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            "itemType": "note",
            "note": "<p>Questions that come up in the workshop: <br />What to do with research when there is a name change?</p>",
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        "version": 2,
        "library": {
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            "title": "Impure science: AIDS, activism, and the politics of knowledge",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Steven Gary",
                    "lastName": "Epstein"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "AIDS research in the United States has been marked by a sustained lay invasion of the domain of scientific fact-making. This case study in the sociology of scientific knowledge argues that the construction of credible biomedical knowledge about AIDS cannot be understood apart from a consideration of the roles played by activists, the media, and other lay actors in asserting and assessing knowledge claims. Drawing upon the work of Bourdieu, Latour, Foucault, and others, this study contributes to a theorization of how credibility is established and challenged in knowledge controversies. The analysis shows how certainty is constructed in biomedicine; how knowledge emerges from \"credibility struggles\" within a relational field: and how the unusual politicization of AIDS has altered the conduct and resolution of scientific debates.                 The first half of this study traces research into the etiology of AIDS, analyzing the controversy between mainstream and dissident positions on the question of causation. The second half explores the development of antiviral treatments, focusing on the role of activists in transforming the methodologies of clinical trials and the implications of these interventions for the construction of certainty about drug efficacy. Main sources of data include scientific publications, the mass media, the gay and lesbian press, and treatment activist publications, supplemented by interviews.                 The study finds: (1) that the locus of scientific knowledge-production in the controversies about AIDS causation and treatment is a field with considerably larger dimensions and more porous perimeters than has traditionally been conceptualized in analyses of science; (2) that the resolution of these controversies depends on the varied capacities of diverse actors to establish their credibility vis-a-vis specific audiences; and (3) that the \"AIDS movement\" has transformed the conduct of biomedical research precisely through its ability to garner different forms of credibility. The implication of this study is that the sociological investigation of contemporary controversies in biomedicine (or other politicized encounters between experts and lay publics) must consider not only the work of scientists, but also the interventions of mass movements, professional groups, and the mainstream and alternative media in order to understand the constitution of knowledge.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of California, Berkeley",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1993",
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                    "tag": "Immune deficiency"
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                {
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                    "tag": "Sociology"
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        "version": 2,
        "library": {
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            "title": "A methodological study of a nonlinear stochastic model of the AIDS epidemic in Philadelphia",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Candace Kim",
                    "lastName": "Sleeman"
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            "abstractNote": "A nonlinear stochastic model with heterogeneous risk behavior and recruitment is fitted to Philadelphia public health data adjusted for delays in reporting. Nonlinear difference equations embedded in a stochastic population process are used in computer intensive searches through the parameter space of time homogeneous factor and level combinations to fit projections for cumulative new AIDS cases to data for whites and blacks. Time inhomogeneous factors are applied in efforts to improve the fits and compute confidence bounds for the projections by Monte Carlo simulation, which measures central tendency for the random functions of the process. The model partitions the population into the risk categories of homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual male, and prostitute or nonprostitute female. Each is further partitioned by intravenous or non-intravenous drug use, a low or high level of needle sharing and sexual contact, and state of HIV disease. The epidemics are seeded by high risk homosexual and bisexual males with recruitment of susceptibles based on census and behavioral data. The Philadelphia public health data covers 1981 to 1992 with a sharp upturn in AIDS cases in 1987 corresponding to a change in the definition of AIDS. The various combinations of factors providing good fits to the data for individual risk categories suggest that several different epidemics exist. Further, for white and black male homosexual/bisexual non-intravenous drug users, the largest data risk categories, the better fitting confidence bounds are achieved with the probabilities of infection per sexual contact decreasing over time. This could suggest an increased awareness of HIV transmission and the use of condoms to prevent infection. For white male homosexual/bisexual non-intravenous drug users, the fit suggests that recruits may be decreasing over time as well.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "Drexel University",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1994",
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            "numPages": "205",
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                {
                    "tag": "Pennsylvania"
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    {
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        "version": 2,
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            "creatorSummary": "Wallace",
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        "data": {
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            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "AIDS/HIV infection prevention interventions: The experiences and perceptions of gay Black men",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Charles Edward",
                    "lastName": "Wallace"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences and perceptions gay Black men have had with AIDS/HIV infection prevention interventions, as well as the social structure of the gay Black community. This study sought to learn what meaning the AIDS/HIV epidemic has for gay Black men and how this meaning influences perceptions of gayness in the Black community, perceptions about HIV, perceptions of safe sex and perceptions gay Black men have about educational materials they encounter.                 In-depth interviews were conducted with seven gay Black men, and three semi-structured focus groups were conducted with a total of twenty one men participating. One of the focus groups consisted of AIDS educators. The analysis of the transcripts included the development of categories and themes. The AIDS educators reviewed all analyzed data.                 The men demonstrated a high level of knowledge about HIV transmission. They perceived the severity of the AIDS threat, but have not personalized their vulnerability. However, there were a number of factors which perpetuate of the AIDS/HIV epidemic in the African American community. These factors include the lack of organized, culturally appropriate AIDS educational campaigns for gay Black men and the African American community in general, the lack of support networks for gay Black men, the lack of changing sexual practices, and the barriers associated with trying to change sexual behaviors. In addition, the attitudes towards relationships with persons with AIDS or those who are HIV infected are often harsh. AIDS is seen as punishment. As a result, many gay Black men are in denial about the risk of HIV infection and find themselves isolated when they are diagnosed with AIDS. Some gay Black men found AIDS to be an opportunity for change while others felt oppression.                 It is recommended that AIDS/HIV education programs for gay Black men be culturally appropriate for this population. The approach to prevention has to engage many sectors in the African American community from spiritual leaders, to community leaders, to health professionals. The complexity of the gay Black community will require that education and prevention activities be done in a variety of settings and should always protect confidentiality.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "The University of Texas at Austin",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1998",
