Findings of public opinion polls and surveys conducted for the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (hereinafter referred to as the National Crime Commission) suggest widespread belief that crime is increasing and has become a major problem. The crimes that people fear most are attacks on the person by a stranger, the least frequent occurrences. Fear of crime is unrelated to personal experience but provokes people to change their daily habits in order to assure safety. A majority attributes crime increases to breakdown in morals and inadequate training of young people but would rely on strict law enforcement to reduce crime. A substantial proportion also recommends improved social conditions. The recommendation for stern treatment of offenders when a general question is posed is tempered by a concern for individual rights and a tendency to be lenient in a concrete case. Reliance on law-enforcement officials rather than citizen action extends to a denial of responsibility in reporting criminal incidents to police.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 01, 1967", "volume": "374", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "34-46", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1037191", "accessDate": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-7162", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Combating Crime / Full publication date: Nov., 1967 / Copyright © 1967 American Academy of Political and Social Science", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z" } }, { "key": "EDMXSWK9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/EDMXSWK9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/EDMXSWK9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/CPTI9MPG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "EDMXSWK9", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CPTI9MPG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.mutex.gmu.edu/stable/pdfplus/1037191.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T11:42:20Z" } }, { "key": "BDB38ZQ7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/BDB38ZQ7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/BDB38ZQ7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 212550, "username": "jamesrmoon3", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jamesrmoon3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BDB38ZQ7", "version": 1, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "More Black Men Now in Prison System than Were Enslaved", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.alternet.org/rights/150465/more_black_men_now_in_prison_system_than_were_enslaved?page=entire", "accessDate": "2011-04-11", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:49:40Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:49:40Z" } }, { "key": "57695AUU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/57695AUU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/57695AUU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 212550, "username": "jamesrmoon3", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jamesrmoon3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "57695AUU", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "Black Youth Project Survey", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "type": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:48:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:48:57Z" } }, { "key": "BIZVI9U5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/BIZVI9U5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/BIZVI9U5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Caplow and Simon", "parsedDate": "1999-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BIZVI9U5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding Prison Policy and Population Trends", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Theodore", "lastName": "Caplow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Simon" } ], "abstractNote": "
American incarceration numbers increased fivefold between 1973 and 1997. Changes in penal policies and practices, not changes in crime rates, are the primary explanation, but there is disagreement about the causes of penal policy changes. Two prevalent explanations are that rising crime rates led to public demand for harsher policies and that politicians used crime policy to exacerbate public fears and win electoral favor. Both have merit but either is too simple. More likely the causes are some combination of crime policy's broad public appeal in an era of fractionated politics, unintended consequences of the war on drugs, and the increased reflexivity of the justice system that, with improved accountability and efficiency, becomes a major source of demand for its penal services.", "publicationTitle": "Crime and Justice", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 01, 1999", "volume": "26", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "63-120", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147684", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T21:13:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0192-3234", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Prisons / Full publication date: 1999 / Copyright © 1999 The University of Chicago Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "74B9IFAJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/74B9IFAJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/74B9IFAJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Free", "parsedDate": "1997-11-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "74B9IFAJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marvin D.", "lastName": "Free" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Black Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 01, 1997", "volume": "28", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "268-286", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784855", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:32:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9347", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Nov., 1997 / Copyright © 1997 Sage Publications, Inc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "9NCID6XN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/9NCID6XN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/9NCID6XN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Alschuler", "parsedDate": "2003-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9NCID6XN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Changing Purposes of Criminal Punishment: A Retrospective on the past Century and Some Thoughts about the Next", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Albert W.", "lastName": "Alschuler" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The University of Chicago Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 01, 2003", "volume": "70", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-22", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/1600541", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1600541", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:29:14Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0041-9494", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Changing Purposes of Criminal Punishment", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Centennial Tribute Essays / Full publication date: Winter, 2003 / Copyright © 2003 The University of Chicago Law Review", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "P2H9QGFS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/P2H9QGFS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/P2H9QGFS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mathiesen", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P2H9QGFS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Selective Incapacitation Revisited", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Mathiesen" } ], "abstractNote": "
