[ { "key": "LMNDPA8S", "version": 339, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/LMNDPA8S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/LMNDPA8S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kato et al.", "parsedDate": "2026-03-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LMNDPA8S", "version": 339, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "AWARENESS AND PRACTICES REGARDING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AMONG LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN NORTHERN UGANDA", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John Dickens", "lastName": "Kato" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peace Okello", "lastName": "Lamaro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John Paul", "lastName": "Waiswa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grace", "lastName": "Madraa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald", "lastName": "Otika" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Morrish Obol", "lastName": "Okello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Ebbs" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis", "lastName": "Pebolo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Felix", "lastName": "Bongomin" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract Background: Antimicrobial use in animals may contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which poses direct risks to animal health and welfare and can potentially impact human health since some diseases affect both animals and people. This study determined the level of awareness and practices regarding AMR among livestock farmers in Northern Uganda. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among livestock farmers in 3 districts of Northern Uganda, namely, Gulu, Omoro and Amuru districts. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: Data from 246 participants, with a median age of 38 (interquartile range: 29-50) years was analyzed. Most farmers had attained a primary level of education (n=125, 50.8%) The median distance from nearest drug shop was 2 (interquartile range: 1-5) Km. Most farmers had good awareness on AMR 158(64.2%) with more than half of the farmers (n=134, 54.5%) had heard of AMR, but only (n=48,35.8%) understood its correct meaning. Most farmers had appropriate AMU 219 (89.0%) with 203 (82.5%) reporting AMU in the last 12 months. Most farmers (n=184, 74.8%) obtained drugs and dosage from veterinary doctors with majority following the recommended dosage (n=227, 92.3%) and proper withdrawal periods (n=221, 89.8%). Few farmers (n= 81, 32.9%) received training on AMR with more than half getting training from veterinary professions (n=41, 55.4%). The major source of information was veterinary professionals (n=181, 73.6%) . Using logistic regression where (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant, secondary education was the only factor significantly influencing AMR awareness at multivariable analysis (aOR: 1.85, 95%CI: 0.80-4.26, P= 0.030) while age group 52-85 was the only factor significantly associated with appropriate practices at both bivariate analysis (cOR: 8.10, 95%CI:1.07-61.37, P= 0.043) and multivariable analysis (aOR: 11.19, 95%CI: 1.50-83.36, P= 0.018). A chi square analysis was done where (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant and it showed there was a significant difference to access to veterinary services across districts (P=0.014) and a highly significant association between training and appropriate practices in farmers, X2 (1) = 13.048, (P= 0.000). Conclusion: Most livestock farmers had limited understanding of what AMR precisely mean, which highlights a significant knowledge gap.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Antibiotics", "publisher": "Frontiers", "place": "", "date": "2026-03-10", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Front. Antibiot.", "DOI": "10.3389/frabi.2026.1745965", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/antibiotics/articles/10.3389/frabi.2026.1745965/full", "accessDate": "2026-03-13T19:12:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2813-2467", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Frontiers", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Antimicrobial use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Livestock farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Northern Uganda", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "antimicrobial resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "antimicrobials", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-13T19:12:30Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-13T19:12:30Z" } }, { "key": "GKD384SI", "version": 305, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/GKD384SI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/GKD384SI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/ZS36F7UQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GKD384SI", "version": 305, "parentItem": "ZS36F7UQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2025-12-30T22:23:14Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41452874", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-30T22:23:14Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-30T22:23:14Z" } }, { "key": "ZS36F7UQ", "version": 338, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/ZS36F7UQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/ZS36F7UQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Musoke et al.", "parsedDate": "2025", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZS36F7UQ", "version": 338, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Perceptions and practices on substandard and falsified medicines in humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: A qualitative study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Musoke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grace Biyinzika", "lastName": "Lubega" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claire", "lastName": "Brandish" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kate", "lastName": "Russell-Hobbs" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Natasha", "lastName": "Hamilton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jody", "lastName": "Winter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carol Esther", "lastName": "Nabbanja" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Filimin", "lastName": "Niyongabo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael Obeng", "lastName": "Brown" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elma Rejoice", "lastName": "Banyen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Herbert Bush", "lastName": "Aguma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda", "lastName": "Gibson" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Few studies have taken a broad perspective on substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) in community settings in Uganda. We therefore qualitatively assessed the perceptions and practices on SFMs for humans and animals in Wakiso District, Uganda.\nMETHODS: This qualitative study employed 12 focus group discussions among community health workers and farmers, as well as 11 key informant interviews among health professionals, local leaders, veterinary and human drug shop operators, and Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries officials. Data was analysed thematically using NVivo (2020).\nRESULTS: Findings are presented under four themes: definition of SFMs; identification of SFMs; drivers of SFMs; and challenges in reporting SFMs. Although participants felt that the term SFMs was too broad to define, many explained it in relation to consequences (such as side effects, disabilities, and death), and the different methods that may be employed to identify SFMs. SFMs were said to be identified through changes in appearance such as colour, texture and packaging. However, the most reported way of identifying SFMs was based on negative effects on humans and animals after use. Customer drivers of SFMs included inadequate knowledge, lack of finances, and lack of access to licensed drug shops/ pharmacies. Supplier drivers of SFMs included limited regulation and enforcement, and the business orientation of drug shops/ pharmacies. Lack of knowledge of how to report suspected cases of SFMs, lack of proof of purchase of SFMs, fear of reporting, and lack of trust in government procedures were the challenges identified to reporting SFMs.