[ { "key": "WD4JG27V", "version": 93, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/WD4JG27V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/WD4JG27V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/8X5QEEBI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WD4JG27V", "version": 93, "parentItem": "8X5QEEBI", "itemType": "note", "note": "

doi: 10.1080/01926230600867743

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T00:55:16Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T00:55:16Z" } }, { "key": "8X5QEEBI", "version": 93, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/8X5QEEBI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/8X5QEEBI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cesta", "parsedDate": "2006-08-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8X5QEEBI", "version": 93, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Normal Structure, Function, and Histology of the Spleen", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark F.", "lastName": "Cesta" } ], "abstractNote": "The spleen is the largest secondary immune organ in the body and is responsible for initiating immune reactions to blood-borne antigens and for filtering the blood of foreign material and old or damaged red blood cells. These functions are carried out by the 2 main compartments of the spleen, the white pulp (including the marginal zone) and the red pulp, which are vastly different in their architecture, vascular organization, and cellular composition. The morphology of these compartments is described and, to a lesser extent, their functions are discussed. The variation between species and effects of aging and genetics on splenic morphology are also discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Toxicologic Pathology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 1, 2006", "volume": "34", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "455-465", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Toxicologic Pathology", "DOI": "10.1080/01926230600867743", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01926230600867743", "accessDate": "2017-01-13", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0192-6233", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-13T00:55:16Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-13T00:55:16Z" } }, { "key": "NQ5N9MA4", "version": 92, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/NQ5N9MA4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/NQ5N9MA4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Choi et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NQ5N9MA4", "version": 92, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Immunohistochemical study of arginase 1 and 2 in various tissues of rats", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sungyoung", "lastName": "Choi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Changnam", "lastName": "Park" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meejung", "lastName": "Ahn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jun Hwa", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Taekyun", "lastName": "Shin" } ], "abstractNote": "Arginase 1 and arginase 2 catalyze the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea. The localization of these enzymes was studied in various tissues in Sprague–Dawley rats by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Western blot analysis showed that both arginase 1 and 2 were differentially expressed in the various organs examined. Arginase 1 was expressed at high levels in the liver, at moderate levels in the pancreas, and at low levels in the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, lungs, and spleen. The levels of arginase 2 immunoreactivity were high in the kidneys and pancreas, and moderate in the cerebrum, spinal cord, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and lungs; the levels were very low in the liver and spleen compared with that in the cerebellum. Immunohistochemical analysis largely confirmed the results of the Western blot analysis. These findings indicate that the levels of arginase 1 and 2 varied among organs, suggesting that the arginase isoforms may play organ-specific roles in the urea cycle.", "publicationTitle": "Acta Histochemica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2012", "volume": "114", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "487-494", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Acta Histochemica", "DOI": "10.1016/j.acthis.2011.09.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128111001437", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0065-1281", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Arginase 1" }, { "tag": "Arginase 2" }, { "tag": "Immunohistochemistry" }, { "tag": "rat" } ], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-21T00:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-21T00:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "47CUGSTV", "version": 91, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/47CUGSTV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/47CUGSTV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "47CUGSTV", "version": 91, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Age-related changes in nitric oxide synthase and arginase in the rat prefrontal cortex", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.F", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I", "lastName": "Appleton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.L", "lastName": "Darlington" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.K", "lastName": "Bilkey" } ], "abstractNote": "Increasing evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO), generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from l-arginine, plays an important role in the ageing process. The present study, for the first time, investigates age-related changes in NOS and arginase, an enzyme that shares a common substrate with NOS, in the prefrontal cortex of rats assessed with and without prior behavioural testing. A significant increase in total NOS activity was found in the prefrontal cortex in aged (24-month-old) as compared with young (4-month-old) rats. Western blotting revealed that there were no significant differences between young and aged rats in neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) protein expression. Inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), in terms of activity and protein expression, was not detected in either group. Total arginase activity and arginase I and II protein expression did not differ between the young and aged groups. The present findings support the contribution of NOS/NO to ageing but question the importance of iNOS in the normal ageing process.", "publicationTitle": "Neurobiology of Aging", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2004", "volume": "25", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "547-552", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neurobiology of Aging", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.07.