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We describe a generative model for documents, introduced by Blei, Ng, and Jordan [Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y. & Jordan, M. I. (2003) J. Machine Learn. Res. 3, 993-1022], in which each document is generated by choosing a distribution over topics and then choosing each word in the document from a topic selected according to this distribution. We then present a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for inference in this model. We use this algorithm to analyze abstracts from PNAS by using Bayesian model selection to establish the number of topics. We show that the extracted topics capture meaningful structure in the data, consistent with the class designations provided by the authors of the articles, and outline further applications of this analysis, including identifying “hot topics” by examining temporal dynamics and tagging abstracts to illustrate semantic content.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004/04/06", "volume": "101", "issue": "suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5228-5235", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0307752101", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/101/suppl_1/5228", "accessDate": "2018-03-31T14:50:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2004, The National Academy of Sciences", "extra": "PMID: 14872004", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-03-31T14:50:07Z", "dateModified": "2018-03-31T14:50:07Z" } }, { "key": "76K9KDDK", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/76K9KDDK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/76K9KDDK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/ZT483RWC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "76K9KDDK", "version": 48, "parentItem": "ZT483RWC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "228120758_The_Hesitant_Hai_Gui_Return-Migration_Preferences_of_US_-_Educated_Chinese_Scientists_and_Engineers", "accessDate": "2016-04-11T19:26:08Z", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228120758_The_Hesitant_Hai_Gui_Return-Migration_Preferences_of_US_-_Educated_Chinese_Scientists_and_Engineers", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T19:26:08Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T19:26:08Z" } }, { "key": "ZT483RWC", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/ZT483RWC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/ZT483RWC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Robert Zeithammer", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZT483RWC", "version": 48, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Hesitant Hai Gui: Return-Migration Preferences of U.S. - Educated Chinese Scientists and Engineers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan P. Kellogg", "lastName": "Robert Zeithammer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Marketing Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "50", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2139/ssrn.1732725", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-2437", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Hesitant Hai Gui", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T19:26:08Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T19:26:08Z" } }, { "key": "NCVM5SDJ", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/NCVM5SDJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/NCVM5SDJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/GH966JBJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NCVM5SDJ", "version": 47, "parentItem": "GH966JBJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "url": "http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/6/1201.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z" } }, { "key": "GH966JBJ", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/GH966JBJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/GH966JBJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Peterson", "parsedDate": "2015-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GH966JBJ", "version": 47, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "All That Is Solid Bench-Building at the Frontiers of Two Experimental Sciences", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Peterson" } ], "abstractNote": "The belief that natural sciences are more scientific than the social sciences has been well documented in the perceptions of both lay and scientific populations. Influenced by the Kuhnian concept of “paradigm development” and empirical studies on the closure of scientific controversies, scholars from divergent traditions associate scientific development with increased consensus and stability. However, both the macro/quantitative and micro/qualitative approaches are limited in key ways. This article is the first comparative ethnography of a natural science (molecular biology) and a social science (psychology) and it highlights important differences between the fields. Molecular biologists engage in a process of “bench-building,” in which they create and integrate new manipulation techniques and technologies into their practice, whereas psychologists have far less opportunity for this type of development. This suggests an alternative conception of the natural/social divide, in which the natural sciences are defined by dynamic material evolution while the social sciences remain relatively stable.", "publicationTitle": "American Sociological Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015-12-01", "volume": "80", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1201-1225", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "American Sociological Review", "DOI": "10.1177/0003122415607230", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/6/1201", "accessDate": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-1224, 1939-8271", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "asr.sagepub.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "hierarchy of the sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "laboratory ethnography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science and knowledge", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "scientific frontier", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z" } }, { "key": "3KCS2B6D", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/3KCS2B6D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/3KCS2B6D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/GH966JBJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "3KCS2B6D", "version": 47, "parentItem": "GH966JBJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "url": "http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/6/1201", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T17:35:53Z" } }, { "key": "UE2C8VJE", "version": 46, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/UE2C8VJE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/UE2C8VJE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Galton", "parsedDate": "1894", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UE2C8VJE", "version": 46, "itemType": "book", "title": "Natural Inheritance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis", "lastName": "Galton" } ], "abstractNote": "In this book the first statistical study of biological variation and inheritance