\nCONCLUSION: Several drivers of SFMs in the community were established related to individuals, sources of medicine, and regulatory frameworks. Increased awareness on SFMs, improved traceability of purchases and reporting, and better enforcement of regulations are needed to reduce the use and risks associated with SFMs to protect public health.", "publicationTitle": "PloS One", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025", "volume": "20", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0339569", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS One", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0339569", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "41452874", "PMCID": "PMC12742756", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Perceptions and practices on substandard and falsified medicines in humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Counterfeit Drugs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Focus Groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Uganda", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-30T22:23:13Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-30T22:23:13Z" } }, { "key": "HWJ62IAH", "version": 304, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/HWJ62IAH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/HWJ62IAH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Loza and et al", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HWJ62IAH", "version": 304, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Unpacking ‘irrational’ behaviours: Situating the antibiotic selling practices of drug sellers in East Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olga", "lastName": "Loza" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "et al" } ], "abstractNote": "Stewardship of antibiotic medicines will likely play a key role in curtailing the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. In East Africa, drug sellers are a critical group for interventions because they often dispense without prescription and violate regulations designed to facilitate antibiotic stewardship. Currently, measures to tackle regulatory avoidance are often rooted in individuated cognitive-behavioural approaches that label sellers’ actions as ‘irrational’. This study, part of a larger interdisciplinary investigation of AMR drivers in East Africa, conducted in-depth interviews [n = 105] with drug sellers in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda to explore sellers’ accounts of their own behaviours. Its findings seem contradictory; sellers are aware of regulations and express a desire to comply, yet confirm non-compliance is common. The paper’s contribution is to demonstrate that such behaviour is ‘situationally rational’ when contextualised within a broader socio-material assemblage of unenforced regulation, fierce market competition, relational customer interactions and professional commitment to communities in resource-poor healthcare settings. The paper concludes that an understanding of the structural and relational dynamics driving current behaviours is a necessary precondition for the design of new interventions bringing professional and commercial motivations into closer alignment, something which could make antibiotic stewardship situationally rational for sellers and customers alike.", "publicationTitle": "Global Public Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2025.2589540", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-26T18:29:23Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-26T18:31:51Z" } }, { "key": "8MA2KLGL", "version": 295, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/8MA2KLGL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/8MA2KLGL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8MA2KLGL", "version": 295, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Zotero | Your personal research assistant", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.zotero.org/", "accessDate": "2025-12-26T18:27:38Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-26T18:27:38Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-26T18:27:38Z" } }, { "key": "SDP9M4CS", "version": 294, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/SDP9M4CS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/SDP9M4CS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Komasawa et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SDP9M4CS", "version": 294, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effectiveness of the Mobile-Money-Shop Approach in Reaching Unmarried Adolescents to Increase Condom Use in Uganda: A Quasi-Experimental Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Makiko", "lastName": "Komasawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miho", "lastName": "Sato" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sumihisa", "lastName": "Honda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachana Manandhar", "lastName": "Shrestha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kiyoko", "lastName": "Saito" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Ssekitoleko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Waiswa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sheba", "lastName": "Gitta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Mugahi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Taishi", "lastName": "Tsuji" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Myo Nyein", "lastName": "Aung" } ], "abstractNote": "Purpose\nThis study evaluated the effectiveness of mobile-money-shops (vendors) in delivering sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information and male condoms to unmarried adolescents in two municipalities in Eastern Uganda.\nMethods\nThis quasi-experimental study implemented a 4-month intervention in 2024 at 60 vendor locations with intervention and control arms. Vendors provided SRH information, condoms, and referrals to other facilities. Unmarried adolescents (aged 15–19 years) who visited vendors were recruited at the baseline and followed at the endline. The primary outcome was condom use; secondary outcomes included SRH-related knowledge and motivation. Effectiveness was evaluated using logistic regression and difference-in-differences analysis.\nResults\nAmong 1,204 participants (585 intervention, 619 control), 52.7% were male, mean age 17.8 years, and 51.1% were students at baseline. Condom use significantly increased in the intervention group (adjusted odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–2.22) but not in the control group (adjusted odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval = 0.76–1.66), with a net-effect of 6.7 percentage points (p = .210). The proportion of participants obtaining contraceptives from vendors rose from 0% to 64.6% (p < .001), while reliance on private health facilities declined (p < .001). A shift in preferred condom sources from conventional facilities to vendors, along with improved interpersonal negotiation on contraception, was observed—particularly among boys.\nDiscussion\nThe vendor-based approach effectively increased condom use and motivation for contraception among adolescents. This model demonstrates potential to reach underserved, sexually active, unmarried adolescents—particularly boys—and improve their SRH practice.