This brief paper describes some of the lessons learned from the implementation of OERs and puts forward the view that their effective use may have more to do with enabling change in education systems rather than the availability of the resources themselves. The paper introduces the concept of Open Educational Practices (OEPs) by looking at the experiences of the Open University in the UK. It summarises several factors that help encourage openness and engagement with OER. These factors include: Infrastructure, Use, Design, Adoption and Policy. The central thesis is that content is only part of the answer, which is an important message for the growing interest in OERs within Australia.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-28T21:47:01Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T05:21:19Z" } }, { "key": "8PK4ZC33", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/8PK4ZC33", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/8PK4ZC33", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/4RN8IJ62", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 608268, "username": "David Bull10", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/david_bull10", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8PK4ZC33", "version": 2, "parentItem": "4RN8IJ62", "itemType": "note", "note": "Open Education Resources are a recent concept in regard to the organisation of worldwide sharing of educational materials and tools. This concept is oriented at the model of OpenSource software production or Wikipedia. Also for institutions like UNESCO or the OECD, which are interested in the development of OER, it is the main question of how OER can be used on a scale as global as possible, and how relevant international co-operation and usage can be initiated. However OER are having some problems in reaching a similar grade of effectiveness, because there are some crucial organisational and interactional differences to these successful networks. One main problem is the tension between the openness and anonymity of digital information and the specificity of educational resources, which are usually made to fit into a specific teaching/learning context.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-01T04:40:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T05:14:52Z" } }, { "key": "ETNJ5XQC", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/ETNJ5XQC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/ETNJ5XQC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/VPSXQWS9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 608268, "username": "David Bull10", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/david_bull10", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ETNJ5XQC", "version": 3, "parentItem": "VPSXQWS9", "itemType": "note", "note": "This initiative at the OpenLearn UK university site addresses questions about the possible role and impact of free educational content using a web-based learning platform. A key point is the importance to social networking sites of a more balanced provision for both content and tools. The argument is based on the closed and individualistic nature of the traditional classroom. The OpenLearn experience highlights the benefits of communication tools in an open learning environment, which are important in enabling cooperation and collaboration between learners and groups of learners. This initiative attempts to reconcile underuse of OER through generating a better knowledge and understanding of OER delivery. Moodle provides the learning product for OpenLearn, split into a LearningSpace (for learners) and a LabSpace (for educators). This separation of functionality allows only educators to upload new or repurposed content. The discussion includes a description of the general use of OpenLearn, supported by case study outcomes.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-09-01T04:35:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T05:10:18Z" } }, { "key": "PK4EC2TJ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/PK4EC2TJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/PK4EC2TJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gourley and Lane", "parsedDate": "2009-08-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PK4EC2TJ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Re-invigorating openness at The Open University: the role of Open Educational Resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brenda", "lastName": "Gourley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andy", "lastName": "Lane" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes the internal motivations and external drivers that led The Open University UK to enter the field of Open Educational Resources through its institution-wide OpenLearn initiative. It also describes some of the emerging evidence of the impacts inside and outside the university. Through the rapid implementation and operation of the OpenLearn website, The Open University UK has been able to better understand and promote openness through open and distance learning.", "publicationTitle": "Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 10, 2009", "volume": "24", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "57 - 65", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680510802627845", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-0513", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0023", "rights": "David", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Institutional policy" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Licensing" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T05:01:49Z" } }, { "key": "6G8742GI", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/6G8742GI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/6G8742GI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Atkins et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6G8742GI", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "A review of the open educational resources (OER) movement: Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities. Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel E", "lastName": "Atkins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John Seely", "lastName": "Brown" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allen L", "lastName": "Hammond" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "William and Flora Hewlett Foundation", "place": "Menlo Park, California", "date": "2007", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.oerderves.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/a-review-of-the-open-educational-resources-oer-movement_final.