Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, the motivational model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization, the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between 17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to use information technology. Next, a unified model, called the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage, and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight individual models (adjusted R of 69 percent). UTAUT was then confirmed with data from two new organizations with similar results (adjusted R of 70 percent). UTAUT thus provides a useful tool for managers needing to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions and helps them understand the drivers of acceptance in order to proactively design interventions (including training, marketing, etc.) targeted at populations of users that may be less inclined to adopt and use new systems. The paper also makes several recommendations for future research including developing a deeper understanding of the dynamic influences studied here, refining measurement of the core constructs used in UTAUT, and understanding the organizational outcomes associated with new technology use.", "publicationTitle": "MIS Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "27", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "425-478", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036540", "accessDate": "2011-08-05T12:18:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0276-7783", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "User Acceptance of Information Technology", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Sep., 2003 / Copyright © 2003 Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-05T12:18:12Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-05T12:18:12Z" } }, { "key": "SNGHA9XD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 45465, "name": "21st Century Schools", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/45465/items/SNGHA9XD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools/items/SNGHA9XD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/45465/items/7Q285ECM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 612236, "username": "gary_hackscience_net", "name": "Gary Ackerman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gary_hackscience_net", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SNGHA9XD", "version": 1, "parentItem": "7Q285ECM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1466932.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z" } }, { "key": "7Q285ECM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 45465, "name": "21st Century Schools", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/45465/items/7Q285ECM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools/items/7Q285ECM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 612236, "username": "gary_hackscience_net", "name": "Gary Ackerman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gary_hackscience_net", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fishman et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7Q285ECM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Creating a Framework for Research on Systemic Technology Innovations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barry", "lastName": "Fishman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ronald W.", "lastName": "Marx" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Phyllis", "lastName": "Blumenfeld" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Krajcik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elliot", "lastName": "Soloway" } ], "abstractNote": "
This article examines why cognitively oriented technology innovations, designed to foster deep thinking and learning, have not become widespread in K-12 schools. We argue a key reason is that most design-based research does not explicitly address systemic issues of usability, scalability and sustainability. This limitation must be overcome if research is to create usable knowledge that addresses the challenges confronting technology innovations when implemented in real-world school contexts. This is especially important in an era when political forces push schools away from the cognitively rich, inquiry-oriented approaches espoused by the Learning Sciences. We suggest expanding our conception of design-based research to include research on innovations in the context of systemic reform as a potential solution to the problem. To that end, we introduce research questions and issues arising from our own experiences with a technology-rich innovation in the context of a systemic reform initiative as a starting point in the creation of an expanded design-based research agenda. These questions and issues have important implications for both the continued viability of research on technologies for learning and on the future of technology use in schools that stems from such research.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of the Learning Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 01, 2004", "volume": "13", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "43-76", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1466932", "accessDate": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1050-8406", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Design-Based Research: Clarifying the Terms. Introduction to the Learning Sciences Methodology Strand / Full publication date: 2004 / Copyright © 2004 Taylor & Francis, Ltd.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z", "dateModified": "2011-08-03T15:13:30Z" } }, { "key": "JZ4EWVQZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 45465, "name": "21st Century Schools", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/45465/items/JZ4EWVQZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/21st_century_schools/items/JZ4EWVQZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 612236, "username": "gary_hackscience_net", "name": "Gary Ackerman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gary_hackscience_net", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Davidson and Goldberg", "parsedDate": "2010-01-15", 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