Chapter 1:
\nAlexander, chapter 1. She opens with the quote from the boy, just
labeling free: stood a brief moment in the sun: then moved back again towards slavery. From Black Reconstruction America.
Page 21, she quotes legal scholar Siegel, who's concept preservation
tHrougho transformation, describes the process through which white privileges maintained, though the rules and rhetoric change.
On page 22, she asserts that as systems of control evolve, they become more perfect, arguably more resilient to challenge, and thus capable of enduring for generations to come.
On page 23, she checked traces the idea of race in America to chattel slavery and the extermination American Indians, suggesting that it arose in order to reconcile these practices with the ideals of freedom preach by whites in the new colonies. She goes on to quote
sociologists Kilty and Swank, who observed that a laminating savages it's less of a moral problem and a lemonade human being beings and therefore American Indians came to be understood as a lesser race, unsupervised savages, thus providing a justification for the extermination of the native peoples.
On page 31, discussing the birth of Jim Crow, she says the death rates were shockingly high, for the private contractors and no interest in health and well-being of their laborers, unlike the earlier
slaveowners who needed their slaves, had a minimum, to be healthy
enough to survive hard labor.
On page 32, during the decade following redemption, the config
population grew 10 times faster than the general population: business became younger and blacker, and the link of their sentences soared.
Page 33, during this era. There was a moment of popular leadership
that bridge to black-and-white poor. One leader declared, you are kept apart that you may be separately fleeced of your earnings. You're made to hate each other because up on that hatred is rested the keystone of the arch of financial despotism that insulates you both. You're deceived and blinded that you may not see how this race antagonism perpetuates a monetary system which beggars both.
On page 44, and discussing the rise of mass incarceration, Alexander explains that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, two schools of thought were offered to the general public regarding race, poverty, and the social order. Conservatives argued that poverty was caused not by structural factors related to race and class but rather by culture – particularly black culture. On the other side, Barry Goldwater argued that anti-property programs were, in effect, anticrime programs. He said that violence in the streets could not be disconnected from poverty, and use this perspective to push the agenda of the war on poverty.
Page 49. On October 1982. Pres. Reagan officially announced his
administration's war on drugs. Practically overnight the budgets and
federal law-enforcement agencies sword. Between 1980 1984, FBI
antidrug funding increased from 8,000,000 to 95,000,000. Department of
Defense anti-drug allocations increased from 33,000,019 81 to 1000
42,000,019 91. During that same. DEA anti-drugs spending groove from
86 to 1000 26 million and FBI antidrug allocation screw from 38 to
181,000,000. By contrast funding for agencies responsible for drug
treatment, prevention and education was dramatically reduced. The
national Institute on drug abuse, had its budget reduced from
274,000,000 to 5 7 million from 1981 to 1984, and antidrug funds
allocated to the Department of Education or cut from 14,000,000 to
3,000,000. At the same time Reagan lead and media campaign to justify
these funding allocations, sensationalizing the emergence of crack
cocaine and inner-city neighborhoods, communities devastated by
deindustrialization and skyrocketing unemployment.
Page 53. Alexander sites that the war on drugs was popular month I'm
on key white voters, particularly why to remain present for the black
progress, civil rights enforcement, and affirmative action, she goes
on to say that whites, on average, I'm more punitive than blacks,
despite the fact that blacks are far more likely to be victims of
crime.rural whites and the most punitive, even though they're of the
least likely to be crime victims.
This paved the way for the Democratic Party, and attempt to regain control from Republicans, to adopt the tough on crime language,
advocating stricter anticrime and it's a drug laws.
Intro:
\nThe new Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander. Page 5, Pres. Ronald Reagan
officially announce the current drug war in 1982 before crack became an issue in the media or crisis and poor black neighborhoods. A few years after the drug war was declared, crack began to spread rapidly in the poor black neighborhoods of Los Angeles and later emerged in cities across the country. The Reagan Administration Hyatt staff to publicize the emergence of crack cocaine in 1985 as part of a strategic effort to build public and legislative support for the war.
Page 7, study show that people of all colors use and sell illegal
drugs at remarkably similar rates. If there are significant
differences in the surveys to be found, they frequently suggest that
whites, particularly white youth, I'm more likely to engage in truck
prime thing people of color. That is not what one would gas, however, when entering our nations prisons and jails, which are overflowing with black and brown drug offenders. In some states, black men have been admitted to prison on drug charges at Ritz 20 to 50 times greater than those appointment. And in major cities wrecked by the drug war, as many as 80% of young African-American men now have criminal records
and on the subject to legalize discrimination for the rest of their
lives.