The term \"incapacitation\" is an important criminological concept that implies that the offender's capacity to commit new crimes is to be concretely obstructed or reduced through confinement. The purpose of selective incapacitation is to \"select\" those particularly prone to violence and to incapacitate them. The paper presents a critical analysis of the risk prediction enterprise. The paper addresses the accuracy of prediction, the ethics of prediction, and in particular the research culture within which research on prediction occurs.", "publicationTitle": "Law and Human Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "22", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "455-469", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1394595", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:20:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0147-7307", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Aug., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Springer", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "5R3XTXRF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/5R3XTXRF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/5R3XTXRF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zielbauer", "parsedDate": "2003-09-28", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5R3XTXRF", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Rethinking The Key Thrown Away; As Ashcroft Cracks Down, States Cut Prison Terms", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul Von", "lastName": "Zielbauer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003-09-28", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "N.Y. / Region", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A1EFF3B590C7B8EDDA00894DB404482", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T21:29:56Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ASHCROFT, JOHN", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CRIME AND CRIMINALS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "JUSTICE DEPARTMENT", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LAW AND LEGISLATION", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SENTENCES (CRIMINAL)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "STATES (US)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "DQ4IWKJ5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/DQ4IWKJ5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/DQ4IWKJ5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schwartz", "parsedDate": "1977-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DQ4IWKJ5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws: Issues, Tactics and Prospects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louis B.", "lastName": "Schwartz" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Duke Law Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 01, 1977", "volume": "1977", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "171-230", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/1371904", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1371904", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:27:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0012-7086", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 1977 / Copyright © 1977 Duke University School of Law", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "V5JJ3UEG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/V5JJ3UEG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/V5JJ3UEG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lowenthal", "parsedDate": "1993-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V5JJ3UEG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mandatory Sentencing Laws: Undermining the Effectiveness of Determinate Sentencing Reform", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary T.", "lastName": "Lowenthal" } ], "abstractNote": "
Recent years have seen significant changes in sentencing law: determinate sentencing schemes and mandatory enhanced sentences have largely displaced discretionary sentencing regimes operating within broad sentencing constraints. Commentators have variously lamented and applauded the advent of both determinate sentencing and mandatory penalties, yet the interaction of these two innovations has been left largely unexamined. Professor Lowenthal provides an analysis of the perverse consequences that ensue when sentencing, guidelines are paired with mandatory sentencing: the very consistency and proportionality that these changes were supposed to engender can be undercut when the two sentencing approaches are combined. Mandatory sentencing emphasizes a single aggravating factor, contrary to determinate sentencing, which directs judges to a whole complex of factors. Mandatory sentencing also is applied unevenly, with those exercising their right to trial often receiving harsher penalties. Thus, a factor that should not be detrimental under determinate sentencing, such as exercising one's constitutional right to trial, is detrimental under mandatory sentencing. In sum, the goals of determinate sentencing-consistent punishment for like crimes and proportional punishment for different crimes-are greatly undermined by mandatory sentencing. Professor Lowenthal concludes by arguing for legislative changes to ameliorate the harsh and undesired effects of mandatory sentencing measures.", "publicationTitle": "California Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 01, 1993", "volume": "81", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "61-123", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/3480784", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3480784", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:33:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0008-1221", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Mandatory Sentencing Laws", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jan., 1993 / Copyright © 1993 California Law Review, Inc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "3WCQBDQZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/3WCQBDQZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/3WCQBDQZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nicholson-Crotty and Meier", "parsedDate": "2003-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3WCQBDQZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Federal Criminal Justice Sanctions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean", "lastName": "Nicholson-Crotty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth J.", "lastName": "Meier" } ], "abstractNote": "
