[ { "key": "9IX2WI2A", "version": 1232, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/9IX2WI2A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/9IX2WI2A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bates et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9IX2WI2A", "version": 1232, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Symbolic phonetic features for modeling of pronunciation variation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rebecca A.", "lastName": "Bates" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mari", "lastName": "Ostendorf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard A.", "lastName": "Wright" } ], "abstractNote": "A significant source of variation in spontaneous speech is due to intra-speaker pronunciation changes, often realized as small feature changes, e.g., nasalized vowels or affricated stops, rather than full phone transformations. Previous computational modeling of pronunciation variation has typically involved transformations from one phone to another, in part because most speech processing systems use phone-based units. Here, a phonetic-feature-based prediction model is presented where phones are represented by a vector of symbolic features that can be on, off, unspecified or unused. Feature interaction is examined using different groupings of possibly dependent features, and a hierarchical grouping with conditional dependencies led to the best results. Feature-based models are shown to be more efficient than phone-based models, in the sense of requiring fewer parameters to predict variation while giving smaller distance and perplexity values when comparing predictions to the hand-labeled reference. A parsimonious model is better suited to incorporating new conditioning factors, and this work investigates high-level information sources, including both text (syntax, discourse) and prosody cues. Experiments show that feature-based models benefit from prosody cues, but not text, and that phone-based models do not benefit from any of the high-level cues explored here.", "publicationTitle": "Speech Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2007", "volume": "49", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "83-97", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Speech Communication", "DOI": "10.1016/j.specom.2006.10.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167639306001531", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:28:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0167-6393", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conversational speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Linguistic features", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pronunciation modeling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/93D4VWQ9" }, "dateAdded": "2021-05-05T15:25:33Z", "dateModified": "2021-05-05T15:25:33Z" } }, { "key": "K9SYZLRL", "version": 1231, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/K9SYZLRL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/K9SYZLRL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oertel et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K9SYZLRL", "version": 1231, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "D64: a corpus of richly recorded conversational interaction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catharine", "lastName": "Oertel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fred", "lastName": "Cummins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jens", "lastName": "Edlund" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Petra", "lastName": "Wagner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nick", "lastName": "Campbell" } ], "abstractNote": "In recent years there has been a substantial debate about the need for increasingly spontaneous, conversational corpora of spoken interaction that are not controlled or task directed. In parallel the need has arisen for the recording of multi-modal corpora which are not restricted to the audio domain alone. With a corpus that would fulfill both needs, it would be possible to investigate the natural coupling, not only in turn-taking and voice, but also in the movement of participants. In the following paper we describe the design and recording of such a corpus and we provide some illustrative examples of how such a corpus might be exploited in the study of dynamic interaction. The D64 corpus is a multimodal corpus recorded over two successive days. Each day resulted in approximately 4 h of recordings. In total five participants took part in the recordings of whom two participants were female and three were male. Seven video cameras were used of which at least one was trained on each participant. The Optitrack motion capture kit was used in order to enrich information. The D64 corpus comprises annotations on conversational involvement, speech activity and pauses as well as information of the average degree of change in the movement of participants.", "publicationTitle": "Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-03-01", "volume": "7", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19-28", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Multimodal User Interfaces", "DOI": "10.1007/s12193-012-0108-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-012-0108-6", "accessDate": "2021-03-19T07:06:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1783-8738", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "D64", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-19T07:15:15Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-19T07:15:15Z" } }, { "key": "RD6RRLKX", "version": 1229, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/RD6RRLKX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/RD6RRLKX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bürki", "parsedDate": "2018-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RD6RRLKX", "version": 1229, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variation in the speech signal as a window into the cognitive architecture of language production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Audrey", "lastName": "Bürki" } ], "abstractNote": "The pronunciation of words is highly variable. This variation provides crucial information about the cognitive architecture of the language production system. This review summarizes key empirical findings about variation phenomena, integrating corpus, acoustic, articulatory, and chronometric data from phonetic and psycholinguistic studies. It examines how these data constrain our current understanding of word production processes and highlights major challenges and open issues that should be addressed in future research.", "publicationTitle": "Psychonomic Bulletin & Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-12-01", "volume": "25", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1973-2004", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychon Bull Rev", "DOI": "10.3758/s13423-017-1423-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1423-4", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T14:34:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1531-5320", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T14:34:13Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T14:34:13Z" } }, { "key": "29PRPR6W", "version": 