Alexander references the progressive state of criminal justice policy
in the 1970s. On page 8, the growing consensus among experts was perhaps best reflected by the national advisory commission on criminal justice standards and goals, which issued a recommendation in 1973
that quote no new institutions for adults should be built in existing
institutions for juvenile should be close. Quote this recommendation
was based on their finding that quote the prison, the performance Tori in the jail have achieved only a shocking record of failure. There is overwhelming evidence that these institutions , create crime rather than prevent it. Quote page 9, quote supporters of the moratorium of
the effort can be forgiven for being so naïve, quote Mauer suggests,
quote since the prison expansion that was about to take place was
unprecedented in human history. Quote
On page 10 Alexander explains the limitations of African-American
leaders to advance a criminal justice reform agenda. She shares that
in January 2009, the Congressional Black Caucus send a letter to
hundreds of community and organization leaders soliciting general
information about film and requesting that there is enough either
priorities. They lifted 35 topics criminal justice reform was not one
of them. They only listed reentry. There was certainly no attention to
how public safety policy impacts African-American children. Moreover, on page 11, Alexander declares that no one visiting the website of the NAACP learned that the mass incarceration of African-Americans has already eviscerated many of the hard-earnedgains that it had urged its members to protect from the civil rights movement.
Her book argues that mass incarceration is, I do for Oakley, the new
Jim Crow and that all those who care about social justice should fully commit themselves to dismantling the new racial caste system. On page 13, she declares the term mass incarceration refers not only to the criminal justice system but also to the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison. Once released former person is interested in underworld of legalized discrimination and permanent social exclusion. They are members of America's new undercast. She continues, we avoid talking about cast in our society because we are ashamed of our racial history. We also avoid talking about race. We even avoid avoid talking about class.
On page 13, she continues the current system of control permanently locks at huge percentage of the African-American community out of the mainstream society and economy. The system operates to our criminal
justice institutions, but it functions more like a cast system and the
system of crime control. Note that Alexander prefers the term under
cast to underclass, to indicate that individuals at have been
permanently barred by law and custom from mainstream society.
Chapter 2:
\nChapter 2 page 58. The locked out. Full-blown trials of guilt or
innocence really occur, many people never even meet with an attorney, witnesses are routinely paid and coursed by the government, police regularly stop and search people for no reason, penalties for many crimes are so severe that innocent people plead guilty, excepting plea bargains to avoid harsh mandatory sentences, and children are sent to adult prisons.
Convictions for drug offenses are the single most important cause of the explosion incarceration rates me United States. Drug offenses
alone account for more than two thirds of the rise and the federal
inmate population and more than half of the rise and state Christmas between 1985 in 2000. About a half million people are in prison or jail for a drug offense today, compared to an estimated 41,019 80.
This is an increase of 11000%. Drug rest of tripled since 1980. As a
result, one of them 31 million people have been arrested for drug
offenses since the war began. Nothing is contributed more to the
systematic mass incarceration of people of color in the United States
than the war on drugs.
Page 59, Alexander debunks the myth that most truck arrests are a
serious dealers. She says, the vast majority of those arrested or not
charged with serious offenses. In 2005, 4/5 truck arrest for
possession and only one out of five was for sales. Moreover, most
people in state prison for drug offenses have no history of violence
or significant selling activity. Another myth is that the drug ordeals
mainly dangerous drugs. Alexander says, the reality is quite the
opposite. Arrest for marijuana possession, a drug less harmful than
tobacco or alcohol, accounted for nearly 80% of the growth and drug rest in the 1990s. The percentage of drug arrests that results in prison sentences, compared with alternative slack community service or probation, has quadrupled, resulting in a prison building boom likes of which the world is never seen. Into short decades, between 19 82,000, the number of people incarcerated in our nations prisons and jails sort from roughly 300,000 to more than 2 million. By the end of 2007,with 7 million Americans, or one in every 31 adults, we're behind bars on probation or on parole.
These ships have been made possible because of dramatic changes in policing and the court's interpretation of the Constitution. The US
Constitution's fourth amendment reads: the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be ceased. Despite the clarity of this bill of rights doctrine, the Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled in favor of unlawful search and seizure. Making it effectively awful. In a
dissenting opinion in California versus Acevedo, justice Stevens said
decisions like the one the court makes today will support the
conclusion that this court has become a loyal footsoldier and the
executives fight against crime.
