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A solid-state chemical reaction with the assistance of newly made carbon spheres was implemented for the preparation of mesoporous SnO2 nanocrystals. This is the first time SnO2 nanocrystals with a porous structure are fabricated by using this method. The as-obtained materials were examined using diverse techniques including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments. The results of preliminary gas sensing studies show that the sensors fabricated by the SnO2 products exhibit enhanced sensing characteristics for ethanol and petrol at relatively low temperature. It demonstrates that porous SnO2 nanoparticles can be used as a viable gas-sensing material.

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The analysis of various parameters of metal oxides and the search of criteria, which could be used during material selection for solid-state gas sensor applications, were the main objectives of this review. For these purposes the correlation between electro-physical (band gap, electroconductivity, type of conductivity, oxygen diffusion), thermodynamic, surface, electronic, structural properties, catalytic activity and gas-sensing characteristics of metal oxides designed for solid-state sensors was established. It has been discussed the role of metal oxide manufacturability, chemical activity, and parameter's stability in sensing material choice as well.

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Performance improvement of hybrid solar cells (HSC) applying five different thin film semiconductor oxides has been observed during long-time irradiation in ambient atmosphere. This behavior shows a direct relation between HSC and oxygen content from the environment. Photovoltaic devices were prepared as bi-layers of thin film semiconducting oxides (TiO2, Nb2O5, ZnO, CeO2-TiO2 and CeO2) and the polymer MEH-PPV, with a final device configuration of ITO/Oxidethin film/MEH-PPV/Ag. The oxides were prepared as thin transparent films from sol-gel solutions. The photovoltaic cells were studied in ambient atmosphere by recording the initial values of open circuit voltage (Voc) and current density (Isc). Solar decay curves presented as the measurement of the short circuit current as a function of time, IV curves and photophysical analyses were also carried out for each type of device. Solar cells with TiO2 thin films showed the best performance with maximum Voc as high as -0.74�V and Isc of 0.4�mA/cm2. Solar decay analyses showed that the devices require a stabilization period of several hours in order to reach maximum performance. In the case of TiO2, Nb2O5 and CeO2-TiO2, the maximum current density was observed after 15�h; for CeO2, the maximum performance was observed after 30�h. The only exception was observed with devices applying ZnO in which the current density decreased drastically and degraded the polymer in just a couple of hours.

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Core-shell electrodes based on TiO2 covered with different oxides were prepared and characterized. These electrodes were applied in gel electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The TiO2 electrodes were prepared from TiO2 powder (P25 Degussa) and coated with thin layers of Al2O3, MgO, Nb2O5, and SrTiO3 prepared by the sol-gel method. The core-shell electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. J-V curves in the dark and under standard AM 1.5 conditions and photovoltage decay measurements under open-circuit conditions were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of the oxide layer on the charge recombination dynamics and on the device's performance. The results indicated an improvement in the conversion efficiency as a result of an increase in the open circuit voltage. The photovoltage decay curves under open-circuit conditions showed that the core-shell electrodes provide longer electron lifetime values compared to uncoated TiO2 electrodes, corroborating with a minimization in the recombination losses at the nanoparticle surface/electrolyte interface. This is the first time that a study has been applied to DSSC based on gel polymer electrolyte. The optimum performance was achieved by solar cells based on TiO2/MgO core-shell electrodes: fill factor of ~0.60, short-circuit current density Jsc of 12�mA�cm-2, open-circuit voltage Voc of 0.78�V and overall energy conversion efficiency of ~5% (under illumination of 100�mW�cm-2).

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The electrochemical behaviour of NiTiO3 has been studied. The interest in this mixed-metal oxide lays in its possible use for solar-energy conversion. Anodic oxidation of NiTi03 was very irreversible. The electrode became aged, probably due to formation of a porous film of an irreducible higher oxide. The stirring-independent Cottrell behaviour of the anodic oxidation of NiTiO3 should be due to current limitation by diffusion of a reaction product away from the NiTi03 surface through this irreducible higher oxide, which should be of a porous nature. The diffusion-limiting species could not be OH-, as the Cottrell slopes only increased by about five times for a pH increase from 3 to 14. Five and two processes were involved in the anodic oxidation of NiTiO3 at pH 14 and 3 respectively, as determined by chronopotentiometry. The same number of processes appeared upon inversion of the current.

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Zn2SnO4 nanocrystals were synthesized and first used as the electrode materials for the metal-free indoline dyes sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The highest efficiency of 3.08% was achieved for a D131 DSSC. This might be attributed to the fact that the D131 dye has a greater positive oxidation potential, which can lead to rapid dye regeneration, avoiding the geminate charge recombination between oxidized dye molecules and injected electrons in the Zn2SnO4 film. The efficiency can be improved significantly using a mixture solution of D131 and N719 dyes for which an efficiency of 3.6% was obtained.

