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Those with chronic pain endure frequent or constant discomfort in their daily lives, sometimes severely limiting their physical capacities. With the advent of affordable consumer-grade equipment, clinicians have access to a promising and engaging intervention for pediatric pain, both acute and chronic. In addition to providing relief from acute and procedural pain, virtual reality (VR) may also help to provide a corrective psychological and physiological environment to facilitate rehabilitation for pediatric patients suffering from chronic pain. The special qualities of VR such as presence, interactivity, customization, social interaction, and embodiment allow it to be accepted by children and adolescents and incorporated successfully into their existing medical therapies. However, the powerful and transformative nature of many VR experiences may also pose some risks and should be utilized with caution. In this paper, we review recent literature in pediatric virtual reality for procedural pain and anxiety, acute and chronic pain, and some rehabilitation applications. We also discuss the practical considerations of using VR in pediatric care, and offer specific suggestions and information for clinicians wishing to adopt these engaging therapies into their daily clinical practice.", "publicationTitle": "Children", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-06-23", "volume": "4", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "52", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/children4070052", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/4/7/52", "accessDate": "2017-07-11T17:32:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "VIRTUAL reality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nonpharmacological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pediatric pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "procedural pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rehabilitation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-11T17:32:30Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-11T17:32:30Z" } }, { "key": "TVJCX7QQ", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/TVJCX7QQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/TVJCX7QQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/PXA2CXIM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1590121, "username": "Tong Xin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tong_xin", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TVJCX7QQ", "version": 10, "parentItem": "PXA2CXIM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/4/7/52/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z" } }, { "key": "GGDCSBRV", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/GGDCSBRV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/GGDCSBRV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/PXA2CXIM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1590121, "username": "Tong Xin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tong_xin", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GGDCSBRV", "version": 10, "parentItem": "PXA2CXIM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/4/7/52/htm", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z" } }, { "key": "PXA2CXIM", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/PXA2CXIM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/PXA2CXIM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1590121, "username": "Tong Xin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tong_xin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Won et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-06-23", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "PXA2CXIM", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea Stevenson", "lastName": "Won" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jakki", "lastName": "Bailey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy", "lastName": "Bailenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine", "lastName": "Tataru" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabel A.", "lastName": "Yoon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brenda", "lastName": "Golianu" } ], "abstractNote": "Children must often endure painful procedures as part of their treatment for various medical conditions. Those with chronic pain endure frequent or constant discomfort in their daily lives, sometimes severely limiting their physical capacities. With the advent of affordable consumer-grade equipment, clinicians have access to a promising and engaging intervention for pediatric pain, both acute and chronic. In addition to providing relief from acute and procedural pain, virtual reality (VR) may also help to provide a corrective psychological and physiological environment to facilitate rehabilitation for pediatric patients suffering from chronic pain. The special qualities of VR such as presence, interactivity, customization, social interaction, and embodiment allow it to be accepted by children and adolescents and incorporated successfully into their existing medical therapies. However, the powerful and transformative nature of many VR experiences may also pose some risks and should be utilized with caution. In this paper, we review recent literature in pediatric virtual reality for procedural pain and anxiety, acute and chronic pain, and some rehabilitation applications. We also discuss the practical considerations of using VR in pediatric care, and offer specific suggestions and information for clinicians wishing to adopt these engaging therapies into their daily clinical practice.", "publicationTitle": "Children", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-06-23", "volume": "4", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "52", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3390/children4070052", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/4/7/52", "accessDate": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.mdpi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "VIRTUAL reality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nonpharmacological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pediatric pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "procedural pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rehabilitation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-11T17:32:05Z" } }, { "key": "FHDUXISN", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/FHDUXISN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/FHDUXISN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/HVGJ5N67", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FHDUXISN", "version": 9, "parentItem": "HVGJ5N67", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-19T05:39:35Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22954828", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:39:35Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:39:35Z" } }, { "key": "HVGJ5N67", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/HVGJ5N67", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/HVGJ5N67", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Espinoza et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HVGJ5N67", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Promotion of emotional wellbeing in oncology inpatients using VR", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Macarena", "lastName": "Espinoza" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosa M.", "lastName": "Baños" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Azucena", "lastName": "García-Palacios" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José M.", "lastName": "Cervera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaspar", "lastName": "Esquerdo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Enrique", "lastName": "Barrajón" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cristina", "lastName": "Botella" } ], "abstractNote": "INTRODUCTION: In Psycho-oncology, VR has been utilized mainly to manage pain and distress associated to medical procedures and chemotherapy, with very few applications aimed at promotion of wellbeing in hospitalized patients. Considering this, it was implemented a psychological intervention that uses VR to induce positive emotions on adult oncology inpatients with the purpose of evaluating its utility to improve emotional wellbeing in this population.