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458003001829", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0197-4580", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ARGININE" }, { "tag": "Ageing" }, { "tag": "Learning" }, { "tag": "Memory" } ], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-21T00:09:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-21T00:09:28Z" } }, { "key": "5QCCK24Q", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/5QCCK24Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/5QCCK24Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Price et al.", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "5QCCK24Q", "version": 90, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Contributions of Oral and Silent Reading Fluency to Reading Comprehension", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine W.", "lastName": "Price" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth B.", "lastName": "Meisinger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Max M.", "lastName": "Louwerse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sidney", "lastName": "D'Mello" } ], "abstractNote": "Silent reading fluency has received limited attention in the school-based literatures across the past decade. We fill this gap by examining both oral and silent reading fluency and their relation to overall abilities in reading comprehension in fourth-grade students. Lower-level reading skills (word reading, rapid automatic naming) and vocabulary were included in structural equation models in order to determine their impact on reading fluency and comprehension. Results suggested that oral and silent reading fluency represent separate constructs, but only oral reading fluency contributed to reading comprehension. Vocabulary was found to contribute uniquely to comprehension even after controlling for reading fluency.", "publicationTitle": "Reading Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016", "volume": "37", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "167-201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1773229924?accountid=13158", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0270-2711, 0270-2711", "archive": "ERIC", "archiveLocation": "1773229924; EJ1082656", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Achievement Tests" }, { "tag": "Correlation" }, { "tag": "Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)" }, { "tag": "ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE)" }, { "tag": "Elementary Education" }, { "tag": "Elementary School Students" }, { "tag": "Emergent Literacy" }, { "tag": "Gates MacGinitie Reading Tests" }, { "tag": "Grade 4" }, { "tag": "Intermediate Grades" }, { "tag": "Oral Reading" }, { "tag": "Reading Comprehension" }, { "tag": "Reading Fluency" }, { "tag": "Reading Skills" }, { "tag": "Reading Tests" }, { "tag": "Silent Reading" }, { "tag": "Statistical Analysis" }, { "tag": "Structural Equation Models" }, { "tag": "United States (South Central)" }, { "tag": "Vocabulary Skills" }, { "tag": "Wechsler Individual Achievement Test" }, { "tag": "Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement" }, { "tag": "Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-20T23:15:06Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-20T23:15:06Z" } }, { "key": "PGVNX368", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/PGVNX368", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/PGVNX368", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/5QCCK24Q", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PGVNX368", "version": 89, "parentItem": "5QCCK24Q", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text (HTML)", "accessDate": "2016-03-20T23:15:06Z", "url": "http://sk8es4mc2l.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ%3Aericshell&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Contributions+of+Oral+and+Silent+Reading+Fluency+to+Reading+Comprehension&rft.au=Price%2C+Katherine+W.%3BMeisinger%2C+Elizabeth+B.%3BLouwerse%2C+Max+M.%3BD%27Mello%2C+Sidney&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=167&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=Reading+Psychology&rft.issn=02702711&rft_id=info:doi/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-20T23:15:06Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-20T23:15:06Z" } }, { "key": "JA3WNNCT", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/JA3WNNCT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/JA3WNNCT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/5QCCK24Q", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JA3WNNCT", "version": 89, "parentItem": "5QCCK24Q", "itemType": "note", "note": "

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Last updated - 2016-03-15

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The mechanism(s) responsible for these age-related changes are not clear. The purpose of the present studies was to determine if there was an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with aging, and if so, whether inhibition of iNOS would prevent aging injury by preventing free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. iNOS protein expression in the kidney increased by approximately 90% by 24 months. Inhibition of iNOS by aminoguanidine (0.1% in drinking water) for 9 months, beginning at 13 months of age, reduced blood pressure, improved glomerular filtration rate by 70%, and renal plasma flow by 40%, whereas glomerular sclerosis was considerably reduced. Renal F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde levels, markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, were not reduced by aminoguanidine. Aminoguanidine also did not attenuate immunostaining for advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) in the kidneys. These findings suggest that aminoguanidine attenuates aging renal dysfunction by inhibiting a pathophysiologic function of iNOS that is independent of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation or significant effects on AGE deposition.