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Multiple authors (for example, Omran 1971; Cockerham 2007; Hinote and Wasserman 2013) carefully outline many recent social and epidemiological transformations in these societies, and lifestyles emerge from these shifts with renewed prominence in health matters. Theorists, researchers and practitioners conceptualise the term ‘lifestyle’ in various ways, but health lifestyles are of particular theoretical and empirical significance for medical sociologists and social epidemiologists. However, a comprehensive theoretical framework that specifically articulates the roles and mechanisms of these important health phenomena did not exist until the early twenty-first century, with the work of American medical sociologist William Cockerham (2005). This chapter provides a thorough background, explication and application of Cockerham’s health lifestyles theory, which effectively accounts for the interplay of the individual and their inextricable connections to social structures, and demonstrates the value of critically applying core sociological concepts to the typically individualistic concept of lifestyle.", "bookTitle": "The Palgrave Handbook of Social Theory in Health, Illness and Medicine", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015", "publisher": "Palgrave Macmillan UK", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "471-487", "ISBN": "978-1-349-47022-8 978-1-137-35562-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-35562-1_30", "accessDate": "2016-01-17T20:39:20Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "William C Cockerham", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2015 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-35562-1_30", "tags": [ { "tag": "History of Medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Medical Sociology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sociology, general", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:39:20Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:39:20Z" } }, { "key": "EC93H7MK", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/EC93H7MK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/EC93H7MK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/XW88CP9H", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "EC93H7MK", "version": 3, "parentItem": "XW88CP9H", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:23:42Z", "url": "http://epe.sagepub.com/content/11/2/115.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "115.html", "md5": "74208eae9fc29743534eff74f76d0a66", "mtime": 1449509023302, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:26Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:26Z" } }, { "key": "XW88CP9H", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/XW88CP9H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/XW88CP9H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Telama et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-06-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XW88CP9H", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Physical activity among young people in the context of lifestyle", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Risto", "lastName": "Telama" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heimo", "lastName": "Nupponen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maurice", "lastName": "Piéron" } ], "abstractNote": "The promotion of a healthy lifestyle is the main goal of physical education in many countries. However, very little is known about the relationship between different life styles and physical activity patterns among young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and physical activity among 12- and 15-year-old boys and girls in Belgium and Finland. The data came from an extensive comparative study, ‘Sporting Lifestyle, Motor Performance and Olympic Ideals of European Youth’. The subjects in this study were 1439 Belgian and 789 Finnish adoles cents. Using factor and cluster analyses, five ways of spending leisure time repre senting different lifestyles were formulated. Additional descriptors of lifestyle were attitude toward school and Physical Education (PE), the importance of being good academically and in sport, perceived competence, and goal orientation. The results showed that there were significant differences in physical activity between the life style groups and that high physical activity was related to more than one lifestyle group. Those who were only interested in computer games and TV-watching were the most inactive, although many computer game players were also physically active. Perceived physical competence and task orientation were positively related to a phys ically active lifestyle. It was concluded that if the aim of physical education is to enhance an active lifestyle, then a variety of characteristics should be taken into account in teaching.", "publicationTitle": "European Physical Education Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "06/01/2005", "volume": "11", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "115-137", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "European Physical Education Review", "DOI": "10.1177/1356336X05052892", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://epe.sagepub.com/content/11/2/115", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:23:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1356-336X, 1741-2749", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "epe.sagepub.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "gender", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "goal orientation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "leisure activities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "perceived competence", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:26Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:26Z" } }, { "key": "C44UU7A6", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/C44UU7A6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/C44UU7A6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/X2CC6PWC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "C44UU7A6", "version": 3, "parentItem": "X2CC6PWC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:40:17Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08870449408407492", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "08870449408407492.html", "md5": "16276219213efa0bc0e348eaa704fcdc", "mtime": 1449510018596, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:17Z" } }, { "key": "X2CC6PWC", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/X2CC6PWC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/X2CC6PWC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Steptoe