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Adolescent Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-12-01", "volume": "77", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1126-1134", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Adolescent Health", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.07.017", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X25003222", "accessDate": "2025-11-21T23:37:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1054-139X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Effectiveness of the Mobile-Money-Shop Approach in Reaching Unmarried Adolescents to Increase Condom Use in Uganda", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Contraception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Family planning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mobile money vendors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sexual and reproductive health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teenagers", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-11-21T23:37:55Z", "dateModified": "2025-11-21T23:37:55Z" } }, { "key": "5GKVHBBM", "version": 338, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/5GKVHBBM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/5GKVHBBM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chiu et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-09-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5GKVHBBM", "version": 338, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Boosting health provider performance with non-financial incentives: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Tanzania", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Calvin", "lastName": "Chiu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Agatha", "lastName": "Mnyippembe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lila A.", "lastName": "Sheira" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Packel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emmanuel", "lastName": "Katabaro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Werner", "lastName": "Maokola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jenny X.", "lastName": "Liu" } ], "abstractNote": "Background Non-financial incentives are frequently used to improve performance among healthcare providers, capitalizing on mission-driven intrinsic pro-social motivation. However, the effectiveness of incentives varies across settings and may depend on whether they are provided privately or publicly. Using a cluster-randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05525533) among drug shopkeepers in Tanzania, we designed and evaluated the effectiveness of non-financial incentives in boosting provider performance. Methods We developed a non-financial incentive that involved providing shopkeepers with monthly reports of aggregated customer feedback compiled from anonymous surveys from young women (15–24) to appeal to shopkeepers’ pro-social motivation for helping these customers. We randomized whether the feedback was provided privately (via a report) or publicly (displaying certificates of the customer feedback ratings). We estimated linear regression models on provider performance as measured by sales across different categories to young women from administrative point-of sales data over 12 months and estimated whether performance measures were correlated with shopkeepers’ pro-social motivation and concern for social image measured by surveys at Baseline. Results Young women customers completed 9,108 anonymous surveys across 99 shops. Shops receiving non-financial incentives privately did not increase performance. However, shops receiving non-financial incentives publicly reported an increase in sales to young women customers (58%, 95% CI: 20%, 97%), most notably for sexual and reproductive health products (96%, 95% CI: 4%, 187%), specifically oral contraception (154%, 95% CI: 9%, 306%) and pregnancy tests (75%, 95% CI: 8%, 143%). Performance measures were correlated with concern for social image but not pro-social motivation at baseline. Conclusions Publicly provided non-financial incentives increased performance among drug shopkeepers in Tanzania serving young women. Performance was strongest among those with higher concern for their social image at baseline, rather than those with stronger pro-social motivation. Future interventions using non-financial incentives to motivate healthcare providers should consider leveraging providers’ social image concerns to amplify the effectiveness of incentives.", "publicationTitle": "PLOS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "place": "", "date": "Sep 11, 2025", "volume": "20", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0330989", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLOS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0330989", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0330989", "accessDate": "2025-09-15T20:04:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Boosting health provider performance with non-financial incentives", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Altruistic behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavioral and social aspects of health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Finance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HIV", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health care providers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motivation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Surveys", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tanzania", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-15T20:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-15T20:04:40Z" } }, { "key": "RYYEJRNY", "version": 338, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/RYYEJRNY", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/RYYEJRNY", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Amaka et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-09-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RYYEJRNY", "version": 338, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Issues associated with malaria self-medication in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John I.", "lastName": "Amaka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ewan", "lastName": "MacLeod" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kim", "lastName": "Picozzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jenna", "lastName": "Fyfe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ifeoma C.", "lastName": "Ezenyi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Idayat S.", "lastName": "Ijaiya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel D.", "lastName": "Attah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benedict A.", "lastName": "Godwin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor U.", "lastName": "Obisike" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhammed M.", "lastName": "Galamaji" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nMalaria is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to more than 90% of both cases and deaths globally. Self-medication with antimalarials is a common practice in the region, mainly due to high malaria endemicity, poverty, and difficulty in accessing services in formal settings. Malaria self-medication is implicated in the rising trend of antimalarial drug resistance which threatens decades of gains made in controlling the disease. Previous studies have somewhat itemised the reasons for malaria self-medication and the factors driving it but have not been able to estimate the overall prevalence of the practice and its dynamics over time regarding period, region and country.\n\nMaterials and Methods\nFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis on malaria self-medication in sub-Saharan Africa was conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase databases for relevant studies written in English and published up to 12th April, 2023, using a combination of different keywords derived from the main keywords (‘malaria’, ’self-medication’ and ‘sub-Saharan Africa’), broadening chances of retrieval by using Boolean operators ‘OR' and ‘AND’.\n\nResults\n Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review, giving rise to a pooled prevalence of 55.3% for malaria self-medication. Factors driving self-medication with antimalarials in the region include low-income level, cheap availability of non-prescription drugs, large family size, lack of health insurance, difficulty in accessing healthcare in formal settings and previous satisfactory use of specific drugs.