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Hypertension", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1999", "volume": "12", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "492-498", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "American Journal of Hypertension", "DOI": "10.1016/S0895-7061(98)00264-7", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895706198002647", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0895-7061", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "F2-isoprostanes" }, { "tag": "advanced glycosylation end products" }, { "tag": "free radicals" }, { "tag": "glomerular filtration rate" }, { "tag": "lipid peroxidation" }, { "tag": "renal plasma flow" } ], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-20T23:10:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-20T23:10:19Z" } }, { "key": "SNSZUZHE", "version": 85, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/SNSZUZHE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/SNSZUZHE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chang et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-02-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SNSZUZHE", "version": 85, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Macrophage Arginase Promotes Tumor Cell Growth and Suppresses Nitric Oxide-mediated Tumor Cytotoxicity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chiung-I", "lastName": "Chang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James C.", "lastName": "Liao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lih", "lastName": "Kuo" } ], "abstractNote": "Macrophages use l-arginine to synthesize nitric oxide (NO)\nand polyamines through the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and arginase,\nrespectively. The released NO contributes to the tumoricidal activity\nof macrophages, whereas polyamines may promote the growth of tumor\ncells. Both the tumoricidal and growth-promoting activities from\nmacrophages have been reported; however, the underlying mechanisms for\nswitching between this dual function of macrophages remain unclear.\nHere, we test the hypothesis that arginase participates in the\nswitching between the cytotoxic and growth-promoting activities of\nmacrophages toward tumor cells. To alter arginase activity in\nmacrophages, cells (murine macrophage cell line J774A.1) were\ntransfected with the rat liver arginase gene or treated with an\narginase inhibitor, l-norvaline. The effects of macrophage\narginase activity on the growth-promoting and cytotoxic activities of\nmacrophages toward breast tumor cells (ZR-75–1) were investigated in a\ncoculture system. The results demonstrated that overexpression of\narginase in macrophages enhanced l-ornithine and putrescine\nproduction and consequently promoted tumor cell proliferation. This\nproliferative effect was down-regulated by the arginase inhibitor\nl-norvaline. Furthermore, increases in arginase activity\nalso attenuated NO production by the lipopolysaccharide-activated\nmacrophages and thus reduced the cytotoxic effect on cocultured tumor\ncells. Inhibiting arginase activity by l-norvaline\neffectively reversed the suppression of NO-mediated tumor cytotoxicity.\nTogether, these results suggest that arginase induction in macrophages\ncan enhance tumor cell growth by providing them with polyamines and\nsuppress tumor cytotoxicity by reducing NO production. It appears that\nl-arginine metabolism through the arginase and iNOS\npathways in macrophages can have very different influences on the\ngrowth of nearby tumor cells depending on which pathway is prevailing.", "publicationTitle": "Cancer Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2, 2001", "volume": "61", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1100-1106", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cancer Research", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/61/3/1100.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-20T17:52:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-20T17:52:28Z" } }, { "key": "DS8V5G6S", "version": 78, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/DS8V5G6S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/DS8V5G6S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meltzer et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DS8V5G6S", "version": 78, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Enhanced Immunohistochemical Detection of Autonomic Nerve Fibers, Cytokines and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Light and Fluorescent Microscopy in Rat Spleen", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon C.", "lastName": "Meltzer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul C.", "lastName": "Grimm" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arnold H.", "lastName": "Greenberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dwight M.", "lastName": "Nance" } ], "abstractNote": "We have developed enhanced immunohistochemical protocols for detecting autonomic nerve fibers and splenocyte-associated proteins in rat spleen. This includes norepinephrine-synthesizing enzymes (dopamine-βeta hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), c-fos protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the macrophage cell marker ED1. Animals were divided into sham-operated and splenic nerve-sectioned groups for detection of DBH, TH, and NPY. For immunodetection of TNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ and c-fos, animals were injected IV with saline or 100 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were sacrificed at various time intervals post injection. Rats were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, spleens removed and cryoprotected, and 50-μm floating sections were cut on a freezing microtome. Immunodetection was performed with various detection systems and substrate/chromogen solutions, and in some cases using pretreatment with proteinase K (PK) for antigen unmasking. PK pretreatment increased immunostaining for DBH, TH, NPY, IFN-γ, iNOS, and ED1, and the improvement was concentration-dependent. Using NPY immunostaining to index the signal-to-noise ratio for various substrates and detection systems, we found that an alkaline phosphatase detection system with NBT/BCIP as a substrate was the best procedure for light microscopy, whereas the CY3-labeled secondary antibody technique proved optimal for fluorescent microscopy. Surgical transection of the splenic nerve eliminated all nerve fiber staining for DBH, TH, and NPY. TNF-α, IFN-γ, c-fos, and iNOS proteins were observed in the spleen in a time-dependent manner after LPS stimulation. Fluorescent double labeling, visualized with fluorescent confocal scanning laser microscopy, revealed many NPY fibers distributed among the ED1-labeled macrophages. These results demonstrate that immunohistochemistry can be used to index the activational effects of an immune challenge on splenocytes in situ and verifies that splenic immune cells are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 1997", "volume": "45", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "599-610", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry", "DOI": "10.1177/002215549704500412", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jhc.sagepub.com/content/45/4/599.