et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "X2CC6PWC", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Personality and attitudinal correlates of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles in young adults", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Steptoe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Wardle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jan", "lastName": "Vinck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martti", "lastName": "Tuomisto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arne", "lastName": "Holte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lars", "lastName": "Wichstr⊘m" } ], "abstractNote": "The relationship between healthy lifestyle and personality and attitudinal variables was analyzed with data collected from 809 men and 996 women aged 18–30 years in England, Belgium, Finland and Norway as part of the European Health and Behaviour Survey. A health practices index was constructed on the basis of performance of sixteen behaviours including smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, sleep time and a variety of dietary and preventive practices. Scores on the health practices index were higher in women than men, but in both sexes the index was normally distributed. Consistently healthy practices were positively correlated with extraversion and optimism, and negatively associated with neuroticism, psychoticism and chance locus of control beliefs. These effects were maintained after controlling for social desirability, but together accounted for only a modest proportion of the variance in the health practices index. The results are discussed in relation to the factors characterising health conscious and unhealthy lifestyles.", "publicationTitle": "Psychology & Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 1994", "volume": "9", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "331-343", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/08870449408407492", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407492", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:40:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0887-0446", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:17Z" } }, { "key": "BJQPTW4Z", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/BJQPTW4Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/BJQPTW4Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oakley et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-04-22", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BJQPTW4Z", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Health and cancer prevention: knowledge and beliefs of children and young people", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Oakley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Bendelow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Barnes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Buchanan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O A N.", "lastName": "Husain" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "BMJ", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995-04-22", "volume": "310", "issue": "6986", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1029-1033", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.310.6986.1029", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.310.6986.1029", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:11:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-8138, 1468-5833", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Health and cancer prevention", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:10Z" } }, { "key": "AQ6I7XPE", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/AQ6I7XPE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/AQ6I7XPE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/8SWB38H2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "AQ6I7XPE", "version": 3, "parentItem": "8SWB38H2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:28:04Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03073289.1991.10805745?journalCode=rhpe18", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "03073289.1991.html", "md5": "a50fe5865515105473365a82e951ef2b", "mtime": 1449509285492, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:08:04Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:08:04Z" } }, { "key": "8SWB38H2", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/8SWB38H2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/8SWB38H2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nutbeam et al.", "parsedDate": "1991-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8SWB38H2", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Lifestyle Concept and Health Education with Young People", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Don", "lastName": "Nutbeam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Leif", "lastName": "Aaro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bente", "lastName": "Wold" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Institute of Health Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 1991", "volume": "29", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "98-103", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/03073289.1991.10805745", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03073289.1991.10805745", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:28:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0307-3289", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 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"attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:32:31Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10932547/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "2808758ea73073549e4a33e5f4d304a9", "mtime": 1449509551820, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z" } }, { "key": "E4CZIJ3Q", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/E4CZIJ3Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/E4CZIJ3Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/99JUS2AX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E4CZIJ3Q", "version": 3, "parentItem": "99JUS2AX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:32:28Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10932547/asset/1467-9566.ep10932547.pdf?v=1&t=ihw8k4hv&s=edb664e106f039d740f949b9919a0c94a3f6c575", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Lupton и Chapman - 1995 - ‘A healthy lifestyle might be the death of you’ d.pdf", "md5": "7755a568376dff3b8945aaaf3edd8d9f", "mtime": 1449509552246, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z" } }, { "key": "99JUS2AX", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/99JUS2AX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/99JUS2AX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lupton and