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0084", "rights": "David", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" }, { "tag": "Sustainability" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T04:54:10Z" } }, { "key": "JZNDTTJN", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/JZNDTTJN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/JZNDTTJN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lane", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JZNDTTJN", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Widening participation in education through open educational resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Lane" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Iiyoshi" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "M S", "lastName": "Vijay Kumar" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Opening up education: The collective advancement of education through open technology, open content and open knowledge", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "The MIT Press", "place": "Cambridge", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "149 - 163", "ISBN": "978-0-262-03371-8", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://oerknowledgecloud.com/sites/oerknowledgecloud.com/files/0262033712pref1%5B1%5D.pdf#page=171", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0017", "rights": "Debbie1", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 3" }, { "tag": "Small case study" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T04:41:42Z" } }, { "key": "XMA3MPWE", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/XMA3MPWE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/XMA3MPWE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Godwin et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XMA3MPWE", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Behind the Scenes with OpenLearn: The Challenges of Researching the Provision of Open Educational Resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven", "lastName": "Godwin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "McAndrew" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreia Inamorato", "lastName": "dos Santos" } ], "abstractNote": "Open educational resources are defined as technology-enabled educational resources that are openly available for consultation, use and adaptation by users for non-commercial purposes (UNESCO, 2002). OpenLearn is one of the largest of such initiatives and is committed to the provision of open educational resources for all. It is being developed by The Open University and is primarily sponsored by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. It provides users with over 4 200 hours of higher educational material drawn from Open University courses. Other learning tools such as discussion forums, video conferencing, and knowledge mapping software are also available to the user. In this paper we introduce OpenLearn and outline some of the main research issues surrounding such an initiative. We seek to explore theoretical and practical approaches that can provide suitable tools for analysis. Activity theory is seen as a suitable approach for macro analysis and its use is illustrated in terms of the complexity of large scale research. Activity theory, besides informing research perspectives, can be turned in upon the research process itself allowing us to consider the challenges and context of the research. By using activity theory in this way and illustrating from a range of practical approaches we demonstrate and illustrate a useful research approach.", "publicationTitle": "Electronic Journal of e-Learning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "6", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "139-148", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ejel.org/volume6/issue2/p139", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0004", "rights": "Nathan", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" }, { "tag": "Small case study" }, { "tag": "Theoretical study" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T04:01:11Z" } }, { "key": "9HVNVI92", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/9HVNVI92", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/9HVNVI92", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Conole and Weller", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9HVNVI92", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Using Learning Design as a Framework for Supporting the Design and Reuse of OER", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grainne", "lastName": "Conole" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin", "lastName": "Weller" } ], "abstractNote": "The paper will argue that adopting a learning design methodology may provide a vehicle for enabling better design and reuse of Open Educational Resources (OERs). It will describe a learning design methodology, which is being developed and implemented at the Open University in the UK. The aim is to develop a \"pick and mix\" learning design toolbox of different resources and tools to help designers/teachers make informed decisions about creating new or adapting existing learning activities. The methodology is applicable for designers/teachers designing in a traditional context--such as creation of materials as part of a formal curriculum, but also has value for those wanting to create OERs or adapt and repurpose existing OERs. With the increasing range of OERs now available through initiatives as part of the Open Courseware movement, we believe that methodologies, such as the one we describe in this paper, which can help guide reuse and adaptation will become increasingly important and arguably are an important aspect of ensuring longer term sustainability and uptake of OERs. Our approach adopts an empirically based approach to understanding and representing the design process. This includes a range of evaluation studies (capturing of case studies, interviews with designers/teachers, in-depth course evaluation and focus groups/workshops), which are helping to develop our understanding of how designers/teachers go about creating new learning activities. Alongside this we are collating an extensive set of tools and resources to support the design process, as well as developing a new Learning Design tool that helps teachers articulate and represent their design ideas. The paper will describe how we have adapted a mind mapping and argumentation tool, Compendium, for this purpose and how it is being used to help designers and teachers create and share learning activities. It will consider how initial evaluation of the use of the tool for learning design has been positive; users report that the tool is easy to use and helps them organise and articulate their learning designs. Importantly the tool also enables them to share and discuss their thinking about the design process. However it is also clear that visualising the design process is only one aspect of design, which is complex and multi-faceted.