\n\nConclusion\nDue to the underlying factors driving the practice, health authorities and regulatory agencies in sub-Saharan Africa should step up actions by incorporating stakeholders in the informal drug market into a framework that advocates for an enlightened use of antimalarial drugs in the management of the disease.", "publicationTitle": "MalariaWorld Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-9-04", "volume": "16", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "16", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Malariaworld J", "DOI": "10.5281/zenodo.17054133", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424091/", "accessDate": "2025-09-15T20:04:00Z", "PMID": "40949058", "PMCID": "PMC12424091", "ISSN": "2214-4374", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Issues associated with malaria self-medication in sub-Saharan Africa", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-15T20:04:03Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-15T20:04:03Z" } }, { "key": "NTVQGJPZ", "version": 292, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/NTVQGJPZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/NTVQGJPZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/RYYEJRNY", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NTVQGJPZ", "version": 292, "parentItem": "RYYEJRNY", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2025-09-15T20:04:03Z", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12424091/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-15T20:04:03Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-15T20:04:03Z" } }, { "key": "6QGXP5UH", "version": 291, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/6QGXP5UH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/6QGXP5UH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Al Masud et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-08-18", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6QGXP5UH", "version": 291, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social and commercial determinants of inappropriate antibiotic use in resource-constrained settings: A social-ecological system framework analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abdullah", "lastName": "Al Masud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ramesh Lahiru", "lastName": "Walpola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mujibul", "lastName": "Anam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malabika", "lastName": "Sarker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Md Saiful", "lastName": "Islam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alamgir", "lastName": "Kabir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhammad", "lastName": "Asaduzzaman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holly", "lastName": "Seale" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nNon-prescription antibiotic use is common in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in community-settings, yet research often overlooks social and commercial drivers beyond formal-healthcare.\nMethods\nThis qualitative study conducted 64 in-depth interviews—16 each with pharmacy drug-sellers, pharmaceutical sales-representatives, registered-physicians, and antibiotic-users—across two urban and two rural areas in Bangladesh. Using a social-ecological systems framework, it examined how social-and-commercial determinants influence perceptions and practices in antibiotic marketing, prescription, dispensing, and use.\nResults\nPublic-healthcare deficiencies—long waits, medication and staff shortages, limited diagnostics, and referrals to private-facilities—render services inadequate and inequitable, pushing patients toward private and informal providers. High consultation-fees in private-facilities and out-of-pocket-costs deter low-income-groups from consulting registered-physicians for ‘non-severe-illnesses’, driving them to seek quick recovery directly from drug-sellers and unqualified-providers. These drug-sellers and informal-providers, known as doctors for their symptomatic-treatment practices, often lead to unnecessary antibiotic use without proper assessment. Weak accountability, poor enforcement, and unregistered pharmacies staffed by untrained-personnel allow unregulated sales to persist. Pharmaceutical-companies heavily influence prescribing and dispensing through sales-representatives, who routinely engage formal and informal providers—advising on dosages and offering financial-incentives, commissions, and gifts. Companies strategically target informal-providers and drug-sellers, capitalizing on their symptomatic-treatment practices to boost sales, while drug-sellers rely on physician-prescriptions and sales-representatives’ guidance. To sustain business, drug-sellers often sell over-the-counter antibiotics and offer symptomatic-treatments despite regulations. Patients expect fast recovery, viewing “good-doctors” as those who prescribe immediate medications empirically. Patients’ prior exposure to antibiotics from informal sources influences formal providers’ decisions, leading them to prescribe stronger antibiotics when first-line-antibiotics or non-antibiotics would suffice. Cost barriers lead many patients to buy partial courses and stop treatment once symptoms subsite, ignoring advice to complete the regimen—further exacerbating misuse.\nConclusion\nEffective antimicrobial stewardship requires health-system strengthening, context-specific policies, and behavior-change interventions targeting supply and demand, raising awareness, enforcing regulations, and aligning with stakeholders’ economic realities.", "publicationTitle": "Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-08-18", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.08.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741125004437", "accessDate": "2025-08-21T17:13:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1551-7411", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social and commercial determinants of inappropriate antibiotic use in resource-constrained settings", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Antibiotic misuse in communities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Community pharmacies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Determinants of antibiotic misuse", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inappropriate antibiotic use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Non-prescription antibiotic use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social and commercial determinants", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-08-21T17:13:49Z", "dateModified": "2025-08-21T17:13:49Z" } }, { "key": "6PN3JX3T", "version": 290, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/6PN3JX3T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/6PN3JX3T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Loglo et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6PN3JX3T", "version": 290, "itemType": "preprint", "title": "Exploring Documentation and Reporting Practices in Malaria Tracking: A Mixed-Methods Study Among Formal Drug Retail Shops in Hohoe Municipal, Ghana", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor", "lastName": "Loglo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent Uwumboriyhie", "lastName": "Gmayinaam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Ampomah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Boateng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Evelyn Kokor", "lastName": "Ansah" } ], "abstractNote": "Background: Ghana still faces prevailing malaria cases despite the progress made in reducing its incidence. The formal private drug retail sector most at times tends to be the first source of healthcare for people with fever. However, there is limited information from this sector with regards to the documentation and reporting of malaria cases and other diseases. This study examined malaria documentation and reporting practices among formal drug retail shops in the Hohoe Municipality as part of efforts to enhance tracking of malaria.