Chapman", "parsedDate": "1995-09-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "99JUS2AX", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "‘A healthy lifestyle might be the death of you’: discourses on diet, cholesterol control and heart disease in the press and among the lay public", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deborah", "lastName": "Lupton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Chapman" } ], "abstractNote": "In Australia and other western countries, research on the relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease has attracted wide news media coverage. One of the most recent issues to receive media attention is the role of cholesterol control in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. News reports on cholesterol and diet have vacillated confusingly from supporting health promotional orthodoxy in warning individuals to monitor carefully their intake of certain substances such as fats, salt and cholesterol, to questioning the validity of such dietary control. This paper presents the findings of a study investigating media coverage of and the responses of members of the lay public to recent diet and cholesterol control controversies. Analysis found that while the participants commonly articulated concern about their diet, they also expressed a high degree of cynicism both in the news media's coverage and health promotional advice on diet and cholesterol control. Respondents drew upon discourses relating to the pleasurable nature of indulging oneself in eating, but also expressed moralistic discourses concerning the need to ‘work’ at being healthy, thus juggling the dialectic of health as control and health as release. The adage that ‘everything in moderation’ was the way to live one's life, regardless of official advice concerning dietary regulation, was commonly expressed as a strategy of coping with the confusions around diet.", "publicationTitle": "Sociology of Health & Illness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 1995", "volume": "17", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "477-494", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/1467-9566.ep10932547", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10932547/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:32:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-9566", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "‘A healthy lifestyle might be the death of you’", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:59Z" } }, { "key": "V24SW6NX", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/V24SW6NX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/V24SW6NX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RIJZJAME", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V24SW6NX", "version": 3, "parentItem": "RIJZJAME", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:20:21Z", "url": "http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7346", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "bmj.html", "md5": "65c2fbe7ded3cf453b98902b0a21f1d9", "mtime": 1449508822213, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z" } }, { "key": "IEC46AET", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/IEC46AET", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/IEC46AET", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RIJZJAME", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IEC46AET", "version": 3, "parentItem": "RIJZJAME", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:20:16Z", "url": "http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/349/bmj.g7346.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Korownyk et al. - 2014 - Televised medical talk shows—what they recommend a.pdf", "md5": "31b7fc322022f6261e71b71e9e9dd854", "mtime": 1449508830519, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z" } }, { "key": "P7ND3F3V", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/P7ND3F3V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/P7ND3F3V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RIJZJAME", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P7ND3F3V", "version": 2, "parentItem": "RIJZJAME", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:20:16Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520234", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z" } }, { "key": "RIJZJAME", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RIJZJAME", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/RIJZJAME", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Korownyk et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12-17", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "RIJZJAME", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Televised medical talk shows—what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations: a prospective observational study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christina", "lastName": "Korownyk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael R.", "lastName": "Kolber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "McCormack" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vanessa", "lastName": "Lam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kate", "lastName": "Overbo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Candra", "lastName": "Cotton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caitlin", "lastName": "Finley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ricky D.", "lastName": "Turgeon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott", "lastName": "Garrison" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adrienne J.", "lastName": "Lindblad" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hoan Linh", "lastName": "Banh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Denise", "lastName": "Campbell-Scherer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben", "lastName": "Vandermeer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. Michael", "lastName": "Allan" } ], "abstractNote": "Objective To determine the quality of health recommendations and claims made on popular medical talk shows.\nDesign Prospective observational study.\nSetting Mainstream television media.\nSources Internationally syndicated medical television talk shows that air daily (The Dr Oz Show and The Doctors).\nInterventions Investigators randomly selected 40 episodes of each of The Dr Oz Show and The Doctors from early 2013 and identified and evaluated all recommendations made on each program. A group of experienced evidence reviewers independently searched for, and evaluated as a team, evidence to support 80 randomly selected recommendations from each show.\nMain outcomes measures Percentage of recommendations that are supported by evidence as determined by a team of experienced evidence reviewers. Secondary outcomes included topics discussed, the number of recommendations made on the shows, and the types and details of recommendations that were made.