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Interactive Media in Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jime.open.ac.uk/2008/05", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "ISSN-1365-893X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0019", "rights": "Nathan", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 3" }, { "tag": "Small case study" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T03:51:22Z" } }, { "key": "6C2U7RG3", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/6C2U7RG3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/6C2U7RG3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "ccLearn", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6C2U7RG3", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "What status for open? An examination of the licensing policies of open educational organizations and projects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "ccLearn" } ], "abstractNote": "What makes an educational resource \"open\"? Is it enough that resources are available on the World Wide Web free of charge, or does openness require something more?\" These questions have become more urgent as the open education movement has gained momentum and as potential users of open educational resources (OERs) increasingly face uncertainty about whether permission is required when they translate, reuse, adapt, or simply republish the resources they find. With the support of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, ccLearn surveyed the copyright licensing policies of several hundred educational projects or organizations on the Internet to assess whether these legal conditions limit the usefulness of self-designated open resources from the user's perspective. The study reveals three principal findings: · The copyright licenses or terms of use associated with some OERs are difficult to find or to understand; · The majority of OER projects or organizations have adopted a standardized license created by an independent license provider, and of these, the large majority have adopted one or more of the six Creative Commons copyright licenses (\"CC licenses\") to define the terms of openness. But, a sizable minority of OER providers have chosen to craft their own license -- often borrowing terms from one of the standardized licenses. Thus, as a group, OER providers have adopted a diverse, and often customized, set of license conditions that in some cases require significant work by users to understand; · The usefulness of OERs as a group is limited by incompatible license conditions that functionally prohibit combination or adaptation of OERs provided by different sources. This report concludes with a recommendation that creators of open educational resources consider using CC licenses to provide users with readily found, standardized terms of use. It recommends further that OER creators consider adopting the most open of CC licenses, the Attribution-only License (CC BY), to nourish the creativity of educators and learners alike by allowing the adaptation, combination, and republication of OERs from multiple sources.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation", "place": "San Francisco, California", "date": "2008", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://learn.creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/license-mapping-report-15_dec_-2008-color-v2.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "Nathan", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Empirical Research" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Licensing" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-18T03:42:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T03:47:21Z" } }, { "key": "4IDKS9F5", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/4IDKS9F5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/4IDKS9F5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Larson and Murray", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "4IDKS9F5", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Open Educational Resources for Blended Learning in High Schools: Overcoming Impediments in Developing Countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard C.", "lastName": "Larson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Elizabeth", "lastName": "Murray" } ], "abstractNote": "With today's computer and telecommunications technologies, every young person can have a quality education regardless of his or her place of birth. This is the dream that Open Educational Resources (OERs), when viewed as a right rather than a privilege, are directed to realize. For developing countries, we propose a type of OER initiative that leverages not only technology but also the skills of the in-class teacher, that utilizes not only the Internet but also lower-tech delivery platforms, and that is created not only by developed countries of the West but also by educators in many countries worldwide. We outline the design of a cross-border, collaborative learning and teaching system called the Blended Learning Open Source Science or Math Studies Initiative (BLOSSOMS), with an associated partnership network established for its implementation in developing countries. BLOSSOMS is to develop a large, free repository of blended-learning video modules for high school math and science classes, created by gifted volunteer educators from around the world and designed to offer potentially transformative learning exercises that will enhance critical thinking skills and retain students' interest in math and science. The initiative has been designed and developed within a multinational network of partner organizations in the developing world, a characteristic that distinguishes it from many other OER projects.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "12", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-103", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sloanconsortium.org/jaln/v12n1/open-educational-resources-blended-learning-high-schools-overcoming-impediments-developin", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "ISSN-1939-5256", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0012", "rights": "Debbie 1", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 3" }, { "tag": "Teaching and Learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T03:44:20Z" } }, { "key": "429A69XQ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/429A69XQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/429A69XQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Geser", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "429A69XQ", "version": 3, "itemType": "report", "title": "OLCOS Roadmap 2012", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guntram", "lastName": "Geser" } ], "abstractNote": "This report emphasises the need to foster open practices of teaching and learning that are informed by a competency-based educational framework. However, it is understood that a shift towards such practices will only happen in the longer term in a step-by-step process. Bringing about this shift will require targeted and sustained efforts by educational leaders at all levels. The road mapping work covers the following areas: (i) Policies, institutional frameworks and business models; (ii) Open Access and open content repositories; (iii) Laboratories of open educational practices and resources. For each of these areas, drivers/enablers and inhibitors of OER and open educational practices are identified and described in detail. The results are summarised in Roadmap Briefs, which may be used as starting points for discussing initiatives in OER and open educational practices on a strategic level.