on activation. Our analysis showed that age was the most significant predictor of activation in these brain regions. These findings provide strong evidence for a process of protracted functional maturation of bilateral fronto-parietal neural networks involved in VSWM development. At least two neural systems involved in VSWM mature together: (i) a right hemisphere visuo-spatial attentional system, and (ii) a left hemisphere phonological storage and rehearsal system. These observations suggest that visually and verbally mediated mnemonic processes, and their neural representations, develop concurrently during childhood and adolescence and into young adulthood.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01 , 2002", "volume": "99", "issue": "20", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13336 -13341", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.162486399", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/99/20/13336.abstract", "accessDate": "2011-12-14T16:56:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/46003/items/AK2R39SH" }, "dateAdded": "2011-12-14T16:56:35Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-14T16:56:35Z" } }, { "key": "MFDFR4R7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/MFDFR4R7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/MFDFR4R7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bays et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MFDFR4R7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Temporal dynamics of encoding, storage, and reallocation of visual working memory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul M", "lastName": "Bays" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nikos", "lastName": "Gorgoraptis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Natalie", "lastName": "Wee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louise", "lastName": "Marshall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Masud", "lastName": "Husain" } ], "abstractNote": "The process of encoding a visual scene into working memory has previously been studied using binary measures of recall. Here, we examine the temporal evolution of memory resolution, based on observers' ability to reproduce the orientations of objects presented in brief, masked displays. Recall precision was accurately described by the interaction of two independent constraints: an encoding limit that determines the maximum rate at which information can be transferred into memory and a separate storage limit that determines the maximum fidelity with which information can be maintained. Recall variability decreased incrementally with time, consistent with a parallel encoding process in which visual information from multiple objects accumulates simultaneously in working memory. No evidence was observed for a limit on the number of items stored. Cuing one display item with a brief flash led to rapid development of a recall advantage for that item. This advantage was short-lived if the cue was simply a salient visual event but was maintained if it indicated an object of particular relevance to the task. These cuing effects were observed even for items that had already been encoded into memory, indicating that limited memory resources can be rapidly reallocated to prioritize salient or goal-relevant information.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Vision", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "11", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Vis", "DOI": "10.1167/11.10.6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911739", "accessDate": "2011-10-07T15:37:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1534-7362", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21911739", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-07T15:37:15Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-07T15:37:15Z" } }, { "key": "UJ6VTM8N", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/UJ6VTM8N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/UJ6VTM8N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jaeggi et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-06-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UJ6VTM8N", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susanne M", "lastName": "Jaeggi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin", "lastName": "Buschkuehl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Jonides" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Priti", "lastName": "Shah" } ], "abstractNote": "Does cognitive training work? There are numerous commercial training interventions claiming to improve general mental capacity; however, the scientific evidence for such claims is sparse. Nevertheless, there is accumulating evidence that certain cognitive interventions are effective. Here we provide evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive (often called \"brain\") training. However, we demonstrate that there are important individual differences that determine training and transfer. We trained elementary and middle school children by means of a videogame-like working memory task. We found that only children who considerably improved on the training task showed a performance increase on untrained fluid intelligence tasks. This improvement was larger than the improvement of a control group who trained on a knowledge-based task that did not engage working memory; further, this differential pattern remained intact even after a 3-mo hiatus from training. We conclude that cognitive training can be effective and long-lasting, but that there are limiting factors that must be considered to evaluate the effects of this training, one of which is individual differences in training performance. We propose that future research should not investigate whether cognitive training works, but rather should determine what training regimens and what training conditions result in the best transfer effects, investigate the underlying neural and cognitive mechanisms, and finally, investigate for whom cognitive training is most useful.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 21, 2011", "volume": "108", "issue": "25", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "10081-10086", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1103228108", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670271", "accessDate": "2011-10-04T07:44:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21670271", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory, Short-Term", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuropsychological Tests", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychomotor Performance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Questionnaires", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-04T07:44:31Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-04T07:44:31Z" } }, { "key": "T2ZIXKWV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/T2ZIXKWV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/T2ZIXKWV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stevens", "parsedDate": "1958-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T2ZIXKWV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Problems and methods of psychophysics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S S", "lastName": "Stevens" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Bulletin", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1958", "volume": "55", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "177-196", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychol Bull", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13567963", "accessDate": "2011-10-03T08:52:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-2909", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 