\nMETHOD: Sample was composed of 33 patients (69.7% men, aged from 41 to 85 years old; X=62.1; SD=10.77). Intervention lasted 4 sessions of 30 minutes, along one week. In these sessions, two virtual environments designed to induce joy or relaxation were used. Symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) and level of happiness (Fordyce Scale) were assessed before and after the VR intervention. Also, Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were used to assess emotional state and physical discomfort before and after each session.\nRESULTS: There were significant improvements in distress and level of happiness after the VR intervention. Also, it was detected an increment in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions after sessions.\nCONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the potential of VR as a positive technology that can be used to promote wellbeing during hospitalization, especially considering the shortness of the intervention and the advanced state of disease of the participants. Despite the encouraging of these results, it is necessary to confirm them in studies with larger samples and control groups.", "publicationTitle": "Studies in Health Technology and Informatics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "181", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "53-57", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Stud Health Technol Inform", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0926-9630", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 22954828", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Promotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neoplasms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychiatric Status Rating Scales", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "User-Computer Interface", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:39:35Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:39:35Z" } }, { "key": "XKNW22GR", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/XKNW22GR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/XKNW22GR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gershon et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XKNW22GR", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Gershon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elana", "lastName": "Zimand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Melissa", "lastName": "Pickering" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara Olasov", "lastName": "Rothbaum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Larry", "lastName": "Hodges" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: To pilot and test the feasibility of a novel technology to reduce anxiety and pain associated with an invasive medical procedure in children with cancer.\nMETHOD: Children with cancer (ages 7-19) whose treatment protocols required access of their subcutaneous venous port device (port access) were randomly assigned to a virtual reality distraction intervention, a non-virtual reality distraction, or treatment as usual without a distraction. The researchers obtained assessments of the child's pain and anxiety from the parent, child, and unblinded nurses. Pulse rate was monitored throughout the procedure, and behavioral indices of distress were recorded, as observed by the researchers.\nRESULTS: Reductions in pain and anxiety were found for children who used the virtual reality distraction in comparison with the no distraction condition as evidenced by lower pulse rate and reports of pain by nurses. No significant differences were found for the non-virtual reality condition versus the no distraction condition on pulse rate.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that virtual reality may be a useful tool for distraction during painful medical procedures, but further studies are needed to test potential efficacy and feasibility during other, more distressing medical procedures with larger sample sizes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2004", "volume": "43", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1243-1249", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry", "DOI": "10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0890-8567", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15381891", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anxiety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Heart Rate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neoplasms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "User-Computer Interface", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Video Recording", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:37:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:37:45Z" } }, { "key": "FH78CBCQ", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/FH78CBCQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/FH78CBCQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/XKNW22GR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FH78CBCQ", "version": 8, "parentItem": "XKNW22GR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-19T05:37:45Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15381891", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:37:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:37:45Z" } }, { "key": "T9BXZ62Q", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/T9BXZ62Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/T9BXZ62Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/UAUS7SKT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "T9BXZ62Q", "version": 7, "parentItem": "UAUS7SKT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-19T05:26:38Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238976", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:26:38Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:26:38Z" } }, { "key": "UAUS7SKT", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/UAUS7SKT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/UAUS7SKT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chirico et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UAUS7SKT", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Virtual Reality in Health System: Beyond Entertainment. A Mini-Review on the Efficacy of VR During Cancer Treatment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Chirico" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fabio", "lastName": "Lucidi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michele", "lastName": "De Laurentiis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carla", "lastName": "Milanese" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alessandro", "lastName": "Napoli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonio", "lastName": "Giordano" } ], "abstractNote": "Virtual reality (VR), a computer-generated virtual environment, has been increasingly used in the entertainment world becoming a very new evolving field, but VR technology has also found a variety of applications in the biomedical field. VR can offer to subjects a safe environment within which to carry on different interventions ranging from the rehabilitation of discharged patients directly at home, to the support of hospitalized patients during different procedures and also of oncological inpatient subjects. VR appears as a promising tool for support and monitoring treatments in cancer patients influencing psychological and physiological functions. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of all the studies that used VR intervention on cancer patients and analyze their main findings. Nineteen studies across nearly a thousand articles were identified that explored effects of VR interventions on cancer patients. Although these studies varied greatly in setting and design, this review identified some overarching themes. Results found that VR improved patients' emotional well-being, and diminished cancer-related psychological symptoms. The studies explored various relevant variables including different types of settings (i.e., during chemotherapy, during pain procedures, during hospitalization). Here, we point to the need of a global and multi-disciplinary approach aimed at analyzing the effects of VR taking advantage of the new technology systems like biosensors as well as electroencephalogram monitoring pre, during, and after intervention. Devoting more attention to bio-physiological variables, standardized procedures, extending duration to longitudinal studies and adjusting for motion sickness related to VR treatment need to become standard of this research field. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 275-287, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Cellular Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 2016", "volume": "231", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "275-287", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Cell. Physiol.", "DOI": "10.1002/jcp.25117", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-4652", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Virtual Reality in Health System", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 26238976", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-19T05:26:38Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-19T05:26:38Z" } }, { "key": "NCM4PR5I", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/NCM4PR5I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/NCM4PR5I", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/3UHHXJHU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NCM4PR5I", "version": 6, "parentItem": "3UHHXJHU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332422", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z" } }, { "key": "3UHHXJHU", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/3UHHXJHU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/3UHHXJHU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rheingans", "parsedDate": "2007-03-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "3UHHXJHU", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Systematic Review of Nonpharmacologic Adjunctive Therapies for Symptom Management in Children With Cancer", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer I.", "lastName": "Rheingans" } ], "abstractNote": "Symptom management in pediatric oncology remains a problem. Despite remarkable pharmacologic and surgical advances, children continue to report symptoms as the most troublesome aspect of cancer treatment. However, there are additional therapies that are not considered standard symptom management, such as acupuncture and guided imagery. These nonpharmacologic adjunctive therapies are a potential source of assistance for children with unrelenting pain, nausea, or other unpleasant symptoms due to cancer treatment. This article summarizes research studies that have examined nonpharmaco-logic therapies for symptom management in pediatric oncology.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2007", "volume": "24", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "81-94", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing", "DOI": "10.1177/1043454206298837", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpo.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/24/2/81", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1043-4542, 1532-8457", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "jpo.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17332422", "tags": [ { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nonpharmacologic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pediatric", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "symptom management", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T23:12:07Z" } }, { "key": "JVQFSHWE", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/JVQFSHWE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/JVQFSHWE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/3UHHXJHU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JVQFSHWE", "version": 6, "parentItem": "3UHHXJHU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", 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"username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BHS4IKXM", "version": 6, "parentItem": "I6WNQT5B", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T23:11:57Z", "url": "http://jpo.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/24/1/8.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T23:11:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T23:11:57Z" } }, { "key": "I6WNQT5B", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/I6WNQT5B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/I6WNQT5B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Windich-Biermeier et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-01-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "I6WNQT5B", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of Distraction on Pain, Fear, and Distress During Venous Port Access and Venipuncture in Children and Adolescents With Cancer", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Windich-Biermeier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabelle", "lastName": "Sjoberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Juanita Conkin", "lastName": "Dale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Debra", "lastName": "Eshelman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cathie E.", "lastName": "Guzzetta" } ], "abstractNote": "This study evaluates the effect of self-selected distracters (ie, bubbles, I Spy: Super Challenger book, music table, virtual reality glasses, or handheld video games) on pain, fear, and distress in 50 children and adolescents with cancer, ages 5 to 18, with port access or venipuncture. Using an intervention-comparison group design, participants were randomized to the comparison group (n = 28) to receive standard care or intervention group (n = 22) to receive distraction plus standard care. All participants rated their pain and fear, parents rated participant fear, and the nurse rated participant fear and distress at 3 points in time: before, during, and after port access or venipuncture. Results show that self-reported pain and fear were significantly correlated (P = .01) within treatment groups but not significantly different between groups. Intervention participants demonstrated significantly less fear (P <.001) and distress (P = .03) as rated by the nurse and approached significantly less fear (P = .07) as rated by the parent. All intervention parents said the needlestick was better because of the distracter. The authors conclude that distraction has the potential to reduce fear and distress during port access and venipuncture.