[ { "key": "29J97SVW", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 433293, "name": "Topics in Biology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/topics_in_biology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/433293/items/29J97SVW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/topics_in_biology/items/29J97SVW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2620444, "username": "sophiergs", "name": "Sophie Gabel-Scheinbaum", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sophiergs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bookbinder et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "29J97SVW", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ecotourism's Support of Biodiversity Conservation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marnie P.", "lastName": "Bookbinder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Dinerstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arun", "lastName": "Rijal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hank", "lastName": "Cauley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arup", "lastName": "Rajouria" } ], "abstractNote": "Ecotourism is often viewed as effective for promoting the conservation of endangered species and habitats in developing countries. By creating economic incentives for impoverished villagers or their communities, ecotourism is thought to encourage local guardianship of biological resources. To assess ecotourism's effect on the income of villagers living near Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, one of the most heavily visited parks in Asia, we randomly surveyed 996 households in 7 of the 36 Village Development Committees adjacent to the park. Despite a 1994 visitation rate exceeding 60,000 tourists--most from industrial nations--the economic impact of ecotourism on household income was minimal and limited to villages closest to the main park's entrance. Of the estimated 87,000 working-age people living near the park, less than 1100 were employed directly by the ecotourism industry. Only 6% of the surveyed households earned income directly or indirectly from ecotourism; the average annual salary of these households from ecotourism was 600. Ecotourism in Royal Chitwan National Park, as it is currently structured, provides little employment potential, has a marginal effect on household income, and offers few benefits for local people. Thus, it is not a panacea for long-term biodiversity conservation in this case. New policy changes, coupled with alternative approaches to the privately owned ecotourism industry, however, have the potential to redirect an appreciable amount of revenue to local development and strengthen local guardianship of endangered species and habitats. We urge that conservation biologists working in other areas ensure that well-defined mechanisms for profit sharing with local communities are in place before advocating ecotourism development. Where ecotourism programs already exist without such profit-sharing mechanisms, we urge conservationists to press for legislation that permits a percentage of profits to be spent on local community development.", "publicationTitle": "Conservation Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "12", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1399-1404", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Conservation Biology", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2989859", "accessDate": "2015-11-29T20:45:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0888-8892", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-29T20:45:13Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-29T20:45:13Z" } }, { "key": "HBW645TJ", "version": 12, "library": { "type": 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2620444, "username": "sophiergs", "name": "Sophie Gabel-Scheinbaum", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sophiergs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hunt et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-03-16", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "T9QD7CS6", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Can ecotourism deliver real economic, social, and environmental benefits? A study of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carter A.", "lastName": "Hunt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William H.", "lastName": "Durham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Driscoll" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martha", "lastName": "Honey" } ], "abstractNote": "Doubt persists about ecotourism's ability to make tangible contributions to conservation and deliver benefits for host communities. This work in Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula tests the hypothesis that ecotourism in this region is more effective at improving well-being for local residents, at enhancing their access to key resources and information, and at supporting biodiversity conservation than other locally available economic sectors. Data from 128 semi-structured interviews with local workers, both in ecotourism and in other occupations, together with associated research, indicate that ecotourism offers the best currently available employment opportunities, double the earnings of other livelihoods, and other linked benefits. Locally, ecotourism is viewed as the activity contributing most to improvements in residents’ quality of life in the Osa Peninsula and to increased levels of financial and attitudinal support for parks and environmental conservation. Ecolodge ownership by local people is substantial, and many local ecotourism workers plan to launch their own businesses. The data offer a convincing rebuttal to arguments that ecotourism does little to address poverty or disparities in access to resources and equally rebuts claims that ecotourism is simply a part of the “neoliberal conservation toolkit” that cannot help but exacerbate the very inequalities it purports to address.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Sustainable Tourism", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 16, 2015", "volume": "23", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "339-357", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/09669582.2014.965176", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.965176", "accessDate": "2015-11-29T20:43:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0966-9582", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Can ecotourism deliver real economic, social, and environmental benefits?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", 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Gabel-Scheinbaum", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sophiergs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "F8UMC2MT", "version": 11, "parentItem": "KMW8KCF3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-11-29T20:43:46Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320713001419", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-29T20:43:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-29T20:43:46Z" } }, { "key": "KMW8KCF3", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 433293, "name": "Topics in Biology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/topics_in_biology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/433293/items/KMW8KCF3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/topics_in_biology/items/KMW8KCF3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2620444, "username": "sophiergs", "name": "Sophie Gabel-Scheinbaum", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sophiergs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhou et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "KMW8KCF3", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Balancing the benefits of ecotourism and development: The effects of visitor trail-use on mammals in a Protected Area in rapidly developing China", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Youbing", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christina D.", "lastName": "Buesching" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Newman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yayoi", "lastName": "Kaneko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zongqiang", "lastName": "Xie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David W.", "lastName": "Macdonald" } ], "abstractNote": "Despite economic benefits, particularly in developing countries, ecotourism can have unintended negative consequences for wildlife conservation in protected areas (PAs). We report the effects of tourist Trail-Type and -Use on the incidence of mammal fieldsigns in a PA in central China. Surveys conducted adjacent to five categories of trail-type and fieldsigns were scored for three duplicates of four 0.5 km transects (=60 transects). Higher Trail Use along more major Trail Types were associated with significantly fewer fieldsigns along transects close to trails, compared with more distant transects. Fieldsign scores along transects adjacent to less used, unpaved trails were far less affected. In multiple-regression models, species and guilds exhibited different fieldsign score responses to Trail Type and Use. In general, a paucity of larger mammal (>15 kg) fieldsigns was associated primarily with greater Trail Use, whereas fieldsign scores for smaller mammals were associated more strongly with human-modified forest types. 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