13567963", "tags": [ { "tag": "Physical Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-03T08:52:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-10-03T08:54:10Z" } }, { "key": "JXREFZPW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/JXREFZPW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/JXREFZPW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cowan et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JXREFZPW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Age differences in visual working memory capacity: not based on encoding limitations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nelson", "lastName": "Cowan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angela M", "lastName": "AuBuchon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amanda L", "lastName": "Gilchrist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy J", "lastName": "Ricker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Scott", "lastName": "Saults" } ], "abstractNote": "Why does visual working memory performance increase with age in childhood? One recent study (Cowan et al., 2010b) ruled out the possibility that the basic cause is a tendency in young children to clutter working memory with less-relevant items (within a concurrent array, colored items presented in one of two shapes). The age differences in memory performance, however, theoretically could result from inadequate encoding of the briefly presented array items by younger children. We replicated the key part of the procedure in children 6–8 and 11–13 years old and college students (total N = 90), but with a much slower, sequential presentation of the items to ensure adequate encoding. We also required verbal responses during encoding to encourage or discourage labeling of item information. Although verbal labeling affected performance, age differences persisted across labeling conditions, further supporting the existence of a basic growth in capacity.", "publicationTitle": "Developmental Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011/09/01", "volume": "14", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1066-1074", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01060.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01060.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2011-09-26T11:14:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-7687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Age differences in visual working memory capacity", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-26T11:14:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-26T11:14:44Z" } }, { "key": "8G37PAEN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/8G37PAEN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/8G37PAEN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/CUJVZDPQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8G37PAEN", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CUJVZDPQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Nature Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v9/n4/pdf/nrn2258.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z" } }, { "key": "CUJVZDPQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/CUJVZDPQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/CUJVZDPQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Faisal et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "CUJVZDPQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Noise in the nervous system", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. Aldo", "lastName": "Faisal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luc P. J.", "lastName": "Selen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel M.", "lastName": "Wolpert" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nat Rev Neurosci", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2008", "volume": "9", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "292-303", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat Rev Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1038/nrn2258", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2258", "accessDate": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-003X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Nature", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z" } }, { "key": "T8DEF89U", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/T8DEF89U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/T8DEF89U", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/CUJVZDPQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T8DEF89U", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CUJVZDPQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Nature Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v9/n4/abs/nrn2258.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-22T09:37:04Z" } }, { "key": "TVJA4W75", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TVJA4W75", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/TVJA4W75", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Enns and Girgus", "parsedDate": "1985-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TVJA4W75", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Developmental changes in selective and integrative visual attention", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James T.", "lastName": "Enns" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joan S.", "lastName": "Girgus" } ], "abstractNote": "School-aged children and adults performed two speeded classification tasks designed to examine the relation between selective and integrative aspects of visual attention. Stimuli consisted of two parentheses (Experiment 1) or two arrows (Experiment 2) separated by 0.5 to 16° visual angle. In a selective attention task, observers classified stimuli on the basis of one of the two elements. Younger children experienced more interference when the elements were closely spaced than older children and adults. In an integrative attention task, stimuli were classified on the basis of both of the elements. Here age differences were most pronounced when elements were separated by large visual angles. These findings suggest that the ability to contract and expand the size of the attentional “spotlight” improves with age in the school years.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Child Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1985", "volume": "40", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "319-337", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/0022-0965(85)90093-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022096585900931", "accessDate": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-0965", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z" } }, { "key": "QJA6PAU8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47791, "name": "Working memory development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/QJA6PAU8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/working_memory_development/items/QJA6PAU8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47791/items/TVJA4W75", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 155402, "username": "SB27", "name": "Stephanie Burnett Heyes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sb27", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "QJA6PAU8", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TVJA4W75", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=272403&_user=125795&_pii=0022096585900931&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=31-Oct-1985&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlk-zSkWA&md5=44202d1ef3be0e145b64f8c311423fe7/1-s2.0-0022096585900931-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z", "dateModified": "2011-09-20T09:12:29Z" } } ]