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In addition to enhancing the exchange of nutrients and wastes, these systems simultaneously deliver flow-mediated shear stresses to cells seeded within the constructs. Local shear stresses are a function of media flow rate and dynamic viscosity, bioreactor configuration, and porous scaffold microarchitecture. We have used the Lattice–Boltzmann method to simulate the flow conditions within perfused cell-seeded cylindrical scaffolds. Microcomputed tomography imaging was used to define the scaffold microarchitecture for the simulations, which produce a 3-D fluid velocity field throughout the scaffold porosity. Shear stresses were estimated at various media flow rates by multiplying the symmetric part of the gradient of the velocity field by the dynamic viscosity of the cell culture media. The shear stress algorithm was validated by modeling flow between infinite parallel plates and comparing the calculated shear stress distribution to the analytical solution. Relating the simulation results to perfusion experiments, an average surface shear stress of 5×10−5 Pa was found to correspond to increased cell proliferation, while higher shear stresses were associated with upregulation of bone marker genes. This modeling approach can be used to compare results obtained for different perfusion bioreactor systems or different scaffold microarchitectures and may allow specific shear stresses to be determined that optimize the amount, type, or distribution of in vitro tissue growth.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2005", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "543-549", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929004001964", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:05:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bioreactor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computational fluid dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fluid shear stress", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Micro CT", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Scaffold", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:05:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:05:19Z" } }, { "key": "XH79H5FT", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/XH79H5FT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/XH79H5FT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/7KD9H3ZQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XH79H5FT", "version": 16, "parentItem": "7KD9H3ZQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:04:43Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876204726155", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0263876204726155.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:04:43Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:04:43Z" } }, { "key": "7KD9H3ZQ", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/7KD9H3ZQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/7KD9H3ZQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ascanio et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7KD9H3ZQ", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Measurement of Power Consumption in Stirred Vessels—A Review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Ascanio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Castro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Galindo" } ], "abstractNote": "Mixing is a very common operation in the process industries, usually performed by mechanical agitation. Accurate methods are necessary for the estimation of the net power draw to the fluid (the only relevant for process results). This paper reviews the literature of the last 35 years on the methods for measuring power draw in stirred tanks and fermentors (during actual cultures) of sizes ranging from laboratory to industrial scale. Overall, very few papers report details on the techniques. The majority of the information comes from reports in which power consumption measurements were only a technique and where this specific methodology is in general poorly described. Depending upon the principle of measurement, four main techniques have been reported: electric, calorimetric, reaction torque and strain. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed, some new data from the authors’ laboratory are provided and the potential of new techniques is outlined.", "publicationTitle": "Chemical Engineering Research and Design", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2004", "volume": "82", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1282-1290", "series": "In Honour of Professor Alvin W. Nienow", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Chemical Engineering Research and Design", "DOI": "10.1205/cerd.82.9.1282.44164", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876204726155", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:04:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0263-8762", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "agitation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fermentation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mixing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power consumption", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "tanks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "torque", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:04:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:04:42Z" } }, { "key": "S6GJM584", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/S6GJM584", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/S6GJM584", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/TMBFR6S9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S6GJM584", "version": 15, "parentItem": "TMBFR6S9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z", "url": "http://microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1475-2859-8-35?site=microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Holmes et al. - 2009 - Developing a scalable model of recombinant protein.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:03:38Z" } }, { "key": "WQWETQID", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/WQWETQID", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/WQWETQID", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/TMBFR6S9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WQWETQID", "version": 15, "parentItem": "TMBFR6S9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:03:37Z", "url": "http://microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2859-8-35", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "1475-2859-8-35.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:03:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:03:37Z" } }, { "key": "AWKV4XPN", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/AWKV4XPN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/AWKV4XPN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/TMBFR6S9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AWKV4XPN", "version": 15, "parentItem": "TMBFR6S9", "itemType": "note", "note": "Pages 1-14 in PDF", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z" } }, { "key": "TMBFR6S9", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/TMBFR6S9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/TMBFR6S9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holmes et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "TMBFR6S9", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Developing a scalable model of recombinant protein yield from Pichia pastoris: the influence of culture conditions, biomass and induction regime", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William J.", "lastName": "Holmes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard AJ", "lastName": "Darby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin DB", "lastName": "Wilks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rodney", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roslyn M.", "lastName": "Bill" } ], "abstractNote": "The optimisation and scale-up of process conditions leading to high yields of recombinant proteins is an enduring bottleneck in the post-genomic sciences. Typical experiments rely on varying selected parameters through repeated rounds of trial-and-error optimisation. To rationalise this, several groups have recently adopted the 'design of experiments' (DoE) approach frequently used in industry. Studies have focused on parameters such as medium composition, nutrient feed rates and induction of expression in shake flasks or bioreactors, as well as oxygen transfer rates in micro-well plates. In this study we wanted to generate a predictive model that described small-scale screens and to test its scalability to bioreactors.", "publicationTitle": "Microbial Cell Factories", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "8", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "35", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Microbial Cell Factories", "DOI": "10.1186/1475-2859-8-35", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-8-35", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1475-2859", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Developing a scalable model of recombinant protein yield from Pichia pastoris", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "BioMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:03:35Z" } }, { "key": "C966DCIA", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/C966DCIA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/C966DCIA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/AJ32E358", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "C966DCIA", "version": 14, "parentItem": "AJ32E358", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:01:19Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169911000305", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0168169911000305.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:01:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:01:19Z" } }, { "key": "AJ32E358", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - CFD Validation", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/474646/items/AJ32E358", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als_428_-_cfd_validation/items/AJ32E358", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2656454, "username": "RiscPlex", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/riscplex", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bitog et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AJ32E358", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Application of computational fluid dynamics for modeling and designing photobioreactors for microalgae production: A review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. P.", "lastName": "Bitog" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. -B.", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. -G.", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. -S.", "lastName": "Kim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. -S.", "lastName": "Hwang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. -W.", "lastName": "Hong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. -H.", "lastName": "Seo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. -S.", "lastName": "Kwon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Mostafa" } ], "abstractNote": "The past decade has seen a rapid increase of numerical simulation studies on photobioreactors (PBRs). Developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the availability of more powerful computers have paved the way for the modeling and designing PRBs, a strategy that was abandoned from the late 1970s until the 1980s because of its complexity. This paper reviews the present status of numerical modeling for PBRs as well the application of CFD in the design of PBR for the mass production of microalgae. Emphasis is on the major breakthroughs in PBR design that may lead to scaling-up. Most simulations have been conducted in bubble column PBRs, which offer many advantages. Their geometry is simple in design with no moving parts, and they are easy to construct and operate. A majority of published simulation studies used two-phase models (air and water) and employed the Eulerian–Eulerian mixture model. CFD models have been vigorously validated by experimental and laboratory studies, with most claiming to have achieved good results. However, current PBR scale-up projects still need to resolve hydrodynamic issues within the PBR, in order to optimize factors for microalgal growth. To create ideal conditions inside the PBR, the main factors that influence microalgal growth such as light intensity and distribution, gas injection and mixing, and hydrodynamics/flow pattern which are the key for design and scale up must be thoroughly understood.\n\nThe present practice of PBR design using CFD can be considered both an art and a science because of some numerical simulation issues which are yet to be resolved and the complexity of fluid mechanics inside the PBRs. Nonetheless, CFD has proven to be an effective tool in predicting the complex inherent phenomena in the PBRs. The CFD technique has shown to be very promising to successfully design and develop PBRs which can be commercially available for scale-up.", "publicationTitle": "Computers and Electronics in Agriculture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2011", "volume": "76", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "131-147", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Computers and Electronics in Agriculture", "DOI": "10.1016/j.compag.2011.01.015", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169911000305", "accessDate": "2016-05-12T05:01:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0168-1699", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Application of computational fluid dynamics for modeling and designing photobioreactors for microalgae production", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer simulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microalgae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photobioreactors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-05-12T05:01:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-05-12T05:01:17Z" } }, { "key": "FKXWNCQK", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 474646, "name": "ALS 428 - 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In view of the various observations reported in the published literature, it is suggested that the indicators should be chosen so as to have lower pH ranges (<7) because they offer virtually no time lag versus the higher pH indicators that generally possess a time lag