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            "numPages": "195",
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            "extra": "9838152",
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                    "tag": "0384:Behaviorial sciences"
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "0680:Health education"
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                {
                    "tag": "African Americans"
                },
                {
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Black men"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Education"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gay"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health Education"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health and environmental sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Hiv infection prevention"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Immune deficiency"
                },
                {
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    {
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        "version": 2,
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            "creatorSummary": "Serlin",
            "parsedDate": "1999",
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        "data": {
            "key": "3P8PVEX4",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Built for living: Imagining the American body through medical science, 1945-1965",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David Harley",
                    "lastName": "Serlin"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Since World War II, surgeons, prostheticists, endocrinologists, and pharmacologists have imagined an American body not through evolution, selective breeding or physical correction but through technological transformation. Built for Living  is a set of five interconnected--though perfectly self-contained--historical case studies that reveal the ideological mechanisms through which postwar American society culturally constructed and technologically constituted the human body. In the affluent, post-scarcity consumer culture of the Cold War period, American women and men invested themselves in medical technologies to engage with the powerful narratives of self-improvement, upward mobility, social conformity, and sexual normativity through scientific intervention.                 Chapter One introduces the concept of the \"imagined body\" in postwar medicine and American culture by examining visual representations of bodies featured in televised surgery, live-action documentaries, and early forms of telemedicine from the late 1940s through the end of the 1950s. Chapter Two focuses on innovations within the biomedical specialty of prosthetics in the mid-1950s. Designers such as Henry Dreyfus, and mathematicians such as Norbert Wiener, helped to develop new electro-mechanical prosthetic limbs that depended largely upon cultural expectations for how to rehabilitate and normalize the traumatized male body. Chapter Three probes the case history of the \"Hiroshima Maidens,\" the 25 young Japanese women whose faces and bodies were reconstructed by American plastic surgeons in 1955. Private archival sources and public accounts of the Maidens illuminate the cultural implications of performing surgery on non-Western bodies in the era of reinventing the American self. Chapter Four analyzes how endocrinology imagined the body through hormone therapy. Using new synthesized steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen, and cortisone), consumers like singer Gladys Bentley imputed powerful cultural values to hormones in order to regulate anti-social pathologies putatively linked to hormonal imbalances. Finally, Chapter Five examines the surgical and chemical transformation of Christine Jorgensen, the first internationally-recognized male-to-female transgender personality. Although Jorgensen was ultimately reviled by a homophobic public culture, Jorgensen was in fact heralded initially as the ultimate \"medical miracle\" whose physical conversion in 1952 made manifest postwar medical science's reinterpretation of the American body.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "New York University",
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "American studies"
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                {
                    "tag": "Body"
                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Imagining"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Medical science"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Science history"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Social sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Surgery"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Technological transformation"
                }
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    {
        "key": "KXTJ54EM",
        "version": 2,
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            "creatorSummary": "Li",
            "parsedDate": "2003",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Comparative Investigation of the Genetic Diversity between C.a. Gibelio and C.a.Auratus",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Chuan Yin",
                    "lastName": "Li"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "The silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibeIio Bloch, triploidy) from northern China is well known for its gynogenesis and its bisexual population. Surprisingly it might as well have gonochoristic reproduction when inseminated by homologous sperm. But there still has no experimental proof for it. Owing to its identical morphology with Carassius auratus auratus (diploidy) and its specifIc genetic background, the genetic relationship between triploid and diploid from the same places may be the key to investigate the origin of Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch and its specifIc reproductive mode.  By comparing several levels of polymorphism between wildly diploid individuals and wild triploidies amplifIed by primers from CDS sequences. gene sequences and microsatellite loci, we found there were no difference between C. a. gibelio and Carassius auratus auratus in low po1ymorphic loci. In moderately diverse loci, such as some microsatellites, the wild triploidies and the wild diploidies shared the same band patterns or .genotypes; while in highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, both shared the vast majority of the DNA fragments and some of the band patterns. The individuals of the triploid and the diploid overlapped in the phylogenetic tree and formed many small clusters by the UPGMA analysis of SSLP band-patterns. Prom the band patterns and their phylogenetic tree, we know that the triploid have as much diversity as the diploid, which showed C. a. gibelio didn't at all appear to be the typical characteristics of pure clones. The single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) of mtDNA D-loop region showed the same phenomenon between the triploid and the diploid, too'  The very special polymorphic information helped us construct the reproductive relationship model and evolutionary model between and among the triploid and diploid. The model showed C. a. gibelio Bloch originated from the diploid in certain environment such as cold and evolved the ability of anoxia tolerance in ice-covered water through intraspecif1c polyploidization. The triploid might evolve from the extant diploid in certain circumstances or have gene exchanges with the diploid. Once the triploid formed, two kinds of reproductive modes existed in them: gynogenesis and gonochoristic reproduction. It's the gonochoristic reproduction that directly resulted in the male triploid individuals and clonal diversity. From the very close genetic relationship of both and the functional diploidization of the triploid' we postulated that the tripl0id males might be stil1 determined by XY sexual mechanism as the diploid do. Half of the probability of homologous pronucleus fusion might be the ratio of the triploidy male production.",
            "thesisType": "M.S.",
            "university": "Northeast Agricultural University  (People's Republic of China)",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2003",
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            "language": "ZH",
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            "extra": "H094171",
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                {
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            "version": 2,