\nResults We could find at least a case study or better evidence to support 54% (95% confidence interval 47% to 62%) of the 160 recommendations (80 from each show). For recommendations in The Dr Oz Show, evidence supported 46%, contradicted 15%, and was not found for 39%. For recommendations in The Doctors, evidence supported 63%, contradicted 14%, and was not found for 24%. Believable or somewhat believable evidence supported 33% of the recommendations on The Dr Oz Show and 53% on The Doctors. On average, The Dr Oz Show had 12 recommendations per episode and The Doctors 11. The most common recommendation category on The Dr Oz Show was dietary advice (39%) and on The Doctors was to consult a healthcare provider (18%). A specific benefit was described for 43% and 41% of the recommendations made on the shows respectively. The magnitude of benefit was described for 17% of the recommendations on The Dr Oz Show and 11% on The Doctors. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest accompanied 0.4% of recommendations.\nConclusions Recommendations made on medical talk shows often lack adequate information on specific benefits or the magnitude of the effects of these benefits. Approximately half of the recommendations have either no evidence or are contradicted by the best available evidence. Potential conflicts of interest are rarely addressed. The public should be skeptical about recommendations made on medical talk shows.\nAdditional details of methods used and changes made to study protocol", "publicationTitle": "BMJ", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014/12/17", "volume": "349", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "g7346", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMJ", "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.g7346", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7346", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T17:20:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1756-1833", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Televised medical talk shows—what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.bmj.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© Korownyk et al 2014. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.", "extra": "PMID: 25520234", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:54Z" } }, { "key": "3J327QHH", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/3J327QHH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/3J327QHH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gore et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3J327QHH", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fiona M", "lastName": "Gore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul JN", "lastName": "Bloem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George C", "lastName": "Patton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Ferguson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Véronique", "lastName": "Joseph" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carolyn", "lastName": "Coffey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan M", "lastName": "Sawyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Colin D", "lastName": "Mathers" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "06/2011", "volume": "377", "issue": "9783", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2093-2102", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673611605126", "accessDate": "2015-12-06T21:33:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01406736", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:43Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:43Z" } }, { "key": "CMHV28Q7", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/CMHV28Q7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/CMHV28Q7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/HKPQSADT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CMHV28Q7", "version": 3, "parentItem": "HKPQSADT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T18:25:33Z", "url": "http://heb.sagepub.com/content/7/2/127.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "127.html", "md5": "83a184fc5ecf93e6099c3244c152cbad", "mtime": 1449512733706, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:37Z" } }, { "key": "HKPQSADT", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/HKPQSADT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/HKPQSADT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Flay et al.", "parsedDate": "1980-06-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HKPQSADT", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mass Media in Health Promotion: An Analysis Using an Extended Information-Processing Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian R.", "lastName": "Flay" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Don", "lastName": "DiTecco" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ronald P.", "lastName": "Schlegel" } ], "abstractNote": "The information-processing model of the attitude and behavior change process was critically examined and extended from six to 12 levels for a better analysis of change due to mass media campaigns. Findings from social psychology and communications research, and from evaluations of mass media health promotion programs, were reviewed to determine how source, message, channel, receiver, and destination variables affect each of the levels of change of major interest (knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behavior). Factors found to most likely induce permanent attitude and behavior change (most important in health promotion) were: presentation and repetition over long time periods, via multiple sources, at different times (including \"prime\" or high-exposure times), by multiple sources, in novel and involving ways, with appeals to multiple motives, development of social support, and provisions of appropriate behavioral skills, alternatives, and reinforcement (preferably in ways that get the active participation of the audience). Suggestions for evaluation of mass media programs that take account of this complexity were advanced.", "publicationTitle": "Health Education & Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "06/01/1980", "volume": "7", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-147", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Educ Behav", "DOI": "10.1177/109019818000700203", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://heb.sagepub.com/content/7/2/127", "accessDate": "2015-12-07T18:25:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1090-1981, 1552-6127", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Mass Media in Health Promotion", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "heb.sagepub.