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-20T16:18:34Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-20T16:18:34Z" } }, { "key": "TU2MP8VC", "version": 77, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/TU2MP8VC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/TU2MP8VC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chiang et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TU2MP8VC", "version": 77, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Functional phenotype of macrophages depends on assay procedures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chi-Shiun", "lastName": "Chiang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fang-Hsin", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ji-Hong", "lastName": "Hong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pei-Shin", "lastName": "Jiang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hsiang-Ling", "lastName": "Huang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chun-Chieh", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William H.", "lastName": "McBride" } ], "abstractNote": "Macrophages display different phenotypes that can switch in response to their micro-environment. In our earlier study (Chiang, C. S., Liu, W. C. and Jung, S. M., 2005. Compartmental responses after thoracic irradiation of mice: strain differences. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 62:862) on radiation-induced cytokine expression in lung lavage samples, there was a suggestion that the procedures used to harvest lung macrophages affected the profiles they expressed. To further explore this issue, we examined gene expression by cell populations, mainly macrophages, isolated by lavage from lung and peritoneal cavity following either in vivo or in vitro stimulation with LPS, IFN-γ or irradiation. We found that expression of mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1α/β and IL-6 varied several fold depending on whether the assay was performed on cells immediately after isolation or after in vitro manipulation. The relative level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to arginase I (Arg I), which is frequently used as index of the M1 versus M2 functional macrophage phenotype, also varied. LPS stimulation in vivo was able to change the profile from Arg I expression to one where the iNOS pathway became dominant, but was unable to do this in vitro. This contrasts with the ability of IFN-γ to generate an iNOS-dominant pathway in vitro, but not in vivo. This study cautions that the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the iNOS to Arg I ratio, which is often used as an index of their functional capacity, varies with the experimental conditions.", "publicationTitle": "International Immunology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2008", "volume": "20", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "215-222", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Immunology", "DOI": "10.1093/intimm/dxm137", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/215.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-09T22:30:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-09T22:30:46Z" } }, { "key": "GHZKD45S", "version": 75, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/GHZKD45S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/GHZKD45S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sassy-Prigent et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GHZKD45S", "version": 75, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Early glomerular macrophage recruitment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Sassy-Prigent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Heudes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Mandet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M F", "lastName": "Bélair" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O", "lastName": "Michel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B", "lastName": "Perdereau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Bariéty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Bruneval" } ], "abstractNote": "Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is defined by increased glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) that is mainly synthesized by mesangial cells that underwent an activation mediated by cytokines and growth factors from various cellular origins. In this study, we tested whether macrophages could infiltrate the glomeruli and influence ECM synthesis in experimental diabetes. To test our hypothesis, we initially studied the dynamics of glomerular macrophage recruitment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at days 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, and 30 by using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on isolated glomeruli and immunohistochemistry and morphometry. We then assessed the role of macrophages on the basis of the pharmacological modulation of their recruitment by insulin or ACE inhibitor treatments and by X-irradiation-induced macrophage depletion at days 8 and 30. Macrophages were recruited within the glomeruli at the very early phase of hyperglycemia by using RT-PCR CD14 detection from day 2 and by using ED1 immunohistochemistry from day 8. This glomerular macrophage infiltration was associated with an increase in alpha1-chain type IV collagen mRNA. In parallel, the diabetic glomeruli became hypertrophic with an increase in the mesangial area. Macrophage recruitment was preceded by or associated with an increased glomerular expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, which contributes to monocyte diapedesis. Glomerular interleukin-1beta mRNA synthesis was also enhanced as early as day 1 and could be involved in the increase in ECM and adhesion molecule gene expressions. Insulin treatment and irradiation-induced macrophage depletion completely prevented the glomerular macrophage recruitment and decreased alpha1-chain type IV collagen mRNA and mesangial area in diabetic rats, whereas ACE inhibitor treatment had an incomplete effect. It can be concluded that in the streptozotocin model, hyperglycemia is followed by an early macrophage recruitment that contributes to the molecular and structural events that could lead to glomerulosclerosis. Therefore, besides direct stimulation of mesangial cells by hyperglycemia, macrophages recruited in the glomeruli during the early phase of hyperglycemia could secondarily act on mesangial cells.", "publicationTitle": "Diabetes", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 2000", "volume": "49", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "466-475", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Diabetes", "DOI": "10.2337/diabetes.49.3.466", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/49/3/466.