\nMethods: A concurrent mixed-methods approach was employed, comprising a cross-sectional study of 57 formal drug retail facilities (9 from Community Pharmacies and 48 from OTCMS) and an exploration study of 7 of them. Quantitative data was collected via semi-structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS. Qualitative data from 7 in-depth interviews were thematically analysed using ATLAS.ti to identify key themes.\nResults: The median age of the participants was 26 years (IQR = 24–42), with 40 (70.2%) qualified as Counter Medicine Assistants, and 38 (66.7%) having 1–5 years of work experience. Of the 57 shops, 51 (89.5%) lacked documentation and reporting tools; only 5 (10.5%) used paper-based methods. Digital reporting was favored by 35 (61.4%) of attendants, prioritizing a user-friendly interface, data security, and real-time data submission. Participants highlighted barriers like stress and resource constraints but suggested solutions such as improved staffing, training, and digital infrastructure.\nConclusions: Malaria documentation and reporting were low, with few facilities relying on paper-based methods. Digital reporting was preferred but faces challenges like resource constraints and inadequate training. Addressing these barriers through infrastructure investments and comprehensive training with collaborations between the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) and the Ghana Pharmaceuticals Council (GPC) will improve data accuracy and reporting, even in low-connectivity areas.", "genre": "", "repository": "Research Square", "archiveID": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-07-01", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-6908084/v1", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6908084/v1", "accessDate": "2025-07-24T16:21:49Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Exploring Documentation and Reporting Practices in Malaria Tracking", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Research Square", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ISSN: 2693-5015", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-07-24T16:21:49Z", "dateModified": "2025-07-24T16:21:49Z" } }, { "key": "UQPG9XKL", "version": 323, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/UQPG9XKL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/UQPG9XKL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mpambije", "parsedDate": "2024-12-18", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UQPG9XKL", "version": 323, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Between the Community, State and Professionalism: Negotiating the Experience of Community Health Workers in the Provision of Maternal and Child Health Services in Tanzania", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chakupewa Joseph", "lastName": "Mpambije" } ], "abstractNote": "Research on community health workers (CHWs) has been on increase in the past decades in Tanzania focusing on the provision of maternal and child health (MCH) services. Yet, there is little critical analysis on the experience of CHWs within the community they serve, the State and their professionalism. This review aims at filling the gap by analysing how interaction between the community, State and professionalism facilitate and/or impede the performance of CHWs to improve MCH services. This study reviewed published peer reviewed articles and grey literature which focused on the experience of CHWs in the provision of MCH services in Tanzania. The review was conducted from February to May 2024 whereby the search identified 287 sources from five databases, namely EbSco, Scopus, PubMed, Wed of science and Embase.  A total of 287 studies were identified and through title and abstract screening, in which 28 studies met the inclusion criteria, and were thus included in the final review. It was found that CHWs play a significant role in the provision of MCH services as facilitated by effective community involvement in the recruitment process, responsive health system and sense of volunteerism. Further evidence revealed that CHWs underperform due to motivational and infrastructural issues, high attrition and negative community perception on the services offered by CHWs. In Tanzania, CHWs continue playing a substantial role in the improvement of MCH services.  In order to sustain this role, it is imperative to ensure a proper interplay between the community, the State and CHWs.  In addition, there is a need for more scoping and systematic review on CHWs given the paucity of relevant studies in Tanzania. ", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS)", "publisher": "Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE) & University of Dar es Salaam", "place": "", "date": "2024/12/18", "volume": "13", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "jhss", "DOI": "10.56279/13/02/5", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://duce.ac.tz/jhss/index.php/jhss/article/view/401", "accessDate": "2025-01-27T16:19:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2467-4745", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Between the Community, State and Professionalism", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "duce.ac.tz", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS)", "extra": "Number: 2", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-27T16:19:04Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-27T16:19:04Z" } }, { "key": "3SUZN35U", "version": 288, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/3SUZN35U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/3SUZN35U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": 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"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Enibokun-Orobator-3/publication/387955394_Exploring_knowledge_attitudes_and_the_use_of_modern_contraceptive_methods_among_women_of_reproductive_age_in_Abuja_Nigeria/links/6785c6c743ffa93f52d3dfd2/Exploring-knowledge-attitudes-and-the-use-of-modern-contraceptive-methods-among-women-of-reproductive-age-in-Abuja-Nigeria.pdf", "accessDate": "2025-01-27T16:18:24Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-27T16:18:24Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-27T16:18:24Z" } }, { "key": "U6GLVHP7", "version": 286, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/U6GLVHP7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": 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"href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/8CKN67GF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/8CKN67GF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hennessey et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-01-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8CKN67GF", "version": 323, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Broiler farming and antibiotic use through an agency theory lens. A case study from West Bengal, India", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathew", "lastName": "Hennessey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Indranil", "lastName": "Samanta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guillaume", "lastName": "Fournié" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Quaife" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meenakshi", "lastName": "Gautham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Haidaruliman", "lastName": "Paleja" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kumaravel", "lastName": "Papaiyan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ripan", "lastName": "Biswas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pablo", "lastName": "Alarcon" } ], "abstractNote": "Chicken meat (broiler) production is a rapidly growing livestock sector in India, and one dominated by contract farming. Studies have reported high levels of antibiotic use in Indian broiler farms which is concerning given this is one of the driving