The incarceration rate in federal penitentiaries has tripled in the past twenty-five years, marking an unprecedented incursion by the federal government into what was the near exclusive domain of sub-national jurisdictions. Numerous scholars, particularly outside the field of political science, have hypothesized about the causes of the burgeoning prison population; but few have systematically tested these propositions. Borrowing insights from organizational theory and the literature on bureaucratic politics, this article proposes a framework that incorporates the most plausible hypotheses from the literature and empirically models the environmental, structural, and political influences on the implementation of federal criminal justice sanctions. The analysis demonstrates that federal incarceration rates are largely uncorrelated with the national crime rate, but that other variables significantly affect the number of commitments, the average sentence of convicted prisoners, and the number of paroles annually. The model also reveals that the outputs of criminal justice bureaucracies are extremely autoregressive, with current sanctions determined largely by past agency behavior.", "publicationTitle": "Political Research Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 01, 2003", "volume": "56", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "119-126", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/3219891", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3219891", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T21:15:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1065-9129", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Crime and Punishment", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 2003 / Copyright © 2003 University of Utah", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "J77NTVCW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/J77NTVCW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/J77NTVCW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roberts", "parsedDate": "1992-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J77NTVCW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julian V.", "lastName": "Roberts" } ], "abstractNote": "
Research on public knowledge has found that the public knows little about crime or the criminal justice system including crime-related statistics such as crime rates, recidivism rates, and average sentences. Members of the public have little familiarity with specific laws or with their legal rights. Although some research shows that most people favor the imposition of harsher sentences on convicted offenders, more refined research reveals that the public is not more punitive than the judiciary. Research on crime seriousness reveals substantial consensus between different groups and over time. Policymakers and criminal justice professionals believe attitudes to be harsher than they are. A priority for the criminal justice system is to dispel misperceptions of crime held by the public and misperceptions of public attitudes held by professionals and policymakers.", "publicationTitle": "Crime and Justice", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 01, 1992", "volume": "16", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "99-180", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147562", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T21:16:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0192-3234", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: 1992 / Copyright © 1992 The University of Chicago Press", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "NS5XB8ND", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/NS5XB8ND", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/NS5XB8ND", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Green", "parsedDate": "2008-07-18", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NS5XB8ND", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Prison works. So why don't we admit it?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Green" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Times", "publisher": "", "place": "London", "date": "July 18, 2008", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article4353433.ece", "accessDate": "2011-04-14", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "T6NIPIQU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/T6NIPIQU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/T6NIPIQU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Skovron et al.", "parsedDate": "1988-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T6NIPIQU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Prison Crowding: Public Attitudes Toward Strategies of Population Control", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra Evans", "lastName": "Skovron" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph E.", "lastName": "Scott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis T.", "lastName": "Cullen" } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines public attitudes toward policies to reduce prison crowding. Public attitudes were assessed through telephone surveys of adult residents of two major midwestern cities: Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio. Substantial public support for community-based corrections and incentive good time was found. Prison construction received only moderate support while high levels of public disapproval were found for shortening sentences and increasing parole board authority. Probit regression analysis of the relationship between respondent characteristics and support for policies to reduce prison crowding revealed that attitudinal variables were more consistently related to public opinion than were demographic variables. The broader issue of the relationship between public attitudes and prison policy is also raised and discussed within the context of this research.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 01 , 1988", "volume": "25", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "150 -169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0022427888025002004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/25/2/150.abstract", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T22:25:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Prison Crowding", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } }, { "key": "ZQQGDIGR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 43296, "name": "813 Imprisoning Communities", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/43296/items/ZQQGDIGR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/813_imprisoning_communities/items/ZQQGDIGR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 572158, "username": "mprice11", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mprice11", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tonry", "parsedDate": "2005-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZQQGDIGR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Obsolescence and Immanence in Penal Theory and Policy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Tonry" } ], "abstractNote": "
To be useful, theories of punishment must speak to the issues of their times. Predominant modern theories centering on desert and proportionality took shape in the 1970s when they spoke to concerns about racial disparities, procedural unfairness, and beliefs in the ineffectiveness and injustice of rehabilitative programs. None of those concerns continues to galvanize policymakers, practitioners, or the general public. Punishment theories are stuck in the 1970s, speaking still to 1970s issues and unable satisfactorily to address contemporary developments such as burgeoning interest in restorative and community justice, renewed faith in the effectiveness and appropriateness of rehabilitation, and proliferation of drug and other courts aimed at changing offenders. Punishment theories sometimes influence policymakers, and often they clarify understanding of the implications of policy choices. Consequently, there is a need for the development of new theoretical frameworks that can speak to the issues and temper of these times.", "publicationTitle": "Columbia Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 01, 2005", "volume": "105", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1233-1275", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4099433", "accessDate": "2011-04-14T20:38:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0010-1958", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: May, 2005 / Copyright © 2005 Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-15T01:18:52Z" } } ]