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-09T20:45:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-09T20:45:28Z" } }, { "key": "D79E5BTQ", "version": 81, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/D79E5BTQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/D79E5BTQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hardonk et al.", "parsedDate": "1992-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D79E5BTQ", "version": 81, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Heterogeneity of rat liver and spleen macrophages in gadolinium chloride-induced elimination and repopulation.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M J", "lastName": "Hardonk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F W", "lastName": "Dijkhuis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C E", "lastName": "Hulstaert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Koudstaal" } ], "abstractNote": "Blockade of phagocytosis and selective elimination of macrophages (m phi s) are generally accepted procedures for gaining knowledge about the function of m phi s in vivo. This study demonstrates that intravenous injection of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) not only blocks phagocytosis by rat liver m phi s (Kupffer cells) but also selectively eliminates the large m phi s situated in the periportal zone of the liver acinus. Repopulation of m phi s starts at 4 days after injection. During repopulation, m phi s are less vulnerable to GdCl3. When repopulation is complete, the new m phi s show the same vulnerability as the original ones. Splenic m phi s are less vulnerable to GdCl3 because only some of the red pulp m phi s transiently disappear. The white pulp m phi s are not affected. Repopulation occurs sooner than in liver. These results indicate that administration of GdCl3 is a suitable approach to studying the in vivo function of large Kupffer cells.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Leukocyte Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 1992", "volume": "52", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "296-302", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Leukocyte Biology", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jleukbio.org/content/52/3/296.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-09T19:43:29Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-09T19:43:29Z" } }, { "key": "MDXRKUZ9", "version": 72, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/MDXRKUZ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/MDXRKUZ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wang et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MDXRKUZ9", "version": 72, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Molecular Mechanisms That Influence the Macrophage M1–M2 Polarization Balance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nan", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hongwei", "lastName": "Liang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ke", "lastName": "Zen" } ], "abstractNote": "As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classical M1 and alternative M2 activation of macrophages, mirroring the Th1–Th2 polarization of T cells, represent two extremes of a dynamic changing state of macrophage activation. M1-type macrophages release cytokines that inhibit the proliferation of surrounding cells and damage contiguous tissue, and M2-type macrophages release cytokines that promote the proliferation of contiguous cells and tissue repair. M1–M2 polarization of macrophage is a tightly controlled process entailing a set of signaling pathways, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks. An imbalance of macrophage M1–M2 polarization is often associated with various diseases or inflammatory conditions. Therefore, identification of the molecules associated with the dynamic changes of macrophage polarization and understanding their interactions is crucial for elucidating the molecular basis of disease progression and designing novel macrophage-mediated therapeutic strategies.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Immunology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "614", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2014.00614", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246889/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1664-3224", "archive": "PMC", "archiveLocation": "PMC4246889", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-01T16:35:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-01T16:35:42Z" } }, { "key": "RFTX47CF", "version": 68, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/RFTX47CF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/RFTX47CF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ye et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RFTX47CF", "version": 68, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Caspase-3 Mediates the Pathogenic Effect of Yersinia pestis YopM in Liver of C57BL/6 Mice and Contributes to YopM's Function in Spleen", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhan", "lastName": "Ye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amanda A", "lastName": "Gorman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Annette M", "lastName": "Uittenbogaard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tanya", "lastName": "Myers-Morales" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan M", "lastName": "Kaplan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald A", "lastName": "Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan C", "lastName": "Straley" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mikael", "lastName": "Skurnik" } ], "abstractNote": "The virulence protein YopM of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis has different dominant effects in liver and spleen. Previous studies focused on spleen, where YopM inhibits accumulation of inflammatory dendritic cells. In the present study we focused on liver, where PMN function may be