forces for the development of antibiotic resistance. This study used the economic lens of agency theory to examine strategic decisions which occur during contract broiler production and their potential impact on antibiotic use, using West Bengal as a case study. Agency theory focuses on the informational asymmetry and opportunism between service providers and seekers and the subsequent agency cost needed to avoid aberrant outcomes. Interviews were conducted with key informants (n = 6) and stakeholders (n = 20) associated with broiler production, and broiler farmers (17 contract and four non-contract), using online and face-to-face interviews. Data were analysed descriptively using manifest content analysis and interpretatively using reflexive thematic analysis. Contract farming in West Bengal exists within a series of inter-dependent relationships, many of which contain information asymmetry and can be subject to opportunism. Positioning contract companies as principals seeking labour from agents, we see how out-sourcing of production to distal farms led to antibiotics being used as a risk mitigation strategy. This was further compounded by concerns about the Mycoplasma status of breeding stock, and a perception that broiler day old chicks were infected, resulting in use of antibiotics belonging to classes deemed critically important for human health. While antibiotic use decisions were predominately made by contract companies, they were dependent on the decisions farmers and breeding companies made concerning biosecurity and production practices. In turn, farmers’ decisions were shaped by factors such as access to financial and social capital. Thus, efforts to reduce antibiotic use in West Bengal’s broilers must not just focus on changing the prescribing behavior of individuals but more broadly consider the environment within which contracting exists.", "publicationTitle": "PLOS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "place": "", "date": "Jan 9, 2025", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0314090", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLOS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0314090", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0314090", "accessDate": "2025-01-27T16:17:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agricultural workers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibiotics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Birds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Livestock", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Medical risk factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mycoplasma", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Poultry", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-27T16:17:25Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-27T16:17:25Z" } }, { "key": "C3KIHSZ6", "version": 284, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/C3KIHSZ6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/C3KIHSZ6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C3KIHSZ6", "version": 284, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Modification of cotton gauze using Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and assessment of the chemical and antimicrobial properties | Scientific Reports", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-80318-0", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:32:45Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:32:45Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:32:45Z" } }, { "key": "BYNME9KF", "version": 283, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/BYNME9KF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/BYNME9KF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kimera et al.", "parsedDate": "2024-12-30", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BYNME9KF", "version": 283, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The use of human antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in broiler chicken and domestic pig farming in Tanzania", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zuhura I.", "lastName": "Kimera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emmanuel C.", "lastName": "Balandya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mecky I. N.", "lastName": "Matee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lisa V.", "lastName": "Adams" } ], "abstractNote": "The use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Tanzania has led to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality and improved quality of life among people living with HIV infection. However, the ease of access and availability of the drugs has, in some cases, led to misuse of the ARV in areas such as animal farming, posing a risk of the emergence of ARV resistance. The study’s objective was to investigate the use of ARV in animal farming and the factors associated with ARV use. We conducted a cross-sectional study in three regions (Dar es Salaam, Iringa, and Mbeya) using focus group discussions. The researchers used NVivo 12 software for qualitative data analysis.", "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of the National Research Centre", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2024-12-30", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "133", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bull Natl Res Cent", "DOI": "10.1186/s42269-024-01296-x", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-024-01296-x", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:32:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2522-8307", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animal farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antiretroviral", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Focus group discussions (FGDs)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:32:32Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:32:32Z" } }, { "key": "AYPYNAMM", "version": 282, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/AYPYNAMM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/AYPYNAMM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AYPYNAMM", "version": 282, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5198447/v1/41e08e57-251f-4f6c-a9ac-e14366a4d8b3.pdf?c=1733875426", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:32:05Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:32:05Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:32:05Z" } }, { "key": "K9RFY2T2", "version": 323, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/K9RFY2T2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/K9RFY2T2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nabi-Sarvestani and Safarzadeh", "parsedDate": "2024-10-17", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K9RFY2T2", "version": 323, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Game theory Approach to Investigate the Effect of Inspection in Preventing the Production Of low-Quality Drugs, Considering the Possibility of Offering a Bribe From the Manufacturer to the Supervisor.