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            "title": "Perceived barriers to physical activity among adult lesbians",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Danielle R",
                    "lastName": "Brittain"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Adult lesbians are not sufficiently active to achieve health benefits. Therefore, the overall objective of the dissertation was to identify perceived general and lesbian-specific barriers to participation in physical activity among adult lesbians. Study one identified perceived general and lesbian-specific barriers to participation in physical activity among adult lesbians through the use of focus groups. The purpose of study two was to assess the relationship between barrier presence, barrier limitation, and connection with the lesbian community among adult lesbians.                 In the first study, four focus groups of 21 adult lesbians aged 22-61 years provided information on the types of barriers perceived to hinder lesbians from participating in physical activity. A five-level ecological model guided the focus group discussions. Twenty-six general and 14 lesbian-specific barriers were identified and included on the barriers survey for the second study. Participants in study two were 883 adult lesbians, aged 18-75 years, who completed a web-based survey. Measures of demographics, barrier presence, barrier limitation (i.e., the degree to which a barrier inhibited participation in physical activity), and connection with the lesbian community were obtained. Frequencies for barrier presence and means for barrier limitation for all 40 barriers revealed the participants experienced many general barriers similar to other populations of women as well as a number of barriers unique to being a lesbian. Chi-square analyses revealed low connection with the lesbian community was related to higher barrier presence for the lesbian-specific barriers. However, analyses of variance indicated a lack of significant relationships between lesbian-specific barrier limitations and connection with the lesbian community.                 In conclusion, for general barriers identified both in this study and in research with other groups of women, intervention strategies already proven to be effective, such as increasing confidence to be active, should be implemented to increase participation in physical activity among lesbians. However, for barriers that are unique to being a lesbian, effective health promotion strategies will need to go beyond the individual to address cultural norms and public policies regarding acceptance of homosexuality and gender differences.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "Kansas State University",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2005",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "173",
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                    "tag": "0573:Public health"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Behaviorial sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gays & lesbians"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health and environmental sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "LESBIANS"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "PHYSICAL fitness"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Perceptions"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Physical activity"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Public health"
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                {
                    "tag": "Social psychology"
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            "title": "Why (m)other? An exploration of choice etiology for nonbiological lesbian moms",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jean",
                    "lastName": "Price"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "This dissertation explored the phenomenological identity of  mother  from the perspective of the lesbian coparent using female developmental and social construction theory from a feminist viewpoint as its theoretical base. Previous research on lesbian family life has indicated that lesbian households are extremely varied in structure although overall there appears to be an egalitarian base to their structures that have produced psychologically healthy and well-adjusted children. An important gap in the current literature regards the etiology of and the criteria used by the nonbiological mom in her decision to parent given her invisible status in society from a legal and social perspective. Eight women aged 25 to 60 who self-identified as lesbian coparents were interviewed to elucidate (a) the meaning of   mother  given the lack of societal support for their family structure, and (b) the criteria they utilized in coming to the decision to mother. Gilligan's justice/care paradigm was used to identify the underlying factors of the participants' decision-making processes using a reading guide adapted from her group's research. Results revealed that all the women used the caring perspective to confront the lack of justice in our patriarchal society. This created a passive resistance to their oppression by society. These results make an important contribution to the existing literature and can enhance social change initiatives through the creation of an egalitarian family structure that challenges the current patriarchal model of society and serves as a role model for future family systems including those of the heterosexual majority and has the potential to equalize the power system in the entire society instead of it resting in the hands of a few in a hierarchal fashion.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "Walden University",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2007",
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            "numPages": "156",
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                {
                    "tag": "Behaviorial sciences"
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                    "tag": "Choice etiology"
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                    "tag": "Lesbian"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Mothers"
                },
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                {
                    "tag": "Social psychology"
                },
                {
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            "title": "\"In fine, you'l apprehend it better when you see it\": Satires of science on the Restoration and eighteenth-century stage",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Al",
                    "lastName": "Coppola"
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            "abstractNote": "The line that I take for my title, spoken by Bayes in the Duke of Buckingham's  The Rehearsal  (1671/5), encapsulates the enthusiasm, hope and fear of a society transformed by its attention to what Thomas Sprat, in the Royal Society's first manifesto, called \"things themselves\"--the new focus of the New Science. My project centers on the familiar but little-studied satiric figure of the \"virtuoso,\" the gentleman scientist who appears in plays throughout this period and serves as a lightning rod for a host of cultural anxieties. Satires of the virtuoso, I argue, are always talking about something else: the politics of the moment, the proper ordering of sexual and domestic roles, the dangers of irrational spectatorship, or the allure of allegedly useful \"projects.\" My study probes the complex role played by natural philosophy in a culture that by was being transformed by the emergence of mass entertainment, popular science, incipient capitalism, and party politics. As the virtuoso natural philosophy of the Restoration gave way to the Newtonian \"public science\" of mid-century, theatrical satires of science focused attention on the political and economic appropriations of natural philosophy, but above all made visible the vexed role that spectacle played in the manufacture and dissemination of scientific truth. With chapters that analyze Thomas Shadwell's   The Virtuoso  (1676) and Thomas Durfey's Madam Fickle  (1677); Aphra Behn's The Emperor of The Moon  (1687), Nehemiah Grew's Musaeum Regalis Societatis  (1685) and Exclusion Crisis political spectacles; John Gay, Alexander Pope and John Arbuthnot's  Three Hours after Marriage  (1717) and Susanna Centlivre's  A Bold Stroke for a Wife  (1718); and the Harlequin Doctor Faustus  pantomimes (1723-4) and the popular Newtonian lectures, this project traces the rise and fall of virtuoso satire on stage in order to trace the far-reaching cultural effects of the seventeenth-century epistemic shift that privileged \"matters of fact,\" a reformation of natural knowledge that was intended to drive out what Francis Bacon called the Idols of the Theatre, but which only drew science and the stage into closer relation.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "Fordham University",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2008",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "287",