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The analysis of various parameters of metal oxides and the search of criteria, which could be used during material selection for solid-state gas sensor applications, were the main objectives of this review. For these purposes the correlation between electro-physical (band gap, electroconductivity, type of conductivity, oxygen diffusion), thermodynamic, surface, electronic, structural properties, catalytic activity and gas-sensing characteristics of metal oxides designed for solid-state sensors was established. It has been discussed the role of metal oxide manufacturability, chemical activity, and parameter's stability in sensing material choice as well.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "36ZJF9Q3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47413, "name": "DSSC Oxides", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/36ZJF9Q3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides/items/36ZJF9Q3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/64KWJ74S", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 500183, "username": "joaopmvalente", "name": "João Valente", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaopmvalente", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "36ZJF9Q3", "version": 1, "parentItem": "64KWJ74S", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "S0020169307002770", "accessDate": "2011-06-16T15:58:14Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020169307002770", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "HGTQ44V6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47413, "name": "DSSC Oxides", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/HGTQ44V6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides/items/HGTQ44V6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/264KT3V7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 500183, "username": "joaopmvalente", "name": "João Valente", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaopmvalente", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "HGTQ44V6", "version": 1, "parentItem": "264KT3V7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "S0925400597002815", "accessDate": "2011-06-16T15:35:03Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400597002815", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "JPU5ZDS4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47413, "name": "DSSC Oxides", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/JPU5ZDS4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides/items/JPU5ZDS4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/353ZBHQ5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 500183, "username": "joaopmvalente", "name": "João Valente", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaopmvalente", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JPU5ZDS4", "version": 1, "parentItem": "353ZBHQ5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "S0927024806000560", "accessDate": "2011-06-16T15:59:22Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024806000560", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-06-16T16:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "95XWNKAI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 47413, "name": "DSSC Oxides", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/95XWNKAI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dssc_oxides/items/95XWNKAI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/47413/items/353ZBHQ5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 500183, "username": "joaopmvalente", "name": "João Valente", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaopmvalente", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "95XWNKAI", "version": 1, "parentItem": "353ZBHQ5", "itemType": "note", "note": "


Performance improvement of hybrid solar cells (HSC) applying five different thin film semiconductor oxides has been observed during long-time irradiation in ambient atmosphere. This behavior shows a direct relation between HSC and oxygen content from the environment. Photovoltaic devices were prepared as bi-layers of thin film semiconducting oxides (TiO2, Nb2O5, ZnO, CeO2-TiO2 and CeO2) and the polymer MEH-PPV, with a final device configuration of ITO/Oxidethin film/MEH-PPV/Ag. The oxides were prepared as thin transparent films from sol-gel solutions. The photovoltaic cells were studied in ambient atmosphere by recording the initial values of open circuit voltage (Voc) and current density (Isc). Solar decay curves presented as the measurement of the short circuit current as a function of time, IV curves and photophysical analyses were also carried out for each type of device. Solar cells with TiO2 thin films showed the best performance with maximum Voc as high as -0.74�V and Isc of 0.4�mA/cm2. Solar decay analyses showed that the devices require a stabilization period of several hours in order to reach maximum performance. In the case of TiO2, Nb2O5 and CeO2-TiO2, the maximum current density was observed after 15�h; for CeO2, the maximum performance was observed after 30�h. The only exception was observed with devices applying ZnO in which the current density decreased drastically and degraded the polymer in just a couple of hours.

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The objective of this work was to investigate the improvement in performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by depositing ultra thin metal oxides (hafnium oxide (HfO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3)) on mesoporous TiO2 photoelectrode using atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Different thicknesses of HfO2 and Al2O3 layers (5, 10 and 20�ALD cycles) were deposited on the mesoporous TiO2 surface prior to dye loading process used for fabrication of DSSCs. It was observed that the ALD deposition of ultrathin oxides significantly improved the performance of DSSCs and that the improvement in the DSSC performance depends on the thickness of the deposited HfO2 and Al2O3 films. Compared to a reference DSSC the incorporation of a HfO2 layer resulted in 69% improvement (from 4.2 to 7.1%) in the efficiency of the cell and incorporation of Al2O3 (20�cycles) resulted in 19% improvement (from 4.2 to 5.0%) in the efficiency of the cell. These results suggest that ultrathin metal oxide layers affect the density and the distribution of interface states at the TiO2/organic dye and TiO2/liquid electrolyte interfaces and hence can be utilized to treat these interfaces in DSSCs.