1234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/29PRPR6W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/29PRPR6W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bürki et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "29PRPR6W", "version": 1234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Orthography and second language word learning: Moving beyond “friend or foe?”", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Audrey", "lastName": "Bürki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pauline", "lastName": "Welby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mélanie", "lastName": "Clément" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elsa", "lastName": "Spinelli" } ], "abstractNote": "French participants learned English pseudowords either with the orthographic form displayed under the corresponding picture (Audio-Ortho) or without (Audio). In a naming task, pseudowords learned in the Audio-Ortho condition were produced faster and with fewer errors, providing a first piece of evidence that orthographic information facilitates the learning and on-line retrieval of productive vocabulary in a second language. Formant analyses, however, showed that productions from the Audio-Ortho condition were more French-like (i.e., less target-like), a result confirmed by a vowel categorization task performed by native speakers of English. It is argued that novel word learning and pronunciation accuracy should be considered together.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "publisher": "Acoustical Society of America", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2019", "volume": "145", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "EL265-EL271", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "DOI": "10.1121/1.5094923", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.5094923", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T14:28:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-4966", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Orthography and second language word learning", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "asa.scitation.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T14:28:16Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T14:28:16Z" } }, { "key": "QQ7A5RAW", "version": 1227, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/QQ7A5RAW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/QQ7A5RAW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brink et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QQ7A5RAW", "version": 1227, "itemType": "report", "title": "Eliciting Speech Reduction in the Laboratory: Assessment of a New Experimental Method 1", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Brink" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Wright" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Pisoni" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract. The aim of this study was the development and assessment of a novel method for recording speech produced under varying degrees of articulatory precision in the laboratory. Three conditions were designed to elicit reduced, citation, and careful speaking styles. In the first condition, talkers read sentences while simultaneously carrying out a distractor task. In the second condition, talkers simply read the same set of sentences in the absence of any other task. In the third condition, talkers read the sentences but were frequently prompted by the computer to re-read the last sentence more carefully. Recordings from six talkers, three female and three male, were made and measurements were carried out along a number of dimensions that have been used in the literature to distinguish careful from reduced speech or that have been linked to differences in intelligibility between talkers. Using acoustic analysis, measures of word duration, sentence duration, overall sentence energy, word energy, sentence energy range, word energy range, pitch range of the sentence, and two measures of F1-F2 vowel space dispersion were obtained for all six talkers. Overall, we observed consistent effects of speaking mode across most talkers for many of the measured dimensions. Individually, there was variability between talkers as to which dimensions showed the greatest differences between conditions. The overall pattern of results indicates that these experimental procedures can be used to elicit varying degrees of articulatory control in a highly controlled laboratory environment.", "reportNumber": "22", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "seriesTitle": "Research on Spoken Language Processing Progress Report", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "396-420", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "/paper/Eliciting-Speech-Reduction-in-the-Laboratory%3A-of-a-Brink-Wright/7e579490a9abab368d0d625a60a343d3e23f886b", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:30:44Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Eliciting Speech Reduction in the Laboratory", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.semanticscholar.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/82V2JC6C" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:34:40Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:39:32Z" } }, { "key": "HECZ3CUM", "version": 1226, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/HECZ3CUM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/HECZ3CUM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harnsberger and Pisoni", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HECZ3CUM", "version": 1226, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Eliciting Speech Reduction in the Laboratory II : Calibrating the Cognitive Load for Individual Talkers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Harnsberger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Pisoni" } ], "abstractNote": "This experiment extended work done previously in our laboratory to develop a method to elicit from talkers three different speaking styles, reduced, citation, and hyperarticulated, using controlled materials in a laboratory setting. In the initial experiment, the reduced style was elicited by having subjects read a sentence while carrying out a distractor task that involved recalling a fixed number of digits from shortterm memory. The original experiment was clearly limited in its success at eliciting a reduced style of speech: Only one of the six talkers showed significant differences between reduced and citation speech based on an acoustic analysis of the sentences. In this study, we chose to calibrate the distractor memory task to an individual's short-term memory span as measured by a simple digit span task. That is, the number of digits to be recalled after reading aloud a test sentence was determined by each individual's digit span. Twelve talkers were recorded in this experiment. The results showed that six of the twelve talkers produced a reduced style of speech for the test sentences in the distractor task relative to the same sentences in the citation style condition, as determined by a phonetically-trained judge. This initial evaluation was confirmed in a perceptual test using a pairwise comparison task in which normal-hearing, untrained listeners were presented with two sentences varying in speech style and were asked to choose the most carefully pronounced sentence. The results showed that 71% 88% of the sentence sets tested were correctly differentiated by speech style, indicating that the individual calibration method was a substantial improvement over the elicitation method of the original experiment.