Page 71, drug use was actually on the decline in the war on drugs
began. It's breaking the ministration made drug law enforcement a top priority. The number of annual drug rest more than tripled between 1982 & 2005, as drug suites and suspicion that stops and searches proceeded in record numbers. At the time the drug war was declared, illegal drug use and abuse was not a pressing concern in most communities. The announcement of the war on drugs was their format was some confusion and resistance within law enforcement, as well as among some conservative commentators. In order to build consensus among state and federal law enforcement officials, the Reagan administration offered unprecedented cash rewards. 1997 alone, the Pentagon handed over more
than 1.2 million pieces of military equipment to local police
departments. One retired police chief from New Haven said, I was
offered tanks bazookas, anything I wanted. Alexander describes how in less than a decade the war on drugs went from being a political slogan to an actual war. Part of this was tied to the increase in the use of SWAT team, which grew from a few hundred Philip paramilitary drug rates per year in the early 1970s to more than 3000 deployments in the 1980s every year, to more than 30,000 or 1996, 40,000 and 2001. Page 74.
military style policing tactics has had traumatic consequences for
children, who witnessed the swat actions. The transformation from
community policing to military police, began in 1981 when Pres. Reagan persuaded Congress to pass the military cooperation with law enforcement act. This law encourage military to give local, state, and federal police access to military bases, intelligence, research,
weaponry, and other equipment for truck introduction. Alexander
asserts that the rise of swat teams was traceable to the Pentagon's
weaponry giveaway program as well as to federal programs to provide money to local Police Department for truck control. And although the paramilitaries units were often justified to city councils and skeptical citizens as essential to fight terrorism or deal with
hostage situations, they were really deployed for those reasons but
instead person to serve routine search warrants for trucks and make
drug arrests.pg 76.
In examining the financial motivations for law enforcement and the war on drugs, Alexander goes beyond free military equipment in training. She points to changes in legislation that allowed for law enforcement to financially benefit from what they seized in drug grades. Between 1988 and 1992 alone, drug task force is seized over $1 billion in assets. This often allowed big-time drug dealers to exchange the assets for shorter prison sentences, further confirming the disproportionate impact of the war on drugs on smalltime dealers.
Alexander asserts that federal truck for forfeiture laws are one
reason that state and federal prisons now confine large numbers of men and women who've played minor roles and drug distribution networks, but few of their bosses. Page 79. She quotes Bloomington and Nielsen.
On page 83 Alexander points to the role of legal misrepresentation in the rise and a prison numbers. She asserts, once chances of ever being truly free of the system of control are slim after arrest. Defendants are typically denied meaningful legal representation, pressured by the threat of a lengthy sentence into a plea park, and then placed under formal control, and prison or jail, on probation or parole. Most Americans probably have no idea how common it is for people to be convicted without ever having the benefit of legal representation, or how many people plead guilty to crimes they did not commit because of fear of mandatory sentences. Tens of thousands of poor people go to jail every year without ever talking to a lawyer, and those who do meet with the lawyer for drug offense often spend only a few minutes discussing their case and options before making a decision that will profoundly affect the rest of their lives.
On pages before Alexander continues, approximately 80% of criminal defendants are indigent and thus unable to hire a lawyer. Get a nation's public defender system is woefully inadequate. On page 85, almost no one ever goes to trial. You're the all criminal cases are resolved through plea bargaining, a guilty plea by the defendant in exchange for some form of leniency by the prosecutor. According to American Violet, this number is 90% of all felony cases are settled toplea bargain.
Mandatory minimum sentencing prison huge willingness, effectively
eliminating judicial discretion. Alexander points out that the most
famous Supreme Court decision upholding mandatory minimum sentences this locker press on trade, page 89. In that case, the court rejected constitutional challenges to sentences of 25 years without parole for man who perps toll three golf clubs from a pro shop, and 50 years without parole for another man for stealing children's video tapes from a Kmart store. Page 90, the clear majority of those subject harsh mandatory minimum sentences in the federal system on drug offenders.
Most of low level, minor drug dealers, not truck kingpins. In 2003
Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy said to the American Bar
Association, our prison resources are misspent, our punishments toosevere, our sentences to load. He added, I can except neither the
necessity nor the wisdom of federal mandatory minimum sentences and all too many cases, mandatory minimum sentences are unjust.