\n

2. Though visual observations have many limitations, they have been extensively used in the past. Also these are still being used for getting quick estimates of the mixing time. While using visual methods, the observations and recommendations of Brennan and Lehrer12 and Zlokarnik29 are of great importance. It is suggested to make use of the indicators from the acidic range (methyl red, mixed bromocresol green, methyl orange, etc.) because they do not suffer from a time lag. The use of 25 mL of 2 M HCl and NaOH as the reagents has been found to be satisfactory for the liquid volume of 58 L. In view of this, the quantities of reagents to be used for a given liquid volume may be selected in a similar proportion.

\n

Brennan and Lehrer12 have listed the implications of different decolorizing indicators:  methyl orange, methyl red, phenol red, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue, mixed bromocresol green, and methyl red. They recommended the use of indicators of lower pH (<7) because they are apparently free from time delay. They have also observed the effect of the volume of the tracer and found that the mixing time increased as the volume of the tracer was increased from 20 to 25 mL. At greater volume additions, the mixing times were found to be constant. They have also investigated the effect of the location of pulse addition, namely, one near the top of the liquid and the other one near the impeller. They have found that the mixing time in the case of addition of a pulse near the impeller was marginally shorter than the mixing time obtained as a result of addition of a pulse near the top liquid surface.

\n

\n

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