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Open eLearning Content Observatory Services", "place": "Salzburg", "date": "2007", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.olcos.org/english/home/index.htm", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "Debbie", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T03:38:51Z" } }, { "key": "H4J7G8AS", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/H4J7G8AS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/H4J7G8AS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McGill et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "H4J7G8AS", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "Good intentions: Improving the evidence base in support of sharing learning materials", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lou Currier", "lastName": "McGill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles", "lastName": "Duncan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Douglas" } ], "abstractNote": "This report aims to articulate the advantages and imperatives for sharing learning resources using evidence from the UK and elsewhere. This JISC funded study has also identified a number of compelling business cases and has developed a set of variations as a result of studying a range of business models. It highlights some interesting trends as many of the existing business models have reached a level of maturity and are currently under review.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "JISC", "place": "", "date": "2008", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/reports/2008/evidencebaselearningmaterialsreport.aspx", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0011", "rights": "Debbie", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Case study" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-18T03:35:40Z" } }, { "key": "MKJ5NDS3", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/MKJ5NDS3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/MKJ5NDS3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Petrides et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MKJ5NDS3", "version": 2, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Open Educational Resources: Inquiring into Author Reuse Behaviors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Petrides" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Nguyen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Kargliani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Jimes" } ], "abstractNote": "For teachers and learners, the proliferation of open educational resources (OER) in combination with advances in information technologies has meant centralized access to materials and the possibility of creating, using, and reusing OER globally, collaboratively, and across multiple disciplines. Through an examination of a community of author users of the OER portal Connexions, this article explores OER reuse behaviors and factors contributing to and hindering those behaviors. As such, the article sheds light on how OER can be sustained and continuously improved, with an emphasis on the reuse of dynamic, relevant, and high quality materials over time", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "Springer", "place": "", "date": "2008", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "344-353", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.springerlink.com/content/r5328623315136p2/fulltext.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0013", "rights": "Debbie", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Empirical Research" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-13T02:25:31Z" } }, { "key": "JCSBZZTU", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/JCSBZZTU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/JCSBZZTU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1032779, "username": "swatso30", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/swatso30", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Okada and Conn", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JCSBZZTU", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Designing open educational resources through knowledge maps to enhance meaningful learning.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexandra", "lastName": "Okada" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tere", "lastName": "Conn" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper demonstrates some pedagogical strategies for developing Open Educational Resources (OERs) using the knowledge mapping tool Compendium. It also describes applications of Knowledge Maps to facilitate meaningful learning by focusing on specific OER examples. The study centres on the OpenLearn project, a large scale online environment that makes a selection of higher education learning resources freely available via the internet. OpenLearn, which is supportedby William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, was launched in October 2006 and in the two year period of its existence has released over 8,100 learning hours of the OU's distance learning resources for free access and modification by learners and educators under the Creative Commons license. OpenLearn also offers three knowledge media tools: Compendium (knowledge mapping software), MSG (instant messaging application with geolocation maps) and FM (web-based videoconferencing application). Compendium is a software tool for visual thinking, used to connect ideas, concepts, arguments, websites and documents. There are numerous examples of OERs that have been developed and delivered by institutions across the world, for example, MIT, Rice, Utah State, Core, Paris Tech, JOCW. They present a wide variety of learning materials in terms of styles as well as differing subject content. Many such offerings are based upon original lecture notes, hand-outs and other related papers used in face-to-face teaching. Openlearn OERs, however, are reconstructed from original self study distance learning materials developed at the Open University and from a vast academic catalogue of materials. Samples of these “units” comprise a variety of formats: text, images, audio and video. In this study, our findings illustratethe benefits of sharing some OER content through knowledge maps, the possibility of condensing high volumes of information,accessing resources in a more attractive way, visualising connections between diverse learning materials, connecting new ideas to familiar references, organising thinking and gaining new insights into subject specific content.