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Nickel oxide (NiOx) due to its p-type nature has considerable potential as a photocathodic material in energy conversion devices such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, NiOx has not been extensively used for this application mainly because of low light harvesting efficiency due to limited dye loading on the coatings. In this study NiOx coatings were deposited using the dc-magnetron sputtering technique from a nickel target in an argon/oxygen plasma. One of the advantages of magnetron sputtering is the ability to control coating properties such as mechanical performance and chemical stoichiometry. It is anticipated that by enhancing the interconnectivity between NiOx particles and by optimizing surface roughness, it may be possible to enhance dye adsorption and increase its ability to absorb visible light. NiOx coatings were deposited onto both silicon wafer and indium tin oxide (ITO) covered glass substrates. The influence of deposition parameters such as pressure, nickel target current and substrate bias voltage were correlated with the coating properties of surface roughness, thickness, crystallographic structure and surface energy. This evaluation was carried out using optical profilometry, spectroscopic ellipsometry, XRD and contact angle measurements respectively. It was observed that deposited coating morphology and roughness were significantly influenced by the deposition parameters. For example increasing the deposition pressure from 0.20 to 0.40�Pa led to an increase in surface roughness (Ra) from 1.6 to 3�nm. Associated with this increase in roughness the surface energy increased from 36 to 61�mN/mm. The NiOx coatings were spectrally sensitized with Ru-complex dye containing -COOH groups as anchoring moieties. The dye adsorptions on NiOx coatings, deposited on ITO substrates, were investigated in transmission mode using UV-vis spectroscopy in the range of 400-800�nm. It was observed that for the coatings with the highest surface energy, there was an increase of up to 60% in the level of dye adsorption. The electroactivity of the NiOx thin films deposited on Ni substrate at 0.4�Pa has been verified through the occurrence of redox processes of reduction and lithium intercalation within the oxide film.

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During the fabrication of a thin film photovoltaic device the transparent conducting oxide (TCO), which constitutes an integral part of its basic structure, could be exposed at high temperature processes; in addition, a TCO which could be grown at ambient temperature can be useful in order to minimize possible damages caused to other previously deposited components. Aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a well known TCO with good properties in terms of light transparency and conductivity, however its electrical properties deteriorate after subsequent high temperature processes in air atmosphere. On the other hand antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) has poorer conductivity than AZO but has good light transparency and better thermal stability. In the present work, ATO layers with a thickness ranging from 30�nm to 210�nm were deposited over a 600�nm thick AZO layer. These AZO/ATO bilayers, which have been developed at ambient temperature by DC magnetron sputtering, were subsequently annealed at high temperatures in order to study their thermal stability. An ATO optimal thickness of 130�nm is found to improve the bilayer thermal stability at temperatures over 350��C in air atmosphere, keeping good optical properties.

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Intrinsically semiconducting oxide materials offer the possibility for highly sensitive direct thermoelectric gas sensors. Intrinsic [alpha]-Fe2O3 has been chosen as a well suited candidate for direct thermoelectric gas sensors. The band gap of [alpha]-Fe2O3 is relatively low for an oxide material (2.2�eV). The intrinsic behavior is present for temperatures above 400��C. The tested direct thermoelectric oxygen sensors were actively heated to the operating temperature at 580��C. The achieved sensitivity (85�[mu]V�K-1 per decade oxygen partial pressure) is about 3 times higher compared to typical conductometric oxygen sensitive materials like SrTiO3/SrTi1-xFexO3-[delta]. The used temperature modulation technique combined with a regression analysis allowed a determination of the measurand thermopower within 6.4�s and the possibility for self-diagnostics. These presented results show a possible realization of fast, accurate, highly sensitive direct thermoelectric gas sensors.

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The hydrogen generation from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting under visible light was investigated using large area tungsten oxide (WO3) photoanodes. The photoanodes for PEC hydrogen generation were prepared by screen printing WO3 films having typical active areas of 0.36, 4.8 and 130�cm2 onto the conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates with and without embedded inter-connected Ag grid lines. TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cell was also fabricated to provide the required external bias to the photoanodes for water splitting. The structural and morphological properties of the WO3 films were studied before scaling up the area of photoanodes. The screen printed WO3 film sintered at 500��C for 30�min crystallized in a monoclinic crystal structure, which is the most useful phase for water splitting. Such WO3 film revealed nanocrystalline and porous morphology with grain size of ~70-90�nm. WO3 photoanode coated on Ag grid embedded FTO substrate exhibited almost two-fold degree of photocurrent density enhancement than that on bare FTO substrate under 1 SUN illumination in 0.5�M H2SO4 electrolyte. With such enhancement, the calculated solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies under 1 SUN were 3.24% and ~2% at 1.23�V for small (0.36�cm2) and large (4.8�cm2) area WO3 photoanodes, respectively. The rate of hydrogen generation for large area photoanode (130.56�cm2) was 3�mL/min.

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