directly undermined by YopM without changes in inflammatory cell numbers in the initial days of infection, and foci of inflammation are easily identified. Mice were infected with parent and ΔyopM-1 Y. pestis KIM5, and effects of YopM were assessed by immunohistochemistry and determinations of bacterial viable numbers in organs. The bacteria were found associated with myeloid cells in foci of inflammation and in liver sinusoids. A new in-vivo phenotype of YopM was revealed: death of inflammatory cells, evidenced by TUNEL staining beginning at d 1 of infection. Based on distributions of Ly6G(+), F4/80(+), and iNOS(+) cells within foci, the cells that were killed could have included both PMNs and macrophages. By 2 d post-infection, YopM had no effect on distribution of these cells, but by 3 d cellular decomposition had outstripped acute inflammation in foci due to parent Y. pestis, while foci due to the ΔyopM-1 strain still contained many inflammatory cells. The destruction depended on the presence of both PMNs in the mice and YopM in the bacteria. In mice that lacked the apoptosis mediator caspase-3 the infection dynamics were novel: the parent Y. pestis was limited in growth comparably to the ΔyopM-1 strain in liver, and in spleen a partial growth limitation for parent Y. pestis was seen. This result identified caspase-3 as a co-factor or effector in YopM's action and supports the hypothesis that in liver YopM's main pathogenic effect is mediated by caspase-3 to cause apoptosis of PMNs.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "9", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e110956", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0110956", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4220956/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "PMC", "archiveLocation": "PMC4220956", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-01T16:20:31Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-01T16:20:31Z" } }, { "key": "446G4XPE", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/446G4XPE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/446G4XPE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Duffield", "parsedDate": "2010-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "446G4XPE", "version": 82, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Macrophages and Immunologic Inflammation of the Kidney", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy S.", "lastName": "Duffield" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nMonocyte-derived tissue effector cells, macrophages, are present in large numbers in all forms of kidney disease with inflammation. Their roles in inflammation and the molecular effectors of macrophage function have been difficult to decipher. With the advent of modern genetic tools and mouse models of human disease, great insight into monocyte/macrophage biology has been forthcoming. This review places macrophage study in its historical context, defines immunologic diseases of the kidney, broadens its definition to encompass current thinking of the immune response to kidney injury, highlights key advances of the study of monocyte/macrophages in kidney diseases, and identifies new therapeutic pathways and targets that hinge around macrophage function. This article advances the case that targeting macrophage activation and phenotype is leading to new therapies in the treatment of many acute and chronic kidney diseases.", "publicationTitle": "Macrophages and Kidney Disease", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2010", "volume": "30", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "234-254", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Seminars in Nephrology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.03.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0270929510000537", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0270-9295", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "activation" }, { "tag": "fibrosis" }, { "tag": "injury" }, { "tag": "kidney" }, { "tag": "macrophage" }, { "tag": "subpopulations" } ], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-28T19:36:09Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-28T19:36:09Z" } }, { "key": "Q7A2JWBS", "version": 62, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/Q7A2JWBS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/Q7A2JWBS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/DBPUT28G", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "Q7A2JWBS", "version": 62, "parentItem": "DBPUT28G", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Download to Citation Manager", "accessDate": "2016-02-28T19:21:18Z", "url": "http://www.jleukbio.org/citmgr?gca=jleub%3B57%2F1%2F36", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "citmgr.html", "md5": "1721d251c6b01fc4ea2371d7a863db3a", "mtime": 1456687277769, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-28T19:21:18Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-28T19:21:18Z" } }, { "key": "BNFUESCP", "version": 69, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/BNFUESCP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/BNFUESCP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sato et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BNFUESCP", "version": 69, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in reversible endotoxic shock studied by a novel monoclonal antibody against rat iNOS.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Sato" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Miyakawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Takeya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Hattori" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y", "lastName": "Yui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Sunamoto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y", "lastName": "Ichimori" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y", "lastName": "Ushio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Takahashi" } ], "abstractNote": "An antirat monoclonal antibody (mAb) against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), ANOS11, was used for immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of iNOS in various organs and tissues of adult rats in experimental endotoxic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The phenotype of iNOS-expressed cells was also examined immunohistochemically using various mAbs. In control rats, very few cells were positive for ANOS11 except in the thymus. After intravenous injection of LPS, the number of iNOS-positive cells increased rapidly in almost all organs, except the thymus and brain, peaked 