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Learning Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "15", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "209–220", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ijl.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.30/prod.1842", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "Debbie", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" }, { "tag": "Small case study" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-10-20T21:49:01Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-13T02:23:34Z" } }, { "key": "XVEQZT2Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/XVEQZT2Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/XVEQZT2Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "OPAL", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XVEQZT2Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Beyond OER: Shifting Focus to Open Educational Practices", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "OPAL" } ], "abstractNote": "This report found that OER are more widely used where programs or initiatives for open resources exist at the institutional level. The lesser the fear, insecurity or discomfort towards OER, the higher the frequency of their use. The report thus advocates building trust in OER in order to increase their actual usage and to build open learning architectures to transform learning.", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Open Education Quality Initiative", "place": "", "date": "2011", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.educause.edu/Resources/BeyondOERShiftingFocustoOpenEd/224619", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "Debbie1", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Empirical Research" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "International policy" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" }, { "tag": "Teaching and Learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-06-18T03:42:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:31:05Z" } }, { "key": "XKM8QAG5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/XKM8QAG5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/XKM8QAG5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lane", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "XKM8QAG5", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Reflections on Sustaining Open Educational Resources: An Institutional Case Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andy", "lastName": "Lane" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper reviews some of the literature on the sustainability of Open Educational Resources (OER) and what it has to say about successful or sustainable open content projects on the internet. It goes on to argue that OER need to be considered with respect to the different types of economy – market, public and social – that operate for educational materials in particular and education in general. The paper then examines what sustainability means to different actors in these economies and the relationships between them, notably within organisations, between organisations and amongst communities and individuals, but not within or with political institutions. This is followed by a case study of one project within one higher educational organization: OpenLearn at The Open University in the UK. The case study outlines the objectives of the OpenLearn project; notes its relationship to The Open University’s mission; lists the major internal and external benefits that have arisen from the project; and sets out the future directions for the project. These traits are then compared with some key factors for successful projects listed in Guthrie et al (2008). The paper concludes by looking at the different sources of funding for OER projects and issues of both financial and social sustainability. It notes that sustainability for these projects, at least within organizations, depends upon the activity fitting closely with the goals of the organization such that most of the activity is absorbed into existing systems and practices. It also argues that they can act as a test bed for extending activities and securing a mix of new or improved funding streams.", "reportNumber": "10", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "internal-pdf://media16677-0889558016/media16677.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0007", "rights": "Carina", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Case study" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" }, { "tag": "Sustainability" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:31:02Z" } }, { "key": "XJXUCX7E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/XJXUCX7E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/XJXUCX7E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McGreal", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "XJXUCX7E", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Approaches to OER Development", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "McGreal" } ], "abstractNote": "OER development is becoming more sophisticated as instructors and course specialists become\nmore familiar with the environment. Most OER development approaches for online courses have\nbeen developed from those that were appropriate in the face-to-face context. However, the OER\nonline environment opens up new possibilities for learning as well as holding particular\nlimitations. This paper presents some approaches that OER implementers should bear in mind\nwhen initiating and supporting OER course development projects.\n1. Beg, borrow, or steal courseware. Don’t reinvent the wheel.\n2. Take what exists and build the course around it.\n3. Mix and match. Assemble. Don’t create.\n4. Avoid the “not invented here” syndrome.\n5. Know the content – garbage in and garbage out.\n6. Establish deadlines. Work to deadlines, but don’t be unrealistic.\n7. Estimate your costs and then double them. Double them again.\n8. Be realistic in scheduling and scoping.\n9. The project plan must be flexible. Be prepared for major shifts.\n10. Build flexibly for reuse and repurposing – generalizability reduces costs\n11. Provide different routes to learning.\n12. Build to international standards.