            "DOI": "",
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            "extra": "3301434",
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                {
                    "tag": "0465:Theater"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0585:Science history"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0593:British and Irish literature"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "British and Irish literature"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Communication and the arts"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Drama"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Eighteenth century"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Language, literature and linguistics"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Natural philosophy"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Newton, Sir Isaac"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Restoration"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Royal Society"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Satires"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Science history"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Science satires"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Social sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Theater"
                }
            ],
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            "title": "The Ambiguous I: Photography, gender, self",
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                    "firstName": "Jordy",
                    "lastName": "Jones"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Ambiguity is intrinsic to, and constitutive of, the human psyche.  The Ambiguous I  looks at artists who represent themselves via photography, foreground somatic ambiguity or the crossing of gender boundaries, and create themselves as subjects in the process of making themselves visible. Using a medium that traditionally has been associated with \"truth\" they focus on shifting signifiers of a sex and gender system that is constructed as \"natural.\" Systems of classification falter and fail, and frames of reference blur with an adjustment in focal length. In not limiting the scope of this research to just intersex or transgender or even to just \"queer\" or LGBT artists, I unpack dubious and dangerous notions of purity, and challenge assumptions regarding what questions are important to which people and who does what kind of work and why. Discursive inclusion via representation matters because while social categories are largely linguistically constructed, it is actual bodies that bear the burdens and enjoy the privileges of categorical placement.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of California, Irvine",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2008",
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            "numPages": "312",
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                {
                    "tag": "Ambiguity"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Art history"
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gender"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Mass communications"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Photography"
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            "title": "Sex, drugs, and statistics: Researchers and researched in the sciences of urban marginality",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "Benjamin Brooke",
                    "lastName": "Peacock"
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            "abstractNote": "This dissertation examines how sexual and drug-use knowledge is produced through the ethnographic analysis of researchers and researched in the statistical study of HIV and Hepatitis-C risk. It foregrounds the epistemological specificity of these knowledge practices in the context of exploding research activities focused on marginal urban groups since the start of the AIDS and, more recently, Hepatitis-C epidemics. The project links an anthropology of science attentive to knowledge practices with an urban anthropology rooted in gay and lesbian/queer studies that foregrounds the subjectivity of stigmatized groups. To understand the relationships between the lived-experience and social worlds of persons and the scientific practices by and in which they are transformed into categories of risk, it takes as its specific objects homeless, queer young people and behavioral-risk epidemiologists who study them.                 This dissertation describes the ways in which research has become capillary in the daily lives of not only marginal urban people, but also in the agendas and services provided by government, service agencies, and even activist-oriented groups targeting issues of sexuality, drug use and homelessness. Homeless young queers and members of other marginal urban groups increasingly receive health care not through professional medical providers but research studies. The dissertation argues that their participation in research constitutes a form of citizenship through which the young people gain membership into, and perhaps contribute to, various collective bodies. These bodies straddle both social and 'at-risk' population bodies that include collective entities like Americans, pedestrians, consumers, citizens, San Franciscans and gay communities.                 The dissertation theorizes the role of population science in contemporary America. It argues that while disadvantaged people and populations are posited as not being able to speak for themselves, statistics is the preeminent political and scientific tool to make their bodies speak. Contemporary national and global biopolitical struggles are increasingly struggles over the  ventriloquization  of population bodies. Whoever can master this or that body can not only make powerful and transformative political claims affecting the distribution of resources: he or she also, at least for the moment, gets to set the very definition of the public good.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of California, Berkeley",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
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            "numPages": "444",
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                {
                    "tag": "Cultural anthropology"
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "HIV/AIDS"
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                {
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                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Poverty"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Public health"
                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "RESEARCH"
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                },
                {
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                {
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                {
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                },
                {
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            "title": "On the subject of masochism",
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                    "firstName": "Amber Jamilla",
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            "abstractNote": "On the Subject of Masochism  interrogates the changing meanings of masochism in late nineteenth and twentieth century psychiatric and philosophical discourses. I merge queer theory, feminist theory, and the history of psychiatry by historicizing the valorization of passivity, shame, and negativity, probing the liberal subject's naturalized desire for freedom, and uncovering relationships between gender, race, psychiatry, and theory. In tracing masochism's movement from the clinical to the critical, I argue that masochism, which originated in Austrian psychiatric literature as a pathology to describe those who desired submission, is a flexible term that describes hierarchies of power, gendered and raced relationships, and concepts of rational and irrational subjectivity. Taking Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Sigmund Freud, Frantz Fanon, Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, and Judith Butler in turn, the dissertation uses masochism as an analytic to understand their articulations of freedom, governmentality, and subjectivity. Through historicizing questions and concepts in critical theory using a methodology that I term empathetic history, the dissertation focuses on the situated and embodied nature of reading theory thereby illustrating the contingent and political nature of knowledge, theory, and science.",