6 h after the injection, and decreased slowly. Of the numerous inflammatory cells that infiltrated the lungs, liver, and spleen after LPS injection, many were positive for ANOS11. Besides inflammatory cells, hepatocytes and endothelial cells of the aorta were also positive for ANOS11 but only around 6 h after injection. The cellular composition of iNOS-positive infiltrated cells changed along with the progression of endotoxic shock. At 4 to 6 h after injection, most iNOS-positive cells were considered polymorphonuclear leukocytes judging by their positive reactivity to OX42 and their nuclear morphology. The population of iNOS-positive macrophages positive for ED1 or ED2 increased with time. After 24 h, many iNOS-positive macrophages were found around the focal necrosis in the liver and spleen. These results indicate that the expression of iNOS in neutrophils, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes precedes that of macrophages in experimental endotoxic shock. The expression of iNOS in various cells and organs is closely associated with the progress and pathological changes of endotoxic shock.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Leukocyte Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 1995", "volume": "57", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "36-44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Leukocyte Biology", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jleukbio.org/content/57/1/36.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-28T19:21:15Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-28T19:21:15Z" } }, { "key": "T64A3QBR", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/T64A3QBR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/T64A3QBR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Italiani and Boraschi", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T64A3QBR", "version": 80, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paola", "lastName": "Italiani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Diana", "lastName": "Boraschi" } ], "abstractNote": "Studies on monocyte and macrophage biology and differentiation have revealed the pleiotropic activities of these cells. Macrophages are tissue sentinels that maintain tissue integrity by eliminating/repairing damaged cells and matrices. In this M2-like mode, they can also promote tumor growth. Conversely, M1-like macrophages are key effector cells for the elimination of pathogens, virally infected, and cancer cells. Macrophage differentiation from monocytes occurs in the tissue in concomitance with the acquisition of a functional phenotype that depends on microenvironmental signals, thereby accounting for the many and apparently opposed macrophage functions. Many questions arise. When monocytes differentiate into macrophages in a tissue (concomitantly adopting a specific functional program, M1 or M2), do they all die during the inflammatory reaction, or do some of them survive? Do those that survive become quiescent tissue macrophages, able to react as naïve cells to a new challenge? Or, do monocyte-derived tissue macrophages conserve a “memory” of their past inflammatory activation? This review will address some of these important questions under the general framework of the role of monocytes and macrophages in the initiation, development, resolution, and chronicization of inflammation.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Immunology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "514", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2014.00514", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201108/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1664-3224", "archive": "PMC", "archiveLocation": "PMC4201108", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-28T19:13:11Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-28T19:13:11Z" } }, { "key": "I83KBKKV", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/I83KBKKV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/I83KBKKV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/HQ39IRSA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "I83KBKKV", "version": 58, "parentItem": "HQ39IRSA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "B M B 402 , Section 001: GEN BIOCHEM", "accessDate": "2016-02-25T17:24:04Z", "url": "https://cms.psu.edu/section/default.asp?id=201516SPOZ%5F%5F%5FRB%5FM%5FB402%5F001", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "default.html", "md5": "080c987c24257e057c63186fa0fa9282", "mtime": 1456421043783, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-25T17:24:04Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-25T17:24:04Z" } }, { "key": "HC672QPJ", "version": 55, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/HC672QPJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/HC672QPJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mulder et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HC672QPJ", "version": 55, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Spleen-derived macrophages are readily polarized into classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) states", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rylend", "lastName": "Mulder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andra", "lastName": "Banete" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sameh", "lastName": "Basta" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract\nBone marrow derived macrophages (BM-MΦ) that differentiate from precursor cells can be polarized into classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) states depending upon the cytokine microenvironment. We questioned whether tissue MΦ, such as spleen-derived MΦ (Sp-MΦ), have the ability to differentiate into M1 or M2 cells. We show in response to activation with IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), that the Sp-MΦ readily acquired an M1 status indicated by up-regulation of iNOS mRNA, nitric oxide (NO) production, and the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Conversely, Sp-MΦ exposed to IL-4 exhibited increased levels of mannose receptor (CD 206), arginase-1 (Arg)-1 mRNA expression, and significant urea production typical of M2 cells. At this stage of differentiation, the M2 Sp-MΦ were more efficient at phagocytosis of cell-associated antigens than their M1 counterparts. This polarization was not indefinite as the cells could revert back to their original state upon the removal of stimuli and exhibited flexibility to convert from M2 to M1. Remarkably, both M1 and M2 Sp-MΦ induced more CD4 expression on their cells surface after stimulation. We also demonstrate