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Patrick", "lastName": "Hornbeck" } ], "abstractNote": "What is a lollard? Generations of historians and propagandists, bishops and inquisitors, theologians and polemicists have asked this question about the dissenters who began to trouble the English church in the late fourteenth century; indeed, many interpretations of the English Reformation have turned on its answer. This is a book not only about lollards but also about the terms and categories that have been used to describe them: through the process of documenting and analysing the dissenting beliefs preserved in lollard texts and the records of heresy trials, what becomes apparent is that there is no static essence that we can call lollardy. Rather than a narrowly defined theological category, lollardy is and has been a capacious term, under which all manner of religious outliers await closer examination. J. 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BERTopic generates coherent topics and remains competitive across a variety of benchmarks involving classical models and those that follow the more recent clustering approach of topic modeling.", "genre": "", "repository": "arXiv", "archiveID": "arXiv:2203.05794", "place": "", "date": "2022-03-11", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.48550/arXiv.2203.05794", "citationKey": "grootendorstBERTopicNeuralTopic2022", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05794", "accessDate": "2026-04-14T09:52:20Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "BERTopic", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "arXiv.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "arXiv:2203.05794 [cs]", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computer Science - Computation and Language", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "B2ET6SZD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-14T14:54:09Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-14T14:54:09Z" } }, { "key": "8PASUHZV", "version": 67686, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/8PASUHZV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/8PASUHZV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 167837, "username": "deith", "name": "Tomáš Hampejs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/deith", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roberts et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8PASUHZV", "version": 67686, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Structural Topic Models for Open-Ended Survey Responses", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret E.", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brandon M.", "lastName": "Stewart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dustin", "lastName": "Tingley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Lucas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jetson", "lastName": "Leder-Luis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shana Kushner", "lastName": "Gadarian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bethany", "lastName": "Albertson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David G.", "lastName": "Rand" } ], "abstractNote": "Collection and especially analysis of open-ended survey responses are relatively rare in the discipline and when conducted are almost exclusively done through human coding. We present an alternative, semiautomated approach, the structural topic model (STM) (Roberts, Stewart, and Airoldi 2013; Roberts et al. 2013), that draws on recent developments in machine learning based analysis of textual data. A crucial contribution of the method is that it incorporates information about the document, such as the author's gender, political affiliation, and treatment assignment (if an experimental study). This article focuses on how the STM is helpful for survey researchers and experimentalists. The STM makes analyzing open-ended responses easier, more revealing, and capable of being used to estimate treatment effects. We illustrate these innovations with analysis of text from surveys and experiments.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Political Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "58", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1064-1082", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/ajps.12103", "citationKey": "robertsStructuralTopicModels2014", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12103", "accessDate": "2026-04-14T10:22:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1540-5907", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajps.12103", "tags": [], "collections": [ "B2ET6SZD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-14T14:54:09Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-14T14:54:09Z" } }, { "key": "J5X2BMHQ", "version": 67677, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/J5X2BMHQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/J5X2BMHQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/4NK8BQV4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 11428894, "username": "katalin.suba", "name": "Katalin Suba", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/katalin.suba", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J5X2BMHQ", "version": 67677, "parentItem": "4NK8BQV4", "itemType": "note", "note": "Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis Seite [LXV]-LXXXVIII Mit Registern", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-14T14:21:03Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-14T14:21:03Z" } }, { "key": "4XX4W9MW", "version": 67675, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/4XX4W9MW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/4XX4W9MW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2426657, "username": "davidzbiral", "name": "David Zbíral", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/davidzbiral", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 470000, "username": "Reima Valimaki", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reima_valimaki", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Franzini et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-10-25", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "4XX4W9MW", "version": 67675, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Nunc est aestimandum: Towards an evaluation of the Latin WordNet", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Greta", "lastName": "Franzini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Peverelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paolo", "lastName": "Ruffolo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marco", "lastName": "Passarotti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helena", "lastName": "Sanna" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edoardo", "lastName": "Signoroni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Viviana", "lastName": "Ventura" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Federica", "lastName": "Zampedri" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a preliminary expansion and assessment of the Latin WordNet for the purposes of the LiLa: Linking Latin project. The objective of this study is to better understand the implications of expanding and evaluating the sense coverage of the Latin WordNet, with a view to identifying the most effective method for its refinement and inclusion in the LiLa Knowledge Base of Latin resources. Our test empirically demonstrates the inadequacy for Latin of a common semi-automated approach of expansion and informs potential lines of improvement for the resource.