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammad Amin", "lastName": "Nabi-Sarvestani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Soroush", "lastName": "Safarzadeh" } ], "abstractNote": "In recent years, a large number of incidents related to counterfeit or low-quality drugs have occurred in various countries. Since medicine is considered an important and strategic commodity, it must be ensured that it is healthy and safe. For this purpose, governments should take care and adopt preventive approaches regarding the non-entry of counterfeit and low-quality medicines into the health cycle. One of the regular tools to prevent this is inspection. This inspection can be done with or without prior notice. Also, in the inspections that take place, it is possible that some companies offer bribes to experts and inspectors so that they do not send the inspection report correctly. In the present problem, which includes a drug manufacturer and a supervisor, we are considering for the first time to examine the concept of offering a bribe in an inspection and considering the multifactorial nature of the problem, to model and solve it with a game theory approach. In this regard, various scenarios have been considered based on the possibility of discovering the defect and accepting or not accepting the proposed bribe. The results of the numerical analysis of the problem show that depending on the amount of crimes and briberySuggested, it is possible to control and monitor the manufactured products by the policy maker", "publicationTitle": "System Engineering and Productivity", "publisher": "University of Eyvanekey", "place": "", "date": "2024-10-17", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "77-97", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.22034/msb.2024.2037103.1219", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://systems.eyc.ac.ir/article_717010_en.html", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:31:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2538-2195", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "systems.eyc.ac.ir", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:31:47Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:31:47Z" } }, { "key": "XQVMDWD7", "version": 280, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/XQVMDWD7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/XQVMDWD7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XQVMDWD7", "version": 280, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/24903/22382036_BIGD.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:31:04Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:31:04Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:31:04Z" } }, { "key": "DMKLZBPW", "version": 279, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/DMKLZBPW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/DMKLZBPW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Al Masud et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DMKLZBPW", "version": 279, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing community antibiotic usage and adherence as per standard treatment guidelines: A potential area to enhance awareness at community pharmacy settings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abdullah", "lastName": "Al Masud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ramesh Lahiru", "lastName": "Walpola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malabika", "lastName": "Sarker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alamgir", "lastName": "Kabir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhammad", "lastName": "Asaduzzaman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Md Saiful", "lastName": "Islam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ayesha Tasnim", "lastName": "Mostafa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zubair", "lastName": "Akhtar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holly", "lastName": "Seale" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nAntibiotic nonadherence significantly contributes to poor treatment outcomes and antimicrobial resistance. In Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh, community pharmacies are crucial in primary healthcare, and are key sources of over-the-counter antibiotics. However, understanding of adherence to the full course of community-dispensed antibiotics is limited. This study measured antibiotic adherence to Bangladesh government and WHO Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) among patients at community pharmacies and identifies associated factors.\nMethods\nA cross-sectional survey was conducted via phone among 358 respondents from four urban and rural areas of Bangladesh who participated in a previous antibiotic purchasing behavior survey. Descriptive analysis identified antibiotic use patterns, and adherence to the full course of antibiotics was assessed against STGs recommendations. Poisson regression model was used to explore correlations between patients' demographic characteristics, knowledge of antibiotic dosage, dosage regimen, and type of health-symptoms and adherence to the full course of antibiotics.\nResults\nAdherence to antibiotic dosage per STGs was 40.5 %. Patients consulting a registered medical practitioner were significantly more likely to adhere (Adj-PR: 3.81, 95 % CI: 2.82–5.14) compared to those who did not. Males were 32.0 % less likely to adhere than females (Adj-PR: 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.54–0.86). Rural residents demonstrated 37.0 % lower adherence compared to urban (Adj- PR: 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.45–0.87). Respondents who recalled the antibiotic dosage had a higher likelihood of adherence (Adj-PR: 2.04, 95 % CI: 1.06–3.93). Patients on 12-hourly regimens had higher adherence (Adj-PR: 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.03–2.33) than 6-hourly regimens. Patients with uncomplicated skin-infections had higher adherence (Adj-PR: 1.72, 95 % CI: 1.22–2.47), while other symptoms showed no significant association.\nConclusion\nTargeted interventions in diverse healthcare settings are essential, including user-centric research and enhancing patient knowledge and involvement. Strengthening patient-physician relationships and involving community pharmacies in antimicrobial stewardship programs can improve antibiotic dispensing and counselling practices among drug-sellers.", "publicationTitle": "Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-03-01", "volume": "17", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "100552", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100552", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667276624001495", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:30:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2667-2766", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Assessing community antibiotic usage and adherence as per standard treatment guidelines", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Antibiotic adherence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibiotic nonadherence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antimicrobial resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bangladesh", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Community pharmacies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Standard treatment guidelines", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:30:33Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:30:33Z" } }, { "key": "S8QGCE6Y", "version": 323, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/S8QGCE6Y", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/S8QGCE6Y", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Haque et al.", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "S8QGCE6Y", "version": 323, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social norms and maternal health information-seeking behavior among adolescent girls: A qualitative study in a slum of Bangladesh", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Md Ashraful", "lastName": "Haque" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rabeena Sultana", "lastName": "Ananna" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nayeem", "lastName": "Hasan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mst Farhana", "lastName": "Aktar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. F. M.", "lastName": "Zakaria" } ], "abstractNote": "Adolescent girls of reproductive age who actively seek information on maternal health often tend to have better health-seeking behaviors and maternal health outcomes. Due to scant research on reproductive aged adolescent girls' maternal health information seeking behavior in slum, in connection with social norms, we aimed for this particular study. Adopting an explorative qualitative research approach, we collected data from purposively selected married and unmarried adolescent girls aged 15-19 of different occupation by implying 12 in-depth interviews (IDIs), 2 focus group discussions (FGDs) with the same categories employed for IDIs, and 2 key