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            "title": "The impact of internet social networking websites on the gay community: Behavior and identity",
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            "abstractNote": "The hypothesis of this thesis is that social networking website design can exert a mediating influence upon the culture of a site by supporting certain behaviors more than others; this influence can be analyzed in an active and structured way that takes into account the culture of the community it addresses. Evidence will be offered by case study, demonstration of specific mediations, and analysis. This hypothesis will be tested with specific reference to the gay male community.                 The scope of this paper will be limited to the analysis of gay-oriented social networking websites as new media, in general and through specific examples. I will present frameworks for categorizing and analyzing these websites that consider the mediating influences associated with site design. In the last chapter, I will propose community-enhancing design.                 The method of analysis first takes into account the nature of new media. It then discusses the concepts of cultural mediums and mediators in terms of site-wide typology and specific forms of mediation. It then identifies common elements of gay social networking sites and their associated usage as well as the design decisions that are related to them. Next user goals and site goals are correlated to these design decisions. Virtual personas and real communities are discusses as a concept. Using the proposed methodology, gay.com and other sites are analyzed and compared. Conclusions are drawn from the results of this analysis and evidence presented. The impact of social networking websites upon sexual activity is discussed. Finally, conclusions are summarized and recommendations are cited related to what these sites could be.",
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            "abstractNote": "The interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy has been a source of controversy ever since his lapse into insanity at the beginning of 1889. One aspect of his thought, in particular, has been a point of contention among scholars since the 1930s--his thought of the eternal recurrence. This is when scholars first devoted considerable attention to the difficulty of interpreting this teaching within the context of his philosophy as a whole. The works of Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, and Karl Löwith were instrumental in establishing the eternal recurrence as an important part of Nietzsche's philosophy. Among the three, Löwith's interpretation of the eternal recurrence has been most influential: for Löwith, the recurrence breaks apart into two incommensurable halves, a cosmological doctrine regarding the eternity of the world and an anthropological doctrine regarding human life. These halves contradict one another and cannot be brought together to form a coherent unity--a position largely accepted in the scholarship since Löwith's time.                 This dissertation seeks to correct this interpretation by examining Nietzsche's works, beginning with the earliest and working its way toward his final writings (the opposite of Löwith's procedure). The result is a new interpretation of the eternal recurrence that illuminates the coherence of the doctrine.                 The source of the thought lies in Nietzsche's reflection on the nature of science and its detrimental influence on life in The Birth of Tragedy  and, significantly, the \"History\" essay (1874). Nietzsche's struggle to find a life-affirming scientific position results in what he calls the \"gay science,\" which unifies science and life in the eternal recurrence. While this thought remains central in such works as  The Gay Science  and Thus Spoke Zarathustra,   it seems to fade to the background in his later works. Careful examination of these later works, however, demonstrates that Nietzsche's critiques of truth, science, and religion in the \"revaluation of all values\" are dependent on the foundation of the eternal recurrence.                 Reading Nietzsche's works chronologically not only yields an interpretation that demonstrates the coherence of the eternal recurrence, but also demonstrates the unity of his philosophy of history and philosophy of science.",
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                    "lastName": "Annetta"
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            "abstractNote": "The promise of a \"virtual reality\" in which users may immerse themselves into other worlds and other realities has been little more than that, a promise, for the past thirty or so years. While numerous projects have been produced in research settings or theme park environments, modern consumer-grade products allow us to bring the experience home. Until recently, little work has been done to combine the existing hardware tools of immersive and interactive media into a home setting where the average person, not a researcher, can explore these fantastical imaginary worlds.\nSeymour Deeply is, at its core, an immersive interactive storybook. The project uses commercial/consumer off the shelf (COTS) stereoscopic (3D Television) and gestural control (Microsoft Kinect 1.0) products to construct an immersive playspace that is not site-specific. It takes the work of virtual reality out of the lab and brings it to the living room. Its goal is to prove to those who doubt the power of stereoscopic 3D, who we term \"stereoskeptics\", that adding stereodepth to an interactive experience increases the immersion for the viewer/player and can add narrative meaning. The entire narrative of Seymour Deeply is explored as a transmedia experience, with the backstory told in comic book form and the major portion of the narrative told as a playable interactive experience.",
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            "title": "TOWARD A THEORY OF BISEXUAL GALTON-WATSON BRANCHING PROCESSES",
            "creators": [
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                    "firstName": "David Malcom",
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            "abstractNote": "The bisexual Galton-Watson branching process has been defined by D. J. Daley. He has stated necessary and sufficient conditions for extinction for two important mating functions. This paper builds upon the foundation provided by Daley's work. The process is viewed as a Markov chain {Z(,n)} with a single absorbing state where Z(,n) is the number of mating units in the nth generation. The matrix of transition probabilities of {Z(,n)} is shown to be stochastically monotone.                 Daley's definition indicates that the process has four parameters:  (i) the number of mating units in the initial generation, Z(,0); (ii) the mating function; (iii) the offspring probability vector; and (iv) the probability that an individual offspring will be male. Processes differing in only one parameter are considered. Conditions are stated for the determination of the smaller extinction probability based only on properties of the differing parameter.                 A necessary condition for extinction is given for processes governed by superadditive mating functions. An example is presented to show that this condition is not also sufficient.                 Finally, we let Q(,j) denote the probability of extinction in a process with j mating units in the initial generation. A sequence of lower bounds converging monotonically to Q(,j) is given. In those processes governed by superadditive mating functions, a sequence of upper bounds convergent to Q(,j) < 1 is stated. Terms of these two sequences then give an approximation of Q(,j).",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of Illinois at Chicago",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1982",
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            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "45",