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "Zenodo", "place": "", "date": "2019-10-25", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.5281/ZENODO.3518774", "citationKey": "franzinigretaNuncEstAestimandum2019", "url": "https://zenodo.org/record/3518774", "accessDate": "2023-02-25T07:18:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Nunc est aestimandum", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Datacite)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Latin WordNet" }, { "tag": "automated matching" }, { "tag": "counts" }, { "tag": "cross-coder validation" }, { "tag": "descriptive evaluation" }, { "tag": "language resources" }, { "tag": "lexico-semantic network" }, { "tag": "validity" } ], "collections": [ "AXMBP3ZM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2023-02-25T07:18:37Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-14T13:49:34Z" } }, { "key": "5S7IXEAU", "version": 67698, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/5S7IXEAU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/5S7IXEAU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2426657, "username": "davidzbiral", "name": "David Zbíral", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/davidzbiral", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 470000, "username": "Reima Valimaki", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reima_valimaki", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Biller and Sackville", "parsedDate": "2022", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "5S7IXEAU", "version": 67698, "itemType": "book", "title": "Inquisition and knowledge, 1200-1700", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Biller" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Lucy J.", "lastName": "Sackville" } ], "abstractNote": "The collection, curation, and manipulation of knowledge were fundamental to the operation of inquisition. Its coercive power rested on its ability to control information and to produce authoritative discourses from it - a fact not lost on contemporaries, or on later commentators. Understanding that relationship between inquisition and knowledge has been one of the principal drivers of its long historiography. Inquisitors and their historians have always been preoccupied with the process by which information was gathered and recirculated as knowledge. The tenor of that question has changed over time, but we are still asking how knowledge was made and handed down - to them and to us - and how their sense of what was interesting or useful affected their selection.\nThis volume approaches the theme by looking at heresy and inquisition in the Middle Ages, and also at how they were seen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The contributors consider a wide range of medieval texts, including papal bulls, sermons, polemical treatises and records of interrogations, both increasing our knowledge of medieval heresy and inquisition, and at the same time delineating the twisting of knowledge. This polarity continues in the early modern period, when scholars appeared to advance learning by hunting for medieval manuscripts and publishing them, or ensuring their preservation through copying them; but at the same time, as some of the chapters here show, these were proof texts in the service of Catholic or Protestant polemic. As a whole, the collection provides a clear view of - and invites readers' reflection on - the shading of truth and untruth in medieval and early modern \"knowledge\" of heresy and inquisition.\n\nContributors: Jessalynn Lea Bird, Harald Bollbuck, Irene Bueno, Jörg Feuchter, Richard Kieckhefer, Pawel Kras, Adam Poznanski, Luc Racaut, Alessandro Sala, Shelagh Sneddon, Michaela Valente, Reima Välimäki", "series": "Heresy and inquisition in the Middle Ages", "seriesNumber": "10", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2022", "publisher": "York Medieval Press", "place": "York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "346", "ISBN": "978-1-914049-03-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "billerInquisitionKnowledge120017002022", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Inquisition and knowledge", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Dominicans" }, { "tag": "Peter Zwicker" }, { "tag": "Waldensians" }, { "tag": "antiheretical" }, { "tag": "availability: DZ long-term loan from MUNI Arts" }, { "tag": "availability: available in Brno" }, { "tag": "inquisition" }, { "tag": "inquisition texts" }, { "tag": "inquisitorial discourse" }, { "tag": "witchcraft" } ], "collections": [ "HD7VKAB5", "I89T87I5", "L4FNEFXL", "Y9QDFHAB" ], "relations": { "dc:relation": [ "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/7KBEBZ2I", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/VS98C2GD", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/7L9I8NA2", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/8MJWUA2T", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/27QFAR6F", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/HXGLGBHP", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/6A8IUXRM", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/YNZQ9HI2", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/LV2BPVZA", "http://zotero.org/groups/446972/items/IQLX9EE9", 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"name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gideonjk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Popescu and Altmann", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U8AH4MUP", "version": 67867, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Some aspects of word frequencies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.I.", "lastName": "Popescu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Altmann" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Glottometrics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "13", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "23-46", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "zotero-item-36294", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Gini coefficient" }, { "tag": "Glottometrics" }, { "tag": "Lorenz curve" }, { "tag": "corpus linguistics" }, { "tag": "lexical diversity" }, { "tag": "quantitative linguistics" }, { "tag": "rank-frequency distribution" }, { "tag": "statistical linguistics" }, { "tag": "type-token ratio" }, { "tag": "vocabulary richness" }, { "tag": "word frequency distribution" }, { "tag": "word frequency spectrum" } ], "collections": [ "EEE77YBT" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-13T12:36:08Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-13T12:36:18Z" } }, { "key": "LM88C69G", "version": 67874, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/LM88C69G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/LM88C69G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1999752, "username": "GideonJK", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gideonjk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fang et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-07-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "LM88C69G", "version": 67874, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Zipfian Approach to Exploring Lexical Complexity Changes in Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Word N-Grams", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yu", "lastName": "Fang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fangnan", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zheyuan", "lastName": "Dai" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines the effectiveness of the exponent of Zipf’s law in revealing lexical complexity changes, using news reports from People’s Daily (1946–2020) as the dataset. It is found that the rank frequency distributions of word unigrams and bigrams conform to Zipf’s law, with the exponent exhibiting a general downward trend. Furthermore, we explore the lexical factors that influence the changes in the exponent by analysing its relationship with three constructs of lexical complexity, i.e. lexical diversity, lexical density, and lexical sophistication. The results show that the exponent is negatively correlated with lexical diversity and lexical density, while it is positively correlated with lexical sophistication. Consequently, the exponent of Zipf’s law emerges as a novel and comprehensive index of lexical complexity. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the linguistic implications of Zipf’s law and lexical complexity changes in Mandarin Chinese.