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/01/2007", "volume": "24", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8-19", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing", "DOI": "10.1177/1043454206296018", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpo.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/24/1/8", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T23:11:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1043-4542, 1532-8457", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "jpo.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17185397", "tags": [ { "tag": "cognitive-behavioral interventions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pediatric oncology patients", 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"https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/HB5NHNMX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/HB5NHNMX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Li et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-08-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HB5NHNMX", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The effectiveness of therapeutic play, using virtual reality computer games, in promoting the psychological well-being of children hospitalised with cancer", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William HC", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joyce OK", "lastName": "Chung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eva KY", "lastName": "Ho" } ], "abstractNote": "Aims.  To examine the effectiveness of therapeutic play, using virtual reality computer games, in minimising anxiety and reducing depressive symptoms in Hong Kong Chinese children hospitalised with cancer. Background.  There has been an increase in the use of therapeutic play intervention to help children cope with the stress of hospitalisation. However, it is not clear whether therapeutic play is an appropriate psychological intervention for Chinese children hospitalised with cancer. Design.  A non-equivalent control group pretest–post-test, between-subject design was employed. Method.  Hong Kong Chinese Children (8–16 years of age), admitted to a paediatric oncology ward for the treatment of cancer during a 14-month period, were invited to participate in the study. Of the 122 children, 70 formed the control group receiving routine nursing care and 52 in the experimental group receiving therapeutic play interventions. Results.  The results showed that children in the experimental group reported statistically significant fewer depressive symptoms than children in the control group on day 7. The results, however, find no differences in children’s anxiety scores between the two groups on day 7. Conclusion.  The study provides empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of therapeutic play, using virtual reality computer games, in the psychological preparation of children hospitalised with cancer, thus charting a path towards promoting holistic and quality care. Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings heighten the awareness in healthcare professionals that play is a very important part of children’s life and that they need play even when they are ill.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Clinical Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 1, 2011", "volume": "20", "issue": "15-16", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2135-2143", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03733.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03733.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T23:09:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2702", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "VIRTUAL reality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "children", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nurses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nursing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "psychological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "therapeutic play", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T23:09:28Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T23:09:28Z" } }, { "key": "RN55CZKC", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/RN55CZKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/RN55CZKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schneider and Workman", "parsedDate": "2000-12-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RN55CZKC", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Virtual Reality as a Distraction Intervention for Older Children Receiving Chemotherapy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan M.", "lastName": "Schneider" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.l.", "lastName": "Workman" } ], "abstractNote": "Discusses a study which described the perceived effectiveness and feasibility of using virtual reality (VR) as a distraction intervention for children receiving outpatient chemotherapy. How the study was conducted; Results of the study.", "publicationTitle": "Pediatric Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000/11//Nov/Dec2000", "volume": "26", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "593", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Pediatric Nursing", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://proxy.lib.sfu.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=4065018&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T22:58:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00979805", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DRUG therapy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "OUTPATIENT medical care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "VIRTUAL reality", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T22:58:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T22:58:50Z" } }, { "key": "7P663HT5", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 449230, "name": "VR for Chemo", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/7P663HT5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/vr_for_chemo/items/7P663HT5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/449230/items/PXCDMPTS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2438761, "username": "weina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/weina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "7P663HT5", "version": 3, "parentItem": "PXCDMPTS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-12-18T22:16:08Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333288", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-18T22:16:08Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-18T22:16:08Z" } } ]