that adherent macrophages cultured for a short term in IL-4 enhances ARG-1 and YM-1 mRNA along with increasing urea producing capacity: traits indicative of an M2 phenotype. Moreover, in response to in vivo virus infection, the adherent macrophages obtained from spleens rapidly express iNOS. These results provide new evidence for the polarization capabilities of Sp-MΦ when exposed to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines.", "publicationTitle": "Immunobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2014", "volume": "219", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "737-745", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Immunobiology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.imbio.2014.05.005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0171298514000977", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0171-2985", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "CD4" }, { "tag": "LCMV" }, { "tag": "MACROPHAGES" }, { "tag": "Phagocytosis" }, { "tag": "Spleen" } ], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-23T19:40:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-23T19:40:42Z" } }, { "key": "9E9UQ66W", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/9E9UQ66W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/9E9UQ66W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Li et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9E9UQ66W", "version": 53, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Differences in iNOS and Arginase Expression and Activity in the Macrophages of Rats Are Responsible for the Resistance against T. gondii Infection", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhi", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhi-Jun", "lastName": "Zhao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xing-Quan", "lastName": "Zhu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qing-Shi", "lastName": "Ren" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fang-Fang", "lastName": "Nie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jiang-Mei", "lastName": "Gao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiao-Jie", "lastName": "Gao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ting-Bao", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wen-Liang", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ji-Long", "lastName": "Shen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yong", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fang-Li", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiao-Guang", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoff", "lastName": "Hide" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francisco J", "lastName": "Ayala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhao-Rong", "lastName": "Lun" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Anne Charlotte", "lastName": "Gruner" } ], "abstractNote": "Toxoplasma gondii infects humans and warm blooded animals causing devastating disease worldwide. It has long been a mystery as to why the peritoneal macrophages of rats are naturally resistant to T. gondii infection while those of mice are not. Here, we report that high expression levels and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and low levels of arginase-1 (Arg 1) activity in the peritoneal macrophages of rats are responsible for their resistance against T. gondii infection, due to high nitric oxide and low polyamines within these cells. The opposite situation was observed in the peritoneal macrophages of mice. This discovery of the opposing functions of iNOS and Arg 1 in rodent peritoneal macrophages may lead to a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms of mammals, particularly humans and livestock, against T. gondii and other intracellular pathogens.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "7", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e35834", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0035834", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338469/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "PMC", "archiveLocation": "PMC3338469", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-23T19:12:31Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-23T19:12:31Z" } }, { "key": "XVE5D9W7", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 470057, "name": "Macrophage Phenotyping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/470057/items/XVE5D9W7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/macrophage_phenotyping/items/XVE5D9W7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2893738, "username": "edm5157", "name": "Eric Moyer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edm5157", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cao et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XVE5D9W7", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Macrophages in Kidney Injury, Inflammation, and Fibrosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qi", "lastName": "Cao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David C. H.", "lastName": "Harris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yiping", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney, where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics in response to various stimuli in the local microenvironment in different types of kidney disease. In kidney tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to further tissue injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. Apoptotic cells and anti-inflammatory factors in post-inflammatory tissues induced anti-inflammatory macrophages, which can mediate kidney repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the role of macrophages with different phenotypes in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in various acute and chronic kidney diseases. Understanding alterations of kidney microenvironment and the factors that control the phenotype and functions of macrophages may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and cytokine/growth factor-based therapies as alternative treatment options for patients with kidney disease.", "publicationTitle": "Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1, 2015", "volume": "30", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "183-194", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1152/physiol.00046.2014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/30/3/183.abstract", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FAA7X3AM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-23T17:01:38Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-23T17:01:38Z" } } ]