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Quantitative Linguistics", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "2025-07-03", "volume": "32", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "251-278", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/09296174.2025.2483080", "citationKey": "fangZipfianApproachExploring2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2025.2483080", "accessDate": "2026-04-13T12:06:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0929-6174", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Zipfian Approach to Exploring Lexical Complexity Changes in Mandarin Chinese", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2025.2483080", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-13T12:06:56Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-13T12:09:11Z" } }, { "key": "9BAWZABV", "version": 67661, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/9BAWZABV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/9BAWZABV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/LM88C69G", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1999752, "username": "GideonJK", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gideonjk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9BAWZABV", "version": 67661, "parentItem": "LM88C69G", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2026-04-13T12:06:59Z", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09296174.2025.2483080", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fang et al. - 2025 - A Zipfian Approach to Exploring Lexical Complexity Changes in Mandarin Chinese A Corpus-Based Analy.pdf", "md5": "2e50fee918cade77f2de3661c88ce9c8", "mtime": 1776082019158, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-13T12:06:59Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-13T12:06:59Z" } }, { "key": "IMMDFKL6", "version": 67873, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/IMMDFKL6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/IMMDFKL6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1999752, "username": "GideonJK", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gideonjk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baixeries et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03-13", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IMMDFKL6", "version": 67873, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Evolution of the Exponent of Zipf's Law in Language Ontogeny", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaume", "lastName": "Baixeries" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brita", "lastName": "Elvevåg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ramon", "lastName": "Ferrer-i-Cancho" } ], "abstractNote": "It is well-known that word frequencies arrange themselves according to Zipf's law. However, little is known about the dependency of the parameters of the law and the complexity of a communication system. Many models of the evolution of language assume that the exponent of the law remains constant as the complexity of a communication systems increases. Using longitudinal studies of child language, we analysed the word rank distribution for the speech of children and adults participating in conversations. The adults typically included family members (e.g., parents) or the investigators conducting the research. Our analysis of the evolution of Zipf's law yields two main unexpected results. First, in children the exponent of the law tends to decrease over time while this tendency is weaker in adults, thus suggesting this is not a mere mirror effect of adult speech. Second, although the exponent of the law is more stable in adults, their exponents fall below 1 which is the typical value of the exponent assumed in both children and adults. Our analysis also shows a tendency of the mean length of utterances (MLU), a simple estimate of syntactic complexity, to increase as the exponent decreases. The parallel evolution of the exponent and a simple indicator of syntactic complexity (MLU) supports the hypothesis that the exponent of Zipf's law and linguistic complexity are inter-related. The assumption that Zipf's law for word ranks is a power-law with a constant exponent of one in both adults and children needs to be revised.", "publicationTitle": "PLOS ONE", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "place": "", "date": "Mar 13, 2013", "volume": "8", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e53227", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLOS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0053227", "citationKey": "baixeriesEvolutionExponentZipfs2013", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0053227", "accessDate": "2026-04-13T11:50:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Children", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computational linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dutch people", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolutionary linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parenting behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vocabulary", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-04-13T11:50:01Z", "dateModified": "2026-04-13T11:52:53Z" } }, { "key": "L2TF59QW", "version": 67655, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 446972, "name": "Dissident Networks Project", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/L2TF59QW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/dissident_networks_project/items/L2TF59QW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/446972/items/IMMDFKL6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1999752, "username": "GideonJK", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gideonjk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "L2TF59QW", "version": 67655, "parentItem": "IMMDFKL6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2026-04-13T11:50:03Z", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0053227&type=printable", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Baixeries et al. - 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Nearly all text-based causal inferences depend on a latent representation of the text, but we show that estimating this latent representation from the data creates underacknowledged risks: we may introduce an identification problem or overfit. To address these risks, we introduce a split-sample workflow for making rigorous causal inferences with discovered measures as treatments or outcomes. We then apply it to estimate causal effects from an experiment on immigration attitudes and a study on bureaucratic responsiveness.\n , \n Identification challenges in causal inference with documents can be addressed with sample splitting.", "publicationTitle": "Science Advances", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022-10-21", "volume": "8", "issue": "42", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "eabg2652", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sci. 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While it is often possible to directly observe when nodes become infected with a virus or publish the information, observing individual transmissions (who infects whom, or who influences whom) is typically very difficult. Furthermore, in many applications, the underlying network over which the diffusions and propagations spread is actually unobserved. We tackle these challenges by developing a method for tracing paths of diffusion and influence through networks and inferring the networks over which contagions propagate. Given the times when nodes adopt pieces of information or become infected, we identify the optimal network that best explains the observed infection times. Since the optimization problem is NP-hard to solve exactly, we develop an efficient approximation algorithm that scales to large datasets and finds provably near-optimal networks.\n We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by tracing information diffusion in a set of 170 million blogs and news articles over a one year period to infer how information flows through the online media space. We find that the diffusion network of news for the top 1,000 media sites and blogs tends to have a core-periphery structure with a small set of core media sites that diffuse information to the rest of the Web. 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