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "2000", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "/paper/Eliciting-Speech-Reduction-in-the-Laboratory-II-%3A-Harnsberger-Pisoni/b44af1a4232b560c0f62affd9992e00abbf1c792", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:34:35Z", "shortTitle": "Eliciting Speech Reduction in the Laboratory II", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/WT6MZ6AP" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:34:50Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:34:50Z" } }, { "key": "GN8V92UI", "version": 1234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/GN8V92UI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/GN8V92UI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harnsberger et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-04-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GN8V92UI", "version": 1234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A new method for eliciting three speaking styles in the laboratory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James D.", "lastName": "Harnsberger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Wright" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David B.", "lastName": "Pisoni" } ], "abstractNote": "In this study, a method was developed to elicit three different speaking styles, reduced, citation, and hyperarticulated, using controlled sentence materials in a laboratory setting. In the first set of experiments, the reduced style was elicited by having twelve talkers read a sentence while carrying out a distractor task that involved recalling from short-term memory an individually-calibrated number of digits. The citation style corresponded to read speech in the laboratory. The hyperarticulated style was elicited by prompting talkers (twice) to reread the sentences more carefully. The results of perceptual tests with naïve listeners and an acoustic analysis showed that six of the twelve talkers produced a reduced style of speech for the test sentences in the distractor task relative to the same sentences in the citation style condition. In addition, all talkers consistently produced sentences in the citation and hyperarticulated styles. In the second set of experiments, the reduced style was elicited by increasing the number of digits in the distractor task by one (a heavier cognitive load). The procedures for eliciting citation and hyperarticulated sentences remained unchanged. Ten talkers were recorded in the second experiment. The results showed that six out of ten talkers differentiated all three styles as predicted (70% of all sentences recorded). In addition, all talkers consistently produced sentences in the citation and hyperarticulated styles. Overall, the results demonstrate that it is possible to elicit controlled sentence stimulus materials varying in speaking style in a laboratory setting, although the method requires further refinement to elicit these styles more consistently from individual participants.", "publicationTitle": "Speech communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008-4-1", "volume": "50", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "323-336", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Speech Commun", "DOI": "10.1016/j.specom.2007.11.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701715/", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:28:54Z", "PMID": "19562041", "PMCID": "PMC2701715", "ISSN": "0167-6393", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/Q5B9EWN4" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:34:44Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:34:44Z" } }, { "key": "Z3WW69XA", "version": 1226, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/Z3WW69XA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/Z3WW69XA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/GN8V92UI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "Z3WW69XA", "version": 1226, "parentItem": "GN8V92UI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:28:55Z", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701715/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/EG98PQYP" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:34:44Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:34:44Z" } }, { "key": "22J8PHX5", "version": 1225, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/22J8PHX5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/22J8PHX5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Levow and Wright", "parsedDate": "2017-08-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "22J8PHX5", "version": 1225, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Exploring Dynamic Measures of Stance in Spoken Interaction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gina-Anne", "lastName": "Levow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard A.", "lastName": "Wright" } ], "abstractNote": "Stance-taking, the expression of opinions or attitudes, informs the process of negotiation, argumentation, and decisionmaking. While receiving significant attention in text materials in work on the related areas of subjectivity and sentiment analysis, the expression of stance in speech remains less explored. Prior analysis of the acoustics of stance-expression in conversational speech has identified some significant differences across dimensions of stance-related behavior. However, that analysis, as in much prior work, relied on simple functionals of pitch, energy, and duration, including maxima, minima, means, and ranges. In contrast, the current work focuses on exploiting measures that capture the dynamics of the pitch and energy contour. We employ features based on subband autocorrelation measures of pitch change and variants of the modulation spectrum. Using a corpus of conversational speech manually annotated for dimensions of stance-taking, we demonstrate that these measures of pitch and energy dynamics can help to characterize and distinguish among stance-related behaviors in speech.", "proceedingsTitle": "Interspeech 2017", "conferenceName": "Interspeech 2017", "publisher": "ISCA", "place": "", "date": "2017-8-20", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1452-1456", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1706", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.isca-speech.org/archive/Interspeech_2017/abstracts/1706.html", "accessDate": "2021-03-18T07:27:48Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/Z2FSMQT9" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:27:58Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:27:58Z" } }, { "key": "HESCVTBE", "version": 1225, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/HESCVTBE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/HESCVTBE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Freeman et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HESCVTBE", "version": 1225, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Investigating the Role of `yeah' in Stance-Dense Conversation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Valerie", "lastName": "Freeman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gina-Anne", "lastName": "Levow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Wright" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mari", "lastName": "Ostendorf" } ], "abstractNote": "This study investigates characteristics of stance-related discourse function, stance strength, and polarity in uses of the word ‘yeah.’ In an annotated corpus of 20 talker dyads engaged in collaborative tasks, over 2300 ‘yeahs’ fall into six common stance-act categories. While agreement, usually with weak, positive stance, accounts for about three-quarters of the instances, opinion-offering, convincing, reluctance to accept an idea, backchannels, and no-stance represent other common stance-related uses. We assess combinations of acousticprosodic characteristics (duration, intensity, pitch) to identify those which differentiate these stance categories for ‘yeah’ and to determine how they relate to levels of stance strength and polarity. Differences in vowel duration and intensity help to differentiate these fine-grained functions of ‘yeah.’ Within the larger agreement category, we can further assess the effects of stance strength and polarity, finding that positive polarity is signaled by higher pitch, lower intensity, and longer vowel duration, while greater stance strength shows higher pitch and intensity. Finally, a small set of negative ‘yeahs’ is examined for more specific stance functions which may be distinguishable by differing pitch and intensity contours.", "publicationTitle": "INTERSPEECH 2015", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3076-3080", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Zotero", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/2767133/items/LRHRLUV4" }, "dateAdded": "2021-03-18T07:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-18T07:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "JMKLXI2H", "version": 1234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/JMKLXI2H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/JMKLXI2H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Janse and Ernestus", "parsedDate": "2009-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JMKLXI2H", "version": 1234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recognition of reduced speech and use of phonetic context in listeners with age‐related hearing impairment.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Esther", "lastName": "Janse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mirjam", "lastName": "Ernestus" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "publisher": "Acoustical Society of America", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2009", "volume": "125", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2535-2535", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "DOI": "10.1121/1.4808691", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.4808691", "accessDate": "2020-06-10T15:09:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-4966", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "asa-scitation-org.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/4462/items/656SRCVW" }, "dateAdded": "2009-09-29T22:50:32Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-11T08:03:46Z" } }, { "key": "ATK8Q9W3", "version": 1234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/ATK8Q9W3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/ATK8Q9W3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fujisaki", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ATK8Q9W3", "version": 1234, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Prosody, Models, and Spontaneous Speech", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hiroya", "lastName": "Fujisaki" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Yoshinori", "lastName": "Sagisaka" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Nick", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Norio", "lastName": "Higuchi" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents a definition of prosody as the organization of linguistic units within an utterance and a coherent group of utterances, having manifestations both in segmental and suprasegmental features of speech, serving at the same time as a medium for conveying para- and nonlinguistic information. It then discusses the process of spontaneous speech production, emphasizing the role of quantitative generative models in both speech synthesis and speech recognition, examples are illustrated in Japanese. Finally, it discusses the continuum of spontaneity in speech, and briefly touches on the characteristics of speech that become dominant with increased spontaneity.", "bookTitle": "Computing Prosody: Computational Models for Processing Spontaneous Speech", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1997", "publisher": "Springer US", "place": "New York, NY", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "27-42", "ISBN": "978-1-4612-2258-3", "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4612-2258-3_3", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2258-3_3", "accessDate": "2021-03-11T07:46:39Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Linguistic Unit", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prosodic Word", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech Synthesis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spontaneous Speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tone Sandhi", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-03-11T07:47:11Z", "dateModified": "2021-03-11T07:47:11Z" } }, { "key": "IY8A9GWK", "version": 1221, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/IY8A9GWK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/IY8A9GWK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "van Son et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IY8A9GWK", "version": 1221, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Efficiency As An Organizing Principle Of Natural Speech", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.J.J.H.", "lastName": "van Son" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.J.", "lastName": "Koopmans-van Beinum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louis C. W.", "lastName": "Pols" } ], "abstractNote": "A large part of the variation in natural speech appears along the dimensions of articulatory precision / perceptual distinctiveness. We propose that this variation is the result of an effort to communicate efficiently. Speaking is considered efficient if the speech sound contains only the information needed to understand it. This efficiency is tested by means of a corpus of spontaneous and matched read speech, and syllable and word frequencies as measures of information content (12007 syllables, 8046 word forms, 1582 intervocalic consonants, and 2540 vowels). It is indeed found that the duration and spectral reduction of consonants and vowels correlate with the frequency of syllables and words in this corpus. Consonant intelligibility correlates with both the acoustic factors and the syllable and word frequencies. It is concluded that the principle of efficient communication organizes at least some aspects of speech