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            "abstractNote": "This dissertation is a case study regarding the role computer-mediated communication (CMC) can play in bringing disparate individuals together to create a new type of social organization, known as a \"virtual community.\" Virtual communities are communities of association, whose geographically dispersed members share common interests and preoccupations via online discussion groups such as those found on the global Internet and USENET computer networks, commercial videotex systems, and personal computer bulletin boards.                 Virtual communities have the potential to serve as a medium for persons from a wide range of backgrounds, whose geographic place communities may not be fully meeting their needs, to reach across geographic boundaries and share information, ideas, and experiences. One such population is lesbians and gay men, who frequently face isolation and discrimination within their place communities.                 This study focusses on GayNet (gaynet@athena.mit.edu), an Internet discussion list founded to serve the needs of gay and lesbian persons on college campuses. The case study combines qualitative and computer-aided quantitative content analysis techniques, focussing on the topics, message threads, and themes constructed by 300 GayNet subscribers from 36 states and 12 countries in 2433 messages transmitted through the discussion list between December 1989, and July 1990.                 Analysis of the messages verified that GayNet is used to conduct wide-ranging discussion reflecting a variety of concerns. Five broad categories of communications content were identified. These included debate and discussion, queries and responses, announcements, original writing, and administrivia. Analysis of representative topics, including religion, bisexuality, and AIDS, and the themes of sexuality, activism, and community provided evidence that GayNet serves to disseminate information, promote activism, and provide personal support for participants.                 The growth and adoption of CMC has expanded geometrically during the past fifteen years and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. During its history, much of CMC research has focused on the use of e-mail in professional, rather than social contexts. Gaining a better understanding of the potentials and limitations of virtual communities is an important step in deriving the greatest benefit from this truly interpersonal mass medium.",
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            "university": "Indiana University",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
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            "abstractNote": "This thesis explores the way changing constructions of hepatitis B have mediated between science and policy during the past fifty years.  Research-based 'facts' were filtered in the policy arena according to social, political and economic pressures.  Central policy processes depended heavily on expert advisers, who emerged from networks of researchers.  This account draws on scientific, clinical and epidemiological research, central policy documents, and interviews with people working with or suffering from the disease.Though epidemiologically close to AIDS, hepatitis B has rarely attracted public attention: there are an estimated 100,000 carriers in the UK, but few deaths due to the acute form.  The disease was a major problem in the blood supply, and featured as a hospital infection, with notable outbreaks from 1965 in renal dialysis units.  It was seen as an occupational hazard for laboratory workers, doctors, nurses and dentists.The introduction of a test for hepatitis B around 1970 opened up opportunities for epidemiological research.  Hepatitis B was increasingly recognised as a sexually transmitted disease, widespread among gay men; also, because of needle sharing, prevalent among drug users.  Another outcome of research in the 1970s was the development of a vaccine.However, availability of a vaccine in the UK from 1982 afforded no immediate resolution of public health issues raised by hepatitis B.  The legacy of a restricted screening policy from the 1970s, emphasising prevention via hygiene precautions among health care workers, facilitated a limited vaccine policy throughout the 1980s.While discussing negotiations over hepatitis B in the past five decades, this thesis aims to contribute to a broader analysis of interactions between science and policy, between centre and regions, and between interest groups.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1995",
            "series": "",
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            "extra": "U075606",
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                {
                    "tag": "(UMI)AAIU075606"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0585:Science history"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychology--Abstracting, Bibliographies, Statistics"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Science history"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Social sciences"
                }
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            "collections": [
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            "dateModified": "2015-11-13T23:33:38Z"
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    },
    {
        "key": "UGR5ZH5M",
        "version": 2,
        "library": {
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            "name": "LGBT STEM Dissertations & Theses",
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            "creatorSummary": "Jensen",
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            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Lesbian and bisexual epiphanies: Identity deconstruction and reconstruction",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Karol L",
                    "lastName": "Jensen"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Identity development in women was examined from the perspective of its intersection with gender orientation. Through intensive interviews with 25 women who married men and later came out as lesbian or bisexual, data was gathered and analyzed to answer the question: \"What is the psychological, erotic, social process of a lesbian or bisexual woman coming out through or after a heterosexual marriage and what factors prevent her from being aware of her orientation?\"                 Through analysis of these 25 interviews, the process was clarified through which women assume they are constructing a heterosexual identity. Through whatever awareness of their own sexuality is possible in a society which limits sexual information, these women followed the cultural ideal of marriage. Subsequently, they lived through a series of life events and transitions which developed into a critical cascade of information and awareness leading to the deconstruction of their identities as heterosexual. Results of the study show that there are societal limits placed on what women are allowed to know in general, and about themselves in particular; that the limits placed on them prevent them from being aware of possible sexual and relationship outcomes; and that subtle but pervasive barriers guide them into life choices, such as marriage and heterosexuality, which may not be their own. In addition, the barriers faced by these women after they realize they have same gender attractions, such as lack of role models and negative attitudes toward lesbian women, are addressed. It was found that sex education and information is seriously constrained by patriarchal institutions and that current social constructions of sexuality are paradoxical and put lesbian and bisexual women, indeed all women, in a series of double binds.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "The Union Institute",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "1997",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "223",
            "DOI": "",
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                {
                    "tag": "0620:Developmental psychology"
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                {
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                {
                    "tag": "Developmental psychology"
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                {
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                {
                    "tag": "gender orientation"
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            "creatorSummary": "Fraser",
            "parsedDate": "2000",
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        },
        "data": {
            "key": "G84627JZ",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Women's stories of power: Exploring reclamation and subversion of heterosexual sex",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Julie Marie",