\nThere are necessary features in every OER, including introduction, schedule etc. but it is\nmost important to keep the course as simple as possible. Extreme Programming (XP)\nmethodology can be adapted from software engineering to aid in the course development\nprocess.", "proceedingsTitle": "Barcelona Open Ed 2010", "conferenceName": "The Seventh Annual Open Education Conference", "publisher": "", "place": "Barcelona", "date": "2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://openedconference.org/2010/", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0001", "rights": "Nathan", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Relevance 3" }, { "tag": "Teaching and Learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:31:01Z" } }, { "key": "WU3ZG8RH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/WU3ZG8RH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/WU3ZG8RH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Downes", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WU3ZG8RH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Models for Sustainable Open Educational Resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "Downes" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper depicts the sustainability of Open Educational Resources (OERs) in terms of the three models: funding, technical, and content. Discussion and recommendations are focused on the sustainability of OERs and the requirement that we think of OERs as only part of a larger picture – one that includes volunteers and incentives, community and partnerships, co-production and sharing, distributed management and control.", "publicationTitle": "Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "29-44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "internal-pdf://IJKLOv3p029-044Downes-3725165569/IJKLOv3p029-044Downes.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0191", "rights": "Carina", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Description" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" }, { "tag": "Seminal work" }, { "tag": "Sustainability" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:31:00Z" } }, { "key": "WQU6W95G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/WQU6W95G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/WQU6W95G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McAndrew", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WQU6W95G", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Adapting, adopting and analysing the potential of open educational resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick Wilson", "lastName": "McAndrew" } ], "abstractNote": "The aim of the research discussed in this paper is to investigate what changes are required to internal procedures within organisations (institutions and other bodies (those not associated with educational establishments)) to enable them to adopt these standalone OERs as part of their curriculum and assessment strategy.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "CAL07 Development, Disruption and Debate", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://kn.open.ac.uk/public/getfile.cfm?documentfileid=13969", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0003", "rights": "Nathan1", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Empirical Research" }, { "tag": "Institutional policy" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:59Z" } }, { "key": "VPSXQWS9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/VPSXQWS9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/VPSXQWS9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lane", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VPSXQWS9", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "The networking effects of OER", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew McAndrew", "lastName": "Lane" } ], "abstractNote": "Open Educational Resources (OER) give an openly available set of content and tools that in principle provide a basis for formal and informal communication and collaboration between groups of individuals around teaching and/or learning. In practice, most communication and collaboration around OER appears to be asynchronous, loosely connected and not sustained. The success of social networking sites is also based upon content and tools to enable and support communication and collaboration. However, that success is seemingly based upon more immediate, closely connected and sustained activities. In both cases much is made of the online, virtual aspects of networking and less about its relationship to offline, real world networking. This paper reviews the experiences with the OpenLearn site from the UK Open University which combines open content within a learning environment that offers tools for communication. Drawing upon the action research findings from its first two years of operation this paper describes examples of individual learners and institutions communicating and collaborating online and considers the influences of offline networks. It examines the motivations behind the communication and collaboration and suggests an emerging typology for such effects depending on who is involved and what the drivers (and restraints) are for their activities.", "proceedingsTitle": "23rd ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Maastricht, Netherlands. 7-10 June 2009", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "Masstrict, Netherlands", "date": "2009", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ou.nl/Docs/Campagnes/ICDE2009/Papers/Final_Paper_279Lane.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0005", "rights": "David", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Institutional policy" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Licensing" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 1 (most)" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:58Z" } }, { "key": "VCJT3MA4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/VCJT3MA4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/VCJT3MA4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wolfenden", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VCJT3MA4", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Open educational resources to support teacher education across cultural contexts: Findings from the Teacher Education in Sub Saharan Africa Programme (TESSA)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Freda Anamuah-Mensah", "lastName": "Wolfenden" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper offers an emerging typology for the integration and use of the TESSA Open Educational Resources in a variety of university-led primary school teacher education programmes across Sub Saharan Africa. Through 2009 over 200,000 teachers will engage with the TESSA resources. The TESSA consortium ( 13 African institutions delivering teacher education across 9 countries of Sub Saharan Africa together with 5 international organisations) has collaboratively designed and produced an extensive bank of Open Educational Resources ( OERs) to meet the need for resources to guide and grow teachers’ classroom practices in school-based modes of teacher education. The resources have been contextualization to take account of local conditions, needs and practices across the nine countries. Partner institutions are now using the resources in range of teacher education programmes. We suggest that the forms of TESSA OER integration and study across the TESSA partner institutions can be grouped as; highly structured; loosely structured and guided use. Characteristics and examples of each form are described and factors which influence these forms proposed. We suggest that consideration of these factors is relevant to effective use of OERS in other work based professional learning programmes.", "proceedingsTitle": "23rd ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Maastricht, Netherlands. 