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                    "firstName": "Juergen H.",
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            "publicationTitle": "Applied Optics",
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            "date": "2005",
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                    "firstName": "Victor Arni D P",
                    "lastName": "Sicam"
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                    "firstName": "Joris J",
                    "lastName": "Snellenburg"
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                    "firstName": "Rob G L",
                    "lastName": "van der Heijde"
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                    "firstName": "Ivo H M",
                    "lastName": "van Stokkum"
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            "abstractNote": "PURPOSE A pseudo forward ray-tracing (PFRT) algorithm is developed to evaluate surface reconstruction in corneal topography. The method can be applied to topographers where one-to-one correspondence between mire and image points can be established. METHODS The PFRT algorithm was applied on a corneal topographer designed and constructed at the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Performance of the algorithm was evaluated using artificial test surfaces and two sample eyes. The residual output of the PFRT algorithm is displayed as pixel displacements of actual feature points on the corneal image. Displacement of 1 pixel indicates submicrometer corneal height accuracy. RESULTS PFRT residual increases with complexity of the measured surface. Using Zernike radial order 6, the mean residual for the artificial surfaces is subpixel. The mean residual for the regular cornea and the irregular cornea is 1.16 and 2.94 respectively. To some extent, increasing the Zernike radial order improves the accuracy. The improvement from order 6 to 20 is factor 2.3 for the irregular cornea. Using the residuals to further improve the accuracy brought local changes as high as 0.28 D in some areas of the reconstructed corneal power map. CONCLUSION PFRT can be used to evaluate how close a reconstructed corneal surface is to the actual one. The residue information obtained from this algorithm can be displayed simultaneously with the corneal image. This provides accurate information about the corneal shape that is useful for application in laser refractive surgery.",
            "publicationTitle": "Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry",
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            "date": "Sep 2007",
            "volume": "84",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Optom Vis Sci",
            "DOI": "10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181559d70",
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            "title": "Forward ray tracing for image projection prediction and surface reconstruction in the evaluation of corneal topography systems",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Joris J.",
                    "lastName": "Snellenburg"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Boy",
                    "lastName": "Braaf"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Erik A.",
                    "lastName": "Hermans"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Rob G. L.",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Victor Arni D. P.",
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            "abstractNote": "A forward ray tracing (FRT) model is presented to determine the exact image projection in a general corneal topography system. Consequently, the skew ray error in Placido-based topography is demonstrated. A quantitative analysis comparing FRT-based algorithms and Placido-based algorithms in reconstructing the front surface of the cornea shows that arc step algorithms are more sensitive to noise (imprecise). Furthermore, they are less accurate in determining corneal aberrations particularly the quadrafoil aberration. On the other hand, FRT-based algorithms are more accurate and more precise showing that point to point corneal topography is superior compared to its Placido-based counterpart.",
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            "volume": "18",
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                    "lastName": "Lindlein"
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                    "lastName": "Schwider"
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            "date": "07/1998",
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            "issue": "13",
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            "pages": "995",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0146-9592",
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    {
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            "name": "Corneal Topography",
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                    "firstName": "Linda",
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                    "firstName": "Peter",
                    "lastName": "Unsbo"
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            "publicationTitle": "Optometry and Vision Science",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "05/2004",
            "volume": "81",
            "issue": "5",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "383-388",
            "series": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Optometry and Vision Science",
            "DOI": "10.1097/01.opx.0000135086.61760.b7",
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            "url": "http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00006324-200405000-00018",
            "accessDate": "2011-06-11T19:58:22Z",
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            "PMCID": "",
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    {
        "key": "IP9K63H2",
        "version": 1,
        "library": {
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            "name": "Corneal Topography",
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                "username": "jsnel",
                "name": "Joris Snellenburg",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Sokurenko and Molebny",
            "parsedDate": "2009-05",
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            "version": 1,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Damped least-squares approach for point-source corneal topography",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Vyacheslav",
                    "lastName": "Sokurenko"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Vasyl",
                    "lastName": "Molebny"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "An optimization algorithm to be used in point-source corneal topographers is developed for the reconstruction of the topography of aspheric corneal surfaces. It is based on the damped least-squares technique. The reconstructions obtained with a topographer comprising 48 or 90 point sources for corneas having different forms (spherical, conicoidal, complex) and apical radii (5-16 mm) were simulated numerically. Zernike polynomials up to the seventh radial order were used for the description of the shape of the anterior corneal surface. With no noise, i.e. uncertainty in the position of the image of each object point, it is shown that this approach allows reconstruction of the surface with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of <5 x 10(-7) microm for the elevation map and 3 x 10(-7) diopter for the refraction map. With noise, to get an averaged surface elevation RMS error of <1 microm, or an averaged refraction RMS error of <0.25 diopter, each spot must be located (in the image plane) with an error <1 microm.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)",
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            "date": "May 2009",
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            "pages": "330-337",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Ophthalmic Physiol Opt",
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            "title": "Clinical validation of point-source corneal topography in keratoplasty",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Anne C L",
                    "lastName": "Vrijling"
                },
                {
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                    "firstName": "Boy",
                    "lastName": "Braaf"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Joris J",
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Fleur",
                    "lastName": "de Lange"
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                    "firstName": "Rob G L",
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            "abstractNote": "PURPOSE To validate the clinical performance of point-source corneal topography (PCT) in postpenetrating keratoplasty (PKP) eyes and to compare it with conventional Placido-based topography. METHODS Corneal elevation maps of the anterior corneal surface were obtained from 20 post-PKP corneas using PCT (VU topographer, prototype; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and Placido-based topography (Keratron, Optikon 2000, Rome, Italy). Corneal surface parameters are calculated in terms of radius and asphericity. Corneal aberrations were characterized using standard Zernike convention. An artificial surface with quadrafoil feature (SUMIPRO, Almelo, The Netherlands) was measured and used as a reference to assess instrument performance compared with the gold standard. RESULTS The differences (mean ± std of PCT - Placido) found between the two types of topographers in measurements of post-PKP eyes are 0.02 ± 0.21 mm (p=0.64) for radius of curvature, 0.14 ± 0.49 (p=0.23) for asphericity, -0.19 ± 1.67 μm (p=0.61) for corneal astigmatism, -0.25 ± 1.34 μm (p=0.41) for corneal coma, 0.23 ± 0.82 μm (p=0.23) for corneal trefoil, and 0.15 ± 0.28 μm (p=0.02) for corneal quadrafoil. The PCT measured the artificial surface more accurate (rms error 0.16 μm; 0.12 eq. Dpt.) than the Placido-based topographer (rms error 1.50 μm; 1.15 eq. Dpt.). CONCLUSIONS PCT is more accurate than Placido-based topography in measuring quadrafoil aberration.",
            "publicationTitle": "Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry",
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            "date": "Jul 2011",
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