                    "lastName": "Fraser"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Recent attention has been drawn to the need to theorize heterosexuality (Hollway, 1993; Kitzinger & Wilkinson, 1993; Richardson, 1996; Segal, 1994). While the critical emphasis in gay and lesbian, and queer theory has focused on heterosexuality as a normative/foundational identity, radical feminist theory has targeted heterosexuality for its embeddedness in a gender system that disempowers and subordinates women (Jeffreys, 1990; Kitzinger & Wilkinson, 1994; MacKinnon, 1987). Given the problematic nature of heterosexuality from this vantage point, heterosexuality has at times been painted as a \"political anathema\" for feminists (Kitzinger & Wilkinson, 1994). However, heterosexual feminists and other women have also begun drawing attention to the ways in which their personal experience of heterosexual sex (heterosex) is not consistent with the picture of heterosexuality offered in feminist systemic critique. In the theoretical literature, a call has gone out for research that examines heterosexuality at the level of experience and practice, in addition to critiquing it as identity and institution (Jackson, 1996). In answer to this, the following study used a feminist emancipatory praxis (Lather, 1991 a) to engage sixteen women in dialogue, via in-depth, open-ended interviews, regarding the operation of power and heterosex in their lives. Emphasis was placed on feeling powerful in sex with men and the potential for subverting heterosexuality. Interview transcripts were subjected to a grounded theory analysis in order to extract common themes and ultimately a theory of power for these women. The resulting themes revealed a split between personal and social power. The notion of personal power was invoked as participants considered their intimate relations with specific men and included such constructs as control, choice, desire, seduction, and pleasure. The theme of social power emerged as participants dealt with the ways in which larger social forces, including men as a group or society as a whole, affect their lives, seeking to impose specific gender roles, sexual scripts and meanings that are disempowering for women. A third theme revealed participants' struggles with the often contradictory worlds of personal and social power, including how their conceptions of power and sex have changed with experience, and the role of resistance in their personal politic. The theory of power that emerged out of these themes was noted for its functional and tactical significance, that is, participants' attempts to retain personal power and resistance alongside the possibility for broader social change. Consideration was given to the rhetorical positions underlying the personal and social power themes, specifically, the reliance on particular discursive constructions of the self that were both essentialist and constructivist. Discussion focused on how feminist theorizing of heterosex might benefit from an acceptance of the contradiction in women's lived experience as a space for critical engagement. The ramifications of this for feminist pedagogy were also considered. Finally, thought was given to the ways in which one could usefully consider heterosex as subvertible through the experiences offered by participants. Attention was drawn to the need for new ways of speaking about and scripting heterosex in ways that better reflect experience at the level of the personal.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of Windsor (Canada)",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2000",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "243",
            "DOI": "",
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            "citationKey": "",
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            "extra": "NQ52422",
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "0451:Social psychology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0453:Womens studies"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Behaviorial sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gay"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Heterosexual"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "LESBIANS"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Power"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Reclamation"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Social psychology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Social sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Subversion"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Women"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Womens studies"
                }
            ],
            "collections": [
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            "title": "An investigation of hostility as a moderator in a cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention for HIV-seropositive gay men",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Tammy Enos",
                    "lastName": "Sifre"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Previous research has found cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) interventions with HIV+ gay men to be associated with positive changes in measures of emotional distress and immune parameters. A separate body of literature has implicated trait hostility as a risk factor for negative health outcomes. In an attempt to integrate these findings, this study examined the moderating effects of hostility in a 10-week CBSM intervention for a sample of 46 HIV+ gay men. CBSM participants were predicted to show reductions in angry mood, perceived stress, dysfunctional beliefs, number of physical symptoms, antibody titers to EBV-VCA and increases in self-reported social support. It was hypothesized that men with higher hostility scores would benefit more from CBSM than men with lower hostility scores. Results found that CBSM participants reported less dysfunctional beliefs related to the way they respond to irritating situations, decreased anger and increased perceptions of social support related to reliable alliance. Contrary to predictions, hostile men did not seem to benefit more from the intervention. Limitations of this study and suggestions for improved data collection and protocol adherence are discussed.",
            "thesisType": "Ph.D.",
            "university": "University of Miami",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2001",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "113",
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                },
                {
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                },
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                    "tag": "Cognitive-behavioral"
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                {
                    "tag": "Gay"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "HIV-seropositive"
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                {
                    "tag": "Hostility"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Immune deficiency"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Intervention"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "MEN"
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                    "tag": "Personality"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychology"
                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Stress management"
                }
            ],
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            "creatorSummary": "Toohey",
            "parsedDate": "2002",
            "numChildren": 5
        },
        "data": {
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            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Behavioral, cognitive, and affective characteristics of HIV+ gay men who practice unprotected anal intercourse",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Michael Joseph",
                    "lastName": "Toohey"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "This study focused on seropositive gay men's role in preventing the spread of HIV. Twenty-eight participants described their thoughts, feelings, and circumstances surrounding unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). These men were sexually active, having sex many times with the same partner, or having sex one time with many different partners. Three-fourths did not know their partners' HIV status; two thirds considered UAI as barebacking; three-fourths worried about infecting someone else.                 The role of the infected is explored. HIV+ men may not fully appreciate the role they play in stopping the spread of the virus. They worried about infecting others, but did not appear to talk about HIV prior to having UAI. Men stated shared responsibility for using condoms, but the importance of pleasing a partner and sex partners' preference influenced men's choices about UAI. Coupled men discussed sex outside the relationship and the potential impact on partners' lives.                 Men evaluated the role they played in becoming infected and how alcohol/drug use, depression, and low self-esteem impacted their decision to have UAI. Men had mixed feelings about UAI; it made them feel intimate and connected, as well as anxious, hollow, and weak. Loneliness and desire for connection appear to make some men prone to having UAI. Facilitating an understanding of the self and identifying how denial and drug use resulted in infection may begin to empower HIV+ men about to care for the members of their community by supporting sex partners when they find it difficult to use condoms.                 Support groups may serve to increase awareness of different paths to infection and long-term implications of testing positive. Men have a desire to be connected and feel intimate with others. Bringing men of serodiscordant statuses together may build intimacy that goes beyond sexual contact. Hearing the stories of men affected or infected by HIV may strengthen the resolve to have sex with condoms. It may help men realize that pleasing their partner in the long run by insisting on condom use is a healthier way to care for someone than pleasing their partner in the moment.",