is represented. Galton used statistical methods and propounded a \"law of filial regression\".", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1894", "publisher": "Macmillan and Company", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "280", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T17:17:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T17:19:04Z" } }, { "key": "62PAIDF6", "version": 45, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/62PAIDF6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/62PAIDF6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/UE2C8VJE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "62PAIDF6", "version": 45, "parentItem": "UE2C8VJE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2016-04-11T17:17:13Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=GwLeuZGfIB0C", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-11T17:17:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-11T17:17:13Z" } }, { "key": "9I43WCAF", "version": 44, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/9I43WCAF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/9I43WCAF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/X9CC56ZF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9I43WCAF", "version": 44, "parentItem": "X9CC56ZF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2014-08-27T23:32:37Z", "url": "http://books.google.com/books?id=C50Jdn02wvMC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-12T17:22:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-12T17:22:39Z" } }, { "key": "X9CC56ZF", "version": 44, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/X9CC56ZF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/X9CC56ZF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fleck", "parsedDate": "1935", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "X9CC56ZF", "version": 44, "itemType": "book", "title": "Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ludwik", "lastName": "Fleck" } ], "abstractNote": "Originally published in German in 1935, this monograph anticipated solutions to problems of scientific progress, the truth of scientific fact and the role of error in science now associated with the work of Thomas Kuhn and others. Arguing that every scientific concept and theory—including his own—is culturally conditioned, Fleck was appreciably ahead of his time. And as Kuhn observes in his foreword, \"Though much has occurred since its publication, it remains a brilliant and largely unexploited resource.\"\"To many scientists just as to many historians and philosophers of science facts are things that simply are the case: they are discovered through properly passive observation of natural reality. To such views Fleck replies that facts are invented, not discovered. Moreover, the appearance of scientific facts as discovered things is itself a social construction, a made thing. A work of transparent brilliance, one of the most significant contributions toward a thoroughly sociological account of scientific knowledge.\"—Steven Shapin, Science", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1935", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "232", "ISBN": "978-0-226-25325-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Philosophy / Epistemology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / Philosophy & Social Aspects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / Research & Methodology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-12T17:22:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-12T17:22:39Z" } }, { "key": "RIPCWMRG", "version": 43, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/RIPCWMRG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/RIPCWMRG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kaku", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RIPCWMRG", "version": 43, "itemType": "book", "title": "Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michio", "lastName": "Kaku" } ], "abstractNote": "Is our universe dying? Could there be other universes?In Parallel Worlds, world-renowned physicist and bestselling author Michio Kaku—an author who “has a knack for bringing the most ethereal ideas down to earth” (Wall Street Journal)—takes readers on a fascinating tour of cosmology, M-theory, and its implications for the fate of the universe.In his first book of physics since Hyperspace, Michio Kaku begins by describing the extraordinary advances that have transformed cosmology over the last century, and particularly over the last decade, forcing scientists around the world to rethink our understanding of the birth of the universe, and its ultimate fate. In Dr. Kaku’s eyes, we are living in a golden age of physics, as new discoveries from the WMAP and COBE satellites and the Hubble space telescope have given us unprecedented pictures of our universe in its infancy.As astronomers wade through the avalanche of data from the WMAP satellite, a new cosmological picture is emerging. So far, the leading theory about the birth of the universe is the “inflationary universe theory,” a major refinement on the big bang theory. In this theory, our universe may be but one in a multiverse, floating like a bubble in an infinite sea of bubble universes, with new universes being created all the time. A parallel universe may well hover a mere millimeter from our own. The very idea of parallel universes and the string theory that can explain their existence was once viewed with suspicion by scientists, seen as the province of mystics, charlatans, and cranks. But today, physicists overwhelmingly support string-theory, and its latest iteration, M-theory, as it is this one theory that, if proven correct, would reconcile the four forces of the universe simply and elegantly, and answer the question “What happened before the big bang?”Already, Kaku explains, the world’s foremost physicists and astronomers are searching for ways to test the theory of the multiverse using highly sophisticated wave detectors, gravity lenses, satellites, and telescopes. The implications of M-theory are fascinating and endless. If parallel worlds do exist, Kaku speculates, in time, perhaps a trillion years or more from now, as appears likely, when our universe grows cold and dark in what scientists describe as a big freeze, advanced civilizations may well find a way to escape our universe in a kind of “inter-dimensional lifeboat.” An unforgettable journey into black holes and time machines, alternate universes, and multidimensional space, Parallel Worlds gives us a compelling portrait of the revolution sweeping the world of cosmology.