informant interviews (KIIs) with a traditional birth attendant and a drug seller. Furthermore, the data were subjected to thematic analysis. Care's Social Norms Analysis Plot (SNAP) framework was undertaken as an interpretative tool for data that was emerging rather than serving as the foundation for the study's conduct and design. Thematic analysis was followed to analyze primary data. Findings show that most girls rely on maternal health-related information from unverified sources, including family members, traditional birth attendants, and drug sellers, which increases health risks. The majority reported that adolescent girls need professional healthcare providers in their area who would work according to their work schedule as most of the girls are engaged in income-generating work for about 9-11 hours, and the scope of work (daily wagers) hardly supports 'leave with pay'. Therefore, there is a critical need for professional healthcare services tailored to the girls' work schedules. Social norms and stigma further restrict access to reliable health information, especially for unmarried girls. Socioeconomic disparities also shape health-seeking behaviors, with wealthier adolescents having greater access to formal healthcare services. Addressing these barriers is crucial for improving maternal health outcomes. The results might be useful for informed policy formulation and program design to ensure better health outcomes for marginalized adolescents.", "publicationTitle": "PloS One", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2024", "volume": "19", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0315002", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS One", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0315002", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "39642187", "PMCID": "PMC11623481", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social norms and maternal health information-seeking behavior among adolescent girls", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bangladesh", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Focus Groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Seeking Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Maternal Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Acceptance of Health Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Poverty Areas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pregnancy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Norms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Young Adult", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:30:16Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:30:16Z" } }, { "key": "4TF5WULB", "version": 278, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/4TF5WULB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/4TF5WULB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/S8QGCE6Y", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4TF5WULB", "version": 278, "parentItem": "S8QGCE6Y", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:30:16Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39642187", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:30:16Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:30:16Z" } }, { "key": "QRBEZQPF", "version": 323, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 448241, "name": "Drug Seller Initiatives Bibliography", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/448241/items/QRBEZQPF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/drug_seller_initiatives_bibliography/items/QRBEZQPF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2655666, "username": "MarthaE", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marthae", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nakiggala et al.", "parsedDate": "2024-12-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QRBEZQPF", "version": 323, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Uptake of the hepatitis B vaccine among brothel-based female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joana", "lastName": "Nakiggala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathias", "lastName": "Lwenge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Doreen", "lastName": "Nakalembe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bridget Nagawa", "lastName": "Tamale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aisha", "lastName": "Nalugya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jovan", "lastName": "Galiwango" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Junior Mike", "lastName": "Wejuli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth", "lastName": "Tebandeke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John Bosco", "lastName": "Isunju" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard K.", "lastName": "Mugambe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tonny", "lastName": "Ssekamatte" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nHepatitis B is a significant health problem worldwide, particularly among high-risk groups such as female sex workers (FSWs). In Uganda, it is highly recommended that FSWs receive the hepatitis B vaccine. However, there is limited evidence of the level of uptake of the hepatitis B vaccine and associated factors among FSWs in Uganda. This study aimed to assess hepatitis B vaccine uptake and associated factors among FSWs in Kampala district, Uganda.\n\nMethods\nWe conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 400 FSWs in Kampala, Uganda. We utilized a researcher-developed digitized semi-structured questionnaire and employed multistage sampling to enroll participants. Data analysis was performed using STATA version 14.0. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation whereas categorical data were reported as frequencies and proportions. We employed Modified Poisson regression analysis to assess the relationship between predictor variables and the uptake of the hepatitis B vaccine.\n\nResults\nA total of 400 respondents (98.5% response rate) were surveyed. Close to half, 49.8% of the respondents had ever heard about hepatitis B, and only 16.5% had received at least a hepatitis B vaccine dose. Individual factors significantly associated with hepatitis B vaccine uptake included spending more than four years in sex work (APR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12), previous screening for hepatitis B (APR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.38–1.61), and having work conditions that allowed time to seek HBV services (APR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.22). Health system factors significantly associated with vaccine uptake included the presence of hepatitis B outreach programs in residential areas (APR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03–1.33) and receiving information about hepatitis B from peers (APR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05–1.31).\n\nConclusion\nThe study revealed a low prevalence of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among FSWs, with less than a tenth completing the three-dose schedule. Therefore, enhancing screening programs, expanding outreach initiatives, and tailoring services to accommodate nontraditional work hours while leveraging peer networks can significantly improve vaccine uptake and reduce hepatitis B transmission in this high-risk population.\n\nSupplementary Information\nThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-024-20917-8.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Public Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2024-12-5", "volume": "24", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3380", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Public Health", "DOI": "10.1186/s12889-024-20917-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619125/", "accessDate": "2025-01-08T15:29:41Z", "PMID": "39639280", "PMCID": "PMC11619125", "ISSN": "1471-2458", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V44A5ZSG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-01-08T15:29:41Z", "dateModified": "2025-01-08T15:29:41Z" } } ]