Page 92, most people imagine that the explosion US prison populationduring the past 25 years reflects changes in crime rates. You would just at our prison population left from approximately 350,000 to 2.3 million in such a short period of time due to changes in laws and policies, not changes in crime rates. Page 93, the extraordinary increase in prison admissions to do parole and probation violations as to almost entirely to the war on drugs. With respect to parole, and 1980, only 1% of all prison admissions were parole filers. 20 years later, more than one third of prison admissions resulted from parole
violations. Alexander puts the matter more starkly, about as many
people return to prison for parole violations in 2000 as were admitted to prison in 1980 for all reasons. She quotes Luick, who calls this a
closed circuit of perpetual marginality.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:50Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:50Z" } }, { "key": "S9ICVCNH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/S9ICVCNH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/S9ICVCNH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dillon", "parsedDate": "2009-10-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S9ICVCNH", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Study Finds High Rate of Imprisonment Among Dropouts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sam", "lastName": "Dillon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 9, 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "Education", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/education/09dropout.html?th&emc=th", "accessDate": "2009-10-13T13:59:34Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Blacks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dropouts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education and Schools", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Labor and Jobs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prisons and Prisoners", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Unemployment", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:44Z" } }, { "key": "NHDPPRUA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/NHDPPRUA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/NHDPPRUA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/IJARVHJW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NHDPPRUA", "version": 1, "parentItem": "IJARVHJW", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Chapter 3: The Crisis of Penal Moderism
Support for penal-welfarism began to collapse in mid 1970s. 53
Criticism of Penal-Welfarism: 55
Formation of Ideological Policy Vacuum and Rise of Retributive Arguments: 59
Role of Criticism in Institutional Structural Change: 63
'Nothing Works' Sentiment Rose through 1970s and 1980s: 69
\"My claim will be that the structures and ideologies of modern crime control collapsed (where they did indeed collapse) not just because of intellectual critique, nor even because of penological failure,but because they lost their grounding in supportive ways of life and consonant forms of belief. The social structures and cultural sensibilities that supported the field were themselves transformed.\" 73 --> Dominant Narratives and Perceptions Shifted.
Chapter 2: Modern Criminal Justice and the Penal-Welfare State
\n\n
Examines the structure of thought where policy is formed, debates are framed, and action is oriented:
\n\n
History of \"Law Enforcement\": The term used to reference the imposition of the King's soverieng will. Only later did it come to reference the state's system for dealing with criminal offenses.
\n\n
Modernization has brought: structural differentiation, bureacratic organization, strong state agengies, professional oversight into nearly all dimension of modern life. It is in this context that criminal justice institutions were formed.32
\n\n
The Right and the Left of Penal Welfarism:
\n\n
Two early axioms of penal-welfarism (late 19th Century) 38-39
\n\n
Intervention \"after the damage is done, addressing consequences rather than causes, focusing on an already-formed (and often incorrigible) individuals rather than the social processes that are already producing the next generation. Penal-welfarism, located as it was within the criminal justice state, was structured in a self-limiting, self-defeating way. 40
\nModernist interventions have a high level of confidence in the state.
\n
Institutional developments, penal welfare or otherwise, depend on and give rise to various forms of knowledge... \"social case-work, forensic psychiatry, medico-legal science, criminological discourse.\" 41
\"What were the social and historical conditions that underpinned criminological modernism and the penal welfare compromise?\" 48
\n
\n
\n
\n
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z" } }, { "key": "G23V799X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/G23V799X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/G23V799X", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/IJARVHJW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G23V799X", "version": 1, "parentItem": "IJARVHJW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2009-05-15T21:07:36Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0226283844", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z" } }, { "key": "P7HNFGXE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/P7HNFGXE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/P7HNFGXE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/IJARVHJW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P7HNFGXE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "IJARVHJW", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Preface & Chapter 1: A history of the Present
\nBook explores social responses to crime between 1970 and 200 in US and UK. Identifies broad organizing principles that structure how we think and act in crime control and criminal justice.
\n\n
Preface:
\n\n
Chapter 1: A History of the Present
\n\"We quickly grow used to the way things are.\" 1
\n\n
12 INDICES OF CHANGE...
\n", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z" } }, { "key": "IJARVHJW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/IJARVHJW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/IJARVHJW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garland", "parsedDate": "2002-08-01", "numChildren": 4 }, "data": { "key