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2005", "publisher": "Doubleday", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "460", "ISBN": "9780385509862", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Parallel Worlds", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Science / Cosmology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science / Physics / General", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T06:15:00Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T20:36:10Z" } }, { "key": "AZJZ2353", "version": 42, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/AZJZ2353", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/AZJZ2353", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jurafsky and Martin", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AZJZ2353", "version": 42, "itemType": "book", "title": "Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dan", "lastName": "Jurafsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James H.", "lastName": "Martin" } ], "abstractNote": "An explosion of Web-based language techniques, merging of distinct fields, availability of phone-based dialogue systems, and much more make this an exciting time in speech and language processing. The first of its kind to thoroughly cover language technology – at all levels and with all modern technologies – this book takes an empirical approach to the subject, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corporations. Builds each chapter around one or more worked examples demonstrating the main idea of the chapter, usingthe examples to illustrate the relative strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. Adds coverage of statistical sequence labeling, information extraction, question answering and summarization, advanced topics in speech recognition, speech synthesis. Revises coverage of language modeling, formal grammars, statistical parsing, machine translation, and dialog processing. A useful reference for professionals in any of the areas of speech and language processing.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2010", "publisher": "Prentice Hall", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "1027", "ISBN": "9780131873216", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Speech and Language Processing", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computers / Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computers / Natural Language Processing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T20:34:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T20:34:42Z" } }, { "key": "XBTFCCDC", "version": 42, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/XBTFCCDC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/XBTFCCDC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/AZJZ2353", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XBTFCCDC", "version": 42, "parentItem": "AZJZ2353", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2016-01-04T20:34:30Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=fZmj5UNK8AQC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T20:34:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T20:34:30Z" } }, { "key": "CBVAUR4K", "version": 41, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/CBVAUR4K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/CBVAUR4K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kuhn", "parsedDate": "1962-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CBVAUR4K", "version": 41, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas S.", "lastName": "Kuhn" } ], "abstractNote": "Thomas S. Kuhn's classic book is now available with a new index.\"A landmark in intellectual history which has attracted attention far beyond its own immediate field. . . . It is written with a combination of depth and clarity that make it an almost unbroken series of aphorisms. . . . Kuhn does not permit truth to be a criterion of scientific theories, he would presumably not claim his own theory to be true. But if causing a revolution is the hallmark of a superior paradigm, [this book] has been a resounding success\". --Nicholas Wade, \"Science\" \"Perhaps the best explanation of [the] process of discovery\". --William Erwin Thompson, \"New York Times Book Review\" \"Occasionally there emerges a book which has an influence far beyond its originally intended audience. . . . Thomas Kuhn's \"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions\" . . . has clearly emerged as just such a work\". --Ron Johnston, \"Times Higher Education Supplement\" \"Among the most influential academic books in this century\". -- \"Choice\" --One of \"The Hundred Most Influential Books Since the Second World War\", \"Times Literary Supplement\" Thomas S. Kuhn was the Laurence Rockefeller Professor Emeritus of linguistics and philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His books include \"The Essential Tension; Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912; \" and \"The Copernican Revolution\".", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1962-01", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "228", "ISBN": "9780226458083", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Science / History", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-30T23:21:36Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T06:17:35Z" } }, { "key": "G34GPBET", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/G34GPBET", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/G34GPBET", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/RIPCWMRG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G34GPBET", "version": 39, "parentItem": "RIPCWMRG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2016-01-04T06:15:00Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=-CwsJlNGk7MC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T06:15:00Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T06:15:00Z" } }, { "key": "W5AGT5HB", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/W5AGT5HB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/W5AGT5HB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/337ZDHEP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "W5AGT5HB", "version": 38, "parentItem": "337ZDHEP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2016-01-04T06:12:59Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=okv_O0Xhl9gC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T06:12:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T06:12:59Z" } }, { "key": "337ZDHEP", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/337ZDHEP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/337ZDHEP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Greene", "parsedDate": "2010-10-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "337ZDHEP", "version": 38, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Greene" } ], "abstractNote": "A new edition of the New York Times bestseller—now a three-part Nova special: a fascinating and thought-provoking journey through the mysteries of space, time, and matter. Now with a new preface (not in any other edition) that will review the enormous public reception of the relatively obscure string theory—made possible by this book and an increased number of adherents amongst physicists—The Elegant Universe \"sets a standard that will be hard to beat\" (New York Times Book Review). Brian Greene, one of the world's leading string theorists, peels away the layers of mystery surrounding string theory to reveal a universe that consists of eleven dimensions, where the fabric of space tears and repairs itself, and all matter—from the smallest quarks to the most gargantuan supernovas—is generated by the vibrations of microscopically tiny loops of energy. Today physicists and mathematicians throughout the world are feverishly working on one of the most ambitious theories ever proposed: superstring theory. String theory, as it is often called, is the key to the Unified Field Theory that eluded Einstein for more than thirty years. Finally, the century-old antagonism between the large and the small-General Relativity and Quantum Theory-is resolved. String theory proclaims that all of the wondrous happenings in the universe, from the frantic dancing of subatomic quarks to the majestic swirling of heavenly galaxies, are reflections of one grand physical principle and manifestations of one single entity: microscopically tiny vibrating loops of energy, a billionth of a billionth the size of an atom. In this brilliantly articulated and refreshingly clear book, Greene relates the scientific story and the human struggle behind twentieth-century physics' search for a theory of everything. Through the masterful use of metaphor and analogy, The Elegant Universe makes some of the most sophisticated concepts ever contemplated viscerally accessible and thoroughly entertaining, bringing us closer than ever to understanding how the universe works.