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:37Z" } }, { "key": "2KEIPXK6", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/2KEIPXK6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/2KEIPXK6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RQGSJVT6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2KEIPXK6", "version": 3, "parentItem": "RQGSJVT6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-06T21:31:22Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ebch.1808/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "213afa28babeb45cf04f9c6ff933b1e3", "mtime": 1449437482398, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z" } }, { "key": "FABIKP7W", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/FABIKP7W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/FABIKP7W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RQGSJVT6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FABIKP7W", "version": 3, "parentItem": "RQGSJVT6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-06T21:31:18Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/ebch.1808/asset/1808_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=ihv1nf1g&s=cd20d140b95e446ed317bc14f0d49b2fa6cbde0b", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Brinn et al. - 2012 - Cochrane Review Mass media interventions for prev.pdf", "md5": "05e7c01605f6403056eb8a0f62f62de3", "mtime": 1449437481000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z" } }, { "key": "RQGSJVT6", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449666, "name": "Course papers", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449666/items/RQGSJVT6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/course_papers/items/RQGSJVT6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2791159, "username": "Lina Nefedova", "name": "Lina", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lina_nefedova", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brinn et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "RQGSJVT6", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cochrane Review: Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malcolm P", "lastName": "Brinn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kristin V", "lastName": "Carson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adrian J", "lastName": "Esterman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne B", "lastName": "Chang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian J", "lastName": "Smith" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nThe mass media have been used as a way of delivering preventive health messages. They have the potential to reach and to modify the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of a large proportion of the community.\nObjectives\nTo evaluate the effectiveness of mass media interventions to prevent smoking in young people in terms of reduced smoking uptake, in addition to secondary outcomes including improved smoking outcomes, attitudes, behaviours, knowledge, self-efficacy and perception.\nSearch methods\nWe searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register and conducted additional searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE in July 2010.\nSelection criteria\nRandomized trials, controlled trials without randomization and time series studies that assessed the effectiveness of mass media campaigns (defined as channels of communication such as television, radio, newspapers, bill boards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach large numbers of people and which are not dependent on person to person contact) in influencing the smoking behaviour (either objective or self-reported) of young people under the age of 25 years.\nData collection and analysis\nInformation relating to the characteristics and the content of media interventions, participants, outcomes, methods of the study and risk of bias was abstracted by two independent reviewers. Studies were combined using qualitative narrative synthesis.\nMain results\nSeven out of a total of 84 studies reporting information about mass media smoking campaigns met all of the inclusion criteria. All seven studies used a controlled trial design. Three studies concluded that mass media reduced the smoking behaviour of young people. All of the effective campaigns had a solid theoretical basis, used formative research in designing the campaign messages, and message broadcast was of reasonable intensity over extensive periods of time.\nAuthors' conclusions\nThere is some evidence that mass media can prevent the uptake of smoking in young people, however the evidence is not strong and contains a number of methodological flaws.\nPlain Language Summary\nCan mass media campaigns (television, radio, newspapers, billboards and booklets) deter young people from starting to smokeCampaigns which researched and developed their message to reach their target audience had a higher success rate than those which did not. Overall, effective campaigns lasted longer with a minimum of three consecutive years, and were also more intense than less successful ones for both school based lessons (minimum eight lessons per grade) and media spots (minimum 4 weeks' duration across multiple media channels with between 167 and 350 TV and radio spots). The timing and type of broadcast made a difference to their success, with older youths in one study preferring radio to television. Implementation of combined school based curriculum/components (i.e. school posters) and the use of repetitive media messages delivered via multiple channels (i.e. newspapers, radio, television) over a minimum period of three years contributed to successful campaigns. Changes in attitudes, knowledge or intention to smoke did not generally seem to affect the long-term success of the campaigns.", "publicationTitle": "Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2012", "volume": "7", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "86-144", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Evid.-Based Child Health", "DOI": "10.1002/ebch.1808", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ebch.1808/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-12-06T21:31:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1557-6272", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cochrane Review", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*Health Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "*Mass Media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Promotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Smoking [*prevention & control]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "3WKDH2NH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-17T20:07:28Z" } } ]