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Bryan", "lastName": "Sexton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric J.", "lastName": "Thomas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert L.", "lastName": "Helmreich" } ], "abstractNote": "Objectives: To survey operating theatre and intensive care unit staff about attitudes concerning error, stress, and teamwork and to compare these attitudes with those of airline cockpit crew.\nDesign: Cross sectional surveys.\nSetting: Urban teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the United States, Israel, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. Major airlines around the world.\nParticipants: 1033 doctors, nurses, fellows, and residents working in operating theatres and intensive care units and over 30 000 cockpit crew members (captains, first officers, and second officers).\nMain outcome measures: Perceptions of error, stress, and teamwork.\nResults: Pilots were least likely to deny the effects of fatigue on performance (26% v70% of consultant surgeons and 47% of consultant anaesthetists). Most pilots (97%) and intensive care staff (94%) rejected steep hierarchies (in which senior team members are not open to input from junior members), but only 55% of consultant surgeons rejected such hierarchies. High levels of teamwork with consultant surgeons were reported by 73% of surgical residents, 64% of consultant surgeons, 39% of anaesthesia consultants, 28% of surgical nurses, 25% of anaesthetic nurses, and 10% of anaesthetic residents. Only a third of staff reported that errors are handled appropriately at their hospital. 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