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            "abstractNote": "An optimization-based model for power-grip posture prediction was proposed. The model was based on the premise that the hand prehensile configuration in a power grip best conforms to the object shape. This premise was embodied by an optimization procedure that minimized the sum of distances from the finger joints to the object surface. The model was evaluated against data from an experiment that measured the grasp postures of 28 subjects having diverse anthropometry. The intra- and inter-person variabilities in grip postures were empirically assessed and used as benchmark values for model evaluation. The evaluation showed that the root-mean-square (RMS) values of angle differences between the predicted and measured postures had a 13.7° grand mean (across all joints, subjects, and two cylindrical handles grasped), whereas the RMS values of the inter- and intra-person variabilities in measured postures had grand means of 13.0° and 4.4°, respectively. The model can be readily generalized to the prediction of postures in power-grasping objects of different shapes, and adapted for testing alternative prehensile strategies or performance criteria.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics",
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                    "firstName": "Mark",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Babak",
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            "abstractNote": "Electrophysiological studies have shown that forceful activation of the hand muscles (power grip) is accompanied by an increased excitability of the ipsilateral corticospinal system. This increase in excitability may be due to spinal or cortical mechanisms. Here we show with fMRI that this phenomenon is at least in part mediated at a cortical level. We used TMS to show that the increased ipsilateral excitability during a forceful maneuver leads to enhanced stimulus-response curves. fMRI was used to compare the activation during a repetitive hand movement with or without an accompanying power grip on the opposite site. The power grip reduced movement-related activation in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex. Peak deactivation was located in the left postcentral gyrus extending into the adjacent precentral gyrus. This finding suggests that a forceful activation of the hand muscles disinhibits a distinct functional representation in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex. Consequently, the excitability of the corticospinal system increases and less neuronal excitatory activity is needed to perform a given task. The results may be important for a variety of studies as they suggest that fMRI may show decreased hemodynamic response under conditions in which other neurophysiological methods have shown increased functional activity.",
            "publicationTitle": "NeuroImage",
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            "date": "Juni 2003",
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            "publicationTitle": "Cognitive Psychology",
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            "date": "1998",
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            "abstractNote": "Reply by the current author to the comments made by Klaus Fiedler (see record 2009-23823-004) on the original article (see record 2009-23823-002). In his enlightening commentary on my original contribution, Fiedler raises various trenchant cautionary arguments against a simplistic and overzealous interpretation of embodiment. He rightfully notes that my contribution has a dual message: There is a plethora of interesting findings, but an under-development in the theoretical arena. The argument here is that phenomena that could be explained with the conceptual tools of classical cognitive science are now explained in the emerging vernacular of embodied cognition, creating the impression of an embodied power grasp. However, I would suggest a different vantage point. The challenge embodiment theories face is not only that they need to predict and explain novel phenomena that were not anticipated by classical theories but also that they need to explain phenomena that were hitherto explained by these theories. 1 am looking forward to seeing and contributing to the next phase of embodiment research and I believe that dialogs with sympathetic but critical researchers such as Fiedler will be very helpful in this endeavor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)",
            "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Social Psychology",
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                    "firstName": "Shahar",
                    "lastName": "Arzy"
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                    "lastName": "Thut"
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                    "lastName": "Mohr"
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                    "firstName": "Christoph M.",
                    "lastName": "Michel"
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            "abstractNote": "Embodiment, the sense of being localized within one's physical body, is a fundamental aspect of the self. Recently, researchers have started to show that self and body processing require distinct brain mechanisms, suggesting two posterior brain regions as key loci: the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), which is involved in self processing and multisensory integration of body-related information; and the extrastriate body area (EBA), which responds selectively to human bodies and body parts. Here we used evoked potential mapping and a distributed linear inverse solution to show that activations in EBA and TPJ code differentially for embodiment and self location, because the location and timing of brain activation depended on whether mental imagery is performed with mentally embodied (EBA) or disembodied (TPJ) self location. In a second experiment, we showed that only EBA activation, related to embodied self location, but not TPJ activation, related to disembodied self location, was modified by the subjects' body position during task performance (supine or sitting). This suggests that embodied self location and actual body location share neural mechanisms. Collectively, these data show that distributed brain activity at the EBA and TPJ as well as their timing are crucial for the coding of the self as embodied and as spatially situated within the human body.",
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