production.", "proceedingsTitle": "ICSLP-1998", "conferenceName": "5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing", "publisher": "", "place": "Sydney, Australia", "date": "1998", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "0203", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/icslp_1998/i98_0203.html", "accessDate": "2021-02-25T13:29:23Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T13:33:25Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T13:33:25Z" } }, { "key": "BDQULS54", "version": 1221, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/BDQULS54", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/BDQULS54", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "van Son and Pols", "parsedDate": "1999-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BDQULS54", "version": 1221, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An acoustic description of consonant reduction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.J.J.H.", "lastName": "van Son" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louis C.W.", "lastName": "Pols" } ], "abstractNote": "The acoustic consequences of the articulatory reduction of consonants remain largely unknown. Much more is known about acoustic vowel reduction. Whether the acoustical and perceptual consequences of articulatory consonant reduction are comparable in kind and extent to the consequences of vowel reduction is still an open question. In this study we compare acoustic data for 791 VCV realizations, containing 17 Dutch intervocalic consonants and 13 vowels, extracted from read speech from a single male speaker, to otherwise identical segments isolated from spontaneous speech. Five acoustic correlates of reduction were studied. Acoustic tracers of articulation were based on F2 slope differences and locus equations. Speech effort was assessed by measuring duration, spectral balance, and the intervocalic sound energy difference of consonants. On a global level, it shows that consonants reduce acoustically like vowels on all investigated accounts when the speaking style becomes informal or syllables become unstressed. Methods that are sensitive to speech effort proved to be more reliable indicators of reduction than F2 based measures. On a more detailed level there are differences related to the type of consonant. The acoustic results suggest that articulatory reduction will decrease the intelligibility of consonants and vowels in comparable ways.", "publicationTitle": "Speech Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 1999", "volume": "28", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "125-140", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0167-6393(99)00009-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167639399000096", "accessDate": "2011-09-13T15:52:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0167-6393", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Acoustic consonant reduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spectral balance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech effort", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech style", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T13:28:06Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T13:28:06Z" } }, { "key": "GDHQTDBS", "version": 1220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/GDHQTDBS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/GDHQTDBS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/LAJUNZ7V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GDHQTDBS", "version": 1220, "parentItem": "LAJUNZ7V", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ling.37.4.575", "accessDate": "2010-01-06T22:16:56Z", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.37.4.575", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z" } }, { "key": "R6PQCJ2G", "version": 1220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/R6PQCJ2G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/R6PQCJ2G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/LAJUNZ7V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R6PQCJ2G", "version": 1220, "parentItem": "LAJUNZ7V", "itemType": "note", "note": "doi: 10.1515/ling.37.4.575", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z" } }, { "key": "LAJUNZ7V", "version": 1220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/LAJUNZ7V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/LAJUNZ7V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bybee and Scheibman", "parsedDate": "1999-07-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "LAJUNZ7V", "version": 1220, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: the reduction of don't in English", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joan", "lastName": "Bybee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joanne", "lastName": "Scheibman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Linguistics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 01, 1999", "volume": "37", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "575-596", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "doi: 10.1515/ling.37.4.575", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.37.4.575", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0024-3949", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T07:49:52Z" } }, { "key": "QV7JU25V", "version": 1220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/QV7JU25V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/QV7JU25V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fourakis", "parsedDate": "1991-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QV7JU25V", "version": 1220, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Tempo, stress, and vowel reduction in American English", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marios", "lastName": "Fourakis" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", 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J", "lastName": "Hardcastle" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Marchal" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Speech production and speech modelling", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1990", "publisher": "Kluwer", "place": "Dordrecht", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "21–33", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2021-02-25T07:49:24Z", "dateModified": "2021-02-25T07:49:24Z" } }, { "key": "VFEKV67F", "version": 1234, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4462, "name": "Speech Reduction", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4462/items/VFEKV67F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/speech_reduction/items/VFEKV67F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 41721, "username": "bvtucker", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bvtucker", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mitterer and McQueen", "parsedDate": "2009-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VFEKV67F", "version": 1234, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Processing reduced word-forms in speech perception using probabilistic knowledge about speech production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Holger", "lastName": "Mitterer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James M", "lastName": "McQueen" } ], "abstractNote": "Two experiments examined how Dutch listeners deal with the effects of connected-speech processes, specifically those arising from word-final /t/ reduction (e.g., whether Dutch [tas] is tas, bag, or a reduced-/t/ version of tast, touch). 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