7-10 June 2009", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "Masstrict, Netherlands", "date": "2009", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ou.nl/Docs/Campagnes/ICDE2009/Papers/Final_Paper_182wolfenden.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "David", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" }, { "tag": "Teaching and Learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:57Z" } }, { "key": "UX8A2BRB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/UX8A2BRB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/UX8A2BRB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tripathi", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UX8A2BRB", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Institutional Repositories, Open Educational Resources for Distance Education: A Case Study of India", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Manorama", "lastName": "Tripathi" } ], "abstractNote": "The paper surveys the efforts of the different organizations in India which have set up the institutional repositories that are accessible to all. It also surveys (through the Questionnaire and interview method) the distance learners enrolled in different programmes of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, India in order to find out their experiences regarding the availability and accessibility of educational resources. The study reveals that in the absence of an effective library support with adequate information resources to use, the distance learners lose interest and become indifferent towards their studies. The availability of open educational resources can help them to a great extent. The paper dwells upon the importance of institutional repositories, open educational resources for effective delivery of distance education in the country. It advocates that the open access to information and knowledge can enhance the quality and standard of distance education in the country to a great extent The paper surveys the efforts of the different organizations in India which have set up the institutional repositories that are accessible to all. It also surveys (through the Questionnaire and interview method) the distance learners enrolled in different programmes of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, India in order to find out their experiences regarding the availability and accessibility of educational resources.", "proceedingsTitle": "23rd ICDE World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Maastricht, Netherlands. 7-10 June 2009", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "Masstrict, Netherlands", "date": "2009", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ou.nl/Docs/Campagnes/ICDE2009/Papers/Final_Paper_055Tripathi.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0003", "rights": "Nathan", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Relevance 3" }, { "tag": "Small case study" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:56Z" } }, { "key": "UV9ZXB89", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/UV9ZXB89", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/UV9ZXB89", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meiszner", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UV9ZXB89", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Why and How of Open Education - With lessons from the openSE and openED Projects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreas", "lastName": "Meiszner" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2011", "publisher": "UNU-MERIT | CCG", "place": "The Netherlands", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "95", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.scribd.com/doc/53332611/The-Why-and-How-of-Open-Education-With-lessons-from-the-openSE-and-openED-Projects", "accessDate": "2011-04-27T02:42:16Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "Mark", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Practices" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" }, { "tag": "Teaching and Learning" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:55Z" } }, { "key": "UHQM8UIJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 44064, "name": "OER in Australia", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/44064/items/UHQM8UIJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/oer_in_australia/items/UHQM8UIJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 596482, "username": "OER_in_Australia", "name": "Carina Bossu", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oer_in_australia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 428160, "username": "tbays1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbays1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Caswell et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UHQM8UIJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Open educational resources: Enabling universal education", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Caswell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Henson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Jensen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Wiley" } ], "abstractNote": "The role of distance education is shifting. Traditionally distance education was limited in the number of people served because of production, reproduction, and distribution costs. Today, while it still costs the university time and money to produce a course, technology has made it such that reproduction costs are almost non-existent. This shift has significant implications, and allows distance educators to play an important role in the fulfillment of the promise of the right to universal education. At little or no cost, universities can make their content available to millions. This content has the potential to substantially improve the quality of life of learners around the world. New distance education technologies, such as OpenCourseWares, act as enablers to achieving the universal right to education. These technologies, and the associated changes in the cost of providing access to education, change distance education's role from one of classroom alternative to one of social transformer.", "publicationTitle": "International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-4", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/469/1001", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0073", "rights": "Debbie", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Barriers" }, { "tag": "Benefits" }, { "tag": "Relevance 2" }, { "tag": "Sustainability" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-27T06:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-12T17:30:54Z" } } ]