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2010-10-11", "publisher": "W. W. Norton & Company", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "446", "ISBN": "9780393071344", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Elegant Universe", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Science / Physics / Nuclear", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T06:12:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T06:12:59Z" } }, { "key": "ASA28I8K", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/ASA28I8K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/ASA28I8K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/G5EKFNPZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ASA28I8K", "version": 37, "parentItem": "G5EKFNPZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2016-01-04T06:11:59Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/The-Elegant-Universe-Superstrings-Dimensions/dp/039333810X", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-04T06:11:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-04T06:11:59Z" } }, { "key": "CXR3AUN3", "version": 36, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/CXR3AUN3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/CXR3AUN3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Leydesdorff and Rafols", "parsedDate": "2009-02-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "CXR3AUN3", "version": 36, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Global Map of Science Based on the ISI Subject Categories", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Loet", "lastName": "Leydesdorff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ismael", "lastName": "Rafols" } ], "abstractNote": "The decomposition of scientific literature into disciplinary and subdisciplinary structures is one of the core goals of scientometrics. How can we achieve a good decomposition? The ISI subject categories classify journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI). The aggregated journal-journal citation matrix contained in the Journal Citation Reports can be aggregated on the basis of these categories. This leads to an asymmetrical matrix (citing versus cited) that is much more densely populated than the underlying matrix at the journal level. Exploratory factor analysis of the matrix of subject categories suggests a 14-factor solution. This solution could be interpreted as the disciplinary structure of science. The nested maps of science (corresponding to 14 factors, 172 categories, and 6,164 journals) are online at http://www.leydesdorff.net/map06. Presumably, inaccuracies in the attribution of journals to the ISI subject categories average out so that the factor analysis reveals the main structures. The mapping of science could, therefore, be comprehensive and reliable on a large scale albeit imprecise in terms of the attribution of journals to the ISI subject categories.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2009", "volume": "60", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "348-362", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.", "DOI": "10.1002/asi.20967", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20967/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-12-30T23:13:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1532-2890", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2008 ASIS&T", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-30T23:13:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-30T23:53:03Z" } }, { "key": "RI9UIDN9", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/RI9UIDN9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/RI9UIDN9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/53TWF65H", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RI9UIDN9", "version": 35, "parentItem": "53TWF65H", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2015-12-30T23:51:45Z", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=xA4Y3lkcpscC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-30T23:51:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-30T23:51:45Z" } }, { "key": "53TWF65H", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 453949, "name": "Paradigmaticness and Rapid Discovery", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/453949/items/53TWF65H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paradigmaticness_and_rapid_discovery/items/53TWF65H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 355756, "username": "cjgomez09", "name": "Charles Gomez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cjgomez09", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kagan", "parsedDate": "2009-04-27", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "53TWF65H", "version": 35, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Three Cultures: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and the Humanities in the 21st Century", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jerome", "lastName": "Kagan" } ], "abstractNote": "In 1959 C. P. Snow delivered his now-famous Rede Lecture, \"The Two Cultures,\" a reflection on the academy based on the premise that intellectual life was divided into two cultures: the arts and humanities on one side and science on the other. Since then, a third culture, generally termed \"social science\" and comprised of fields such as sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and anthropology, has emerged. Jerome Kagan's book describes the assumptions, vocabulary, and contributions of each of these cultures and argues that the meanings of many of the concepts used by each culture are unique to it and do not apply to the others because the source of evidence for the term is special. The text summarizes the contributions of the social sciences and humanities to our understanding of human nature and questions the popular belief that biological processes are the main determinant of variation in human behavior.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2009-04-27", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "329", "ISBN": "9780521518420", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Three Cultures", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Philosophy / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology / Movements / Behaviorism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology / Movements / Humanism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": 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