            "thesisType": "Psy.D.",
            "university": "Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2002",
            "series": "",
            "seriesNumber": "",
            "numPages": "45",
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            "archiveLocation": "305496855",
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            "extra": "3053020",
            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "0384:Behaviorial sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0573:Public health"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "0622:Psychotherapy"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Affective"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Anal intercourse"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Behavioral"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Behaviorial sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Cognitive"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gay"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gays & lesbians"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "HIV-positive"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Health and environmental sciences"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Human immunodeficiency virus--HIV"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Immune deficiency"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "MEN"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Psychotherapy"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Public health"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sexual behavior"
                }
            ],
            "collections": [
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    },
    {
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        "version": 2,
        "library": {
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            "name": "LGBT STEM Dissertations & Theses",
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            "creatorSummary": "Leary",
            "parsedDate": "2004",
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        "data": {
            "key": "ZS7TUGTA",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "thesis",
            "title": "Values as guiding principles of motivation: A two-factor model",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Scott Paul",
                    "lastName": "Leary"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Although people use stereotypes and prejudices to arrive at preferred conclusions, individual differences determine the extent and direction to which these intergroup attitudes color judgments. Research demonstrates that numerous personality variables act as predictors of the use of stereotypes and prejudice. Some attempts have been made to organize these measures into underlying values systems. I tested the hypotheses that values influence perceptions of ingroups and outgroups. In Study 1, participants completed individual difference measures. Factor analysis revealed two independent factors: Egalitarianism, which predicted positive judgments of outgroups, and Conservatism, which predicted positive judgments of ingroups. In Study 2, participants read a story describing either a gay or heterosexual man. I predicted that participants would vary their interpretation of the target based on their value orientations. Although Egalitarianism and Conservatism did not predict ratings of the target individual, they did predict free responses of the target, homophobia, and behaviors.",
            "thesisType": "M.A.",
            "university": "University of Maryland, College Park",
            "place": "Ann Arbor",
            "date": "2004",
            "series": "",
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            "numPages": "69",
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            "abstractNote": "This dissertation addresses the relationship between pedagogical uses of technology and writing program administration; because it is so centrally concerned with technology, it has been completed in a hybrid format, with online chapters that complement the print chapters. In the first chapter, I argue that the writing program Web site can function as a central pedagogical tool and that the process of imagining the site in this way can help writing program administrators achieve critical technological literacy. The online component of Chapter One considers the impact of such a site while arguing for the need for multimodal assessments of program Web sites. In the second chapter, I examine the tensions that can emerge between program administrators and institutional IT specialists, locating strategies that can ease these tensions. The online complement looks at the identity of the technorhetorician within the writing program, suggesting ways to distribute responsibility for technology throughout a program. In Chapter Three I turn to the question of the corporate university. Adopting pedagogical applications of technology, I suggest, can move writing programs and English departments to the center of the new university. To supplement that argument, I offer suggestions on orienting faculty and graduate students to technology in the online version of this chapter. Having established all these programmatic and institutional contexts, I turn in my last chapter back to the classroom, developing several submerged themes of the project to argue for a new kind of queer pedagogy. The online component of Chapter Four provides additional material relevant to my analysis in the print version.",
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            "abstractNote": "This work examines Alexander Graham Bell through the lens of eugenics. Beginning with the contemporary story of a Deaf lesbian couple seeking a deaf child, it looks back at the Progressive Era and the impact of eugenics on the American Deaf community. Bell led many of these challenges, and yet, this dissertation argues, he also protected the Deaf community from the full force of eugenic practices and legislation, even while weakening the community through his advocacy of cultural assimilation.                 Most people know Bell as the inventor of the telephone and other scientific achievements. Bell's foray into eugenics began in 1883 when he delivered an address, Memoir Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race , which argued that marriage patterns among Deaf people in the United States were creating a \"deaf variety\" of Americans. Bell's research on the transmission of hereditary characteristics attracted the attention of Charles Benedict Davenport, Director of Cold Spring Harbor laboratory and one of America's leading eugenicists. Bell and Davenport forged an alliance and friendship in the name of eugenics.                 Bell generally supported eugenic policies, and he argued for immigration restrictions based on his belief that some national populations were genetically superior to others. With regard to deafness, though, Bell consistently opposed legal restrictions on the right of Deaf people to marry. His influence with Davenport and other leading eugenicists was definitive in this regard. American eugenicists, unlike their counterparts in Germany, never attempted to prevent deaf intermarriage or to legislate the sterilization of deaf Americans.                 Instead, Bell believed that eugenic ends could be achieved through the forced linguistic and cultural assimilation of Deaf people, a program termed \"oralism.\" He opposed the use of sign language and residential schools for deaf students; deaf clubs, organizations, and churches; and any other social arrangements or communication preferences that might lead to the interaction of Deaf people with one other.                 The American Deaf community has misinterpreted Bell, demonizing him for many of the wrong things, while historians have overlooked threat the eugenics represented to Deaf Americans. This dissertation presents a complex portrait of Bell and of the Deaf community with which he had such a fraught relationship.",
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