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This report will be of interest to individuals seeking to improve the livability of their communities and to those concerned with the role public transportation can play in pursuing this goal.  The report combines guidelines and case studies to provide a comprehensive approach for improving community livability and transit ridership in the United States. It is directed toward a broad range of individuals and groups in the public and private sectors associated with community, business, and civic organizations, including public transportation providers, local and metropolitan governments, community groups, and private businesses.  The report's 12 chapters are divided into three major parts.  Part I, Overview and Context, contains two chapters which define the concept of livability and the impact of transportation on livability. These chapters also describe federal support for transit and livable community initiatives, the \"place-making\" approach to livability, and transportation strategies that impact livability.  Part II, Roles of Transit in Creating Livable Communities, contains Chapters 3 through 9, which document and present diverse examples of how public transportation supports and enhances community livability.  The examples which briefly summarize the experience of the individual communities and the more lengthy case studies are organized by the following topics: creating places for community life; using transit as a catalyst for downtown and neighborhood renewal; creating opportunities for entrepreneurship and local economic development; improving safety and amenity; making communities accessible and convenient; and shaping community growth.  Part III, Implementation, contains Chapters 10 through 12, which provide a guide to implementation.  These chapters describe the importance of community-based process for creating livable communities, then describe specific planning, design, and management strategies for livable places and conclude with suggested next steps to increase awareness of livability-oriented transit programs.

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"creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Appleyard" } ], "abstractNote": "The primary goal of this research is to develop and test new methods to measure the urban environment. Three core principles ( resolution, respondent, replicability ) comprise the central evaluative framework guiding the exploration and development of these new methods. They are introduced in this dissertation as the \"3R principles of methodological development.\" They guide the use of the IAC to capture high- resolution information about the urban environment ( land use activity, transport access, and traveler perceptions ) that can be uniquely attributed to each individual survey respondent in a replicable manner. This information, in turn, can support reliable and valid analyses of the influence of the urban environment on consumer behavior that are meaningful, rigorous, and generalizable. The secondary goal of this research is to test these new measures as inputs for travel behavior analyses of a relatively standard intercept travel survey--the 2008 Station Profile Survey for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. Improving measures for these analyses is important because substantial effort and money is currently being spent on influencing traveler behavior in suburban/non-CBD areas, and for trips to transit. As most morning commuters across the U.S. drive to rapid transit stations, and over relatively short distances, substantial sustainability benefits could be realized by coaxing even a small fraction of these drivers to use \"green\" non-motorized travel (NMT) modes of bicycling and walking. In terms of its primary goal, this research shows that capturing high-resolution information of the urban environment can be uniquely attributed to each individual survey respondent in a replicable manner to support both reliable and valid analyses of consumer behavior. Reliability of these new methods and measures is determined by: (1) their ability to objectively and uniformly capture and calculate factors of interest; and (2) their provision of similar results through repeated experiments. Validity is established via: (1) a thorough in-depth review of empirical research, literature, and urban theory to identify particular aspects of the urban environment they represent; and (2) an examination of the findings emerging from numerous models, with respect to interpretability, sensibility and usefulness. Specific achievements include the following: (1) This research supports the use of the IAC to examine the unique intermediate area of a trip between its origin and destination, especially when examining NMT behavior (bicycling and walking). (2) This research enriches our understanding of how to measure and analyze land use activity, beyond the currently used measures of \"diversity\", where entropy indices have been widely used as a proxy for land use mixture. Specifically, this research tests the best methods for managing vast amounts of complicated land use information, classified at the parcel-level, to be meaningfully applied to analyses of consumer behavior. (3) This research complements the current body of literature on travel behavior and the built environment by more formally recognizing and including measures of the functional/operational qualities of urban environments, as well as measures of physical infrastructure, urban form, and \"perceptual qualities\" (Ewing et al., 2006; Ewing & Handy, 2009). (4) This research provides valuable insight on transportation policies and urban design practices that will help communities and regions move more deliberately toward sustainability objectives, such as reducing auto use, GHG emissions, and congestion, while simultaneously improving air quality, street livability, the building of social capital, and enhancing opportunities for physical activity. In terms of the second goal of this research--testing the relationship of these new measures of the urban environment to rapid transit access travel behavior--they are proven to support reliable and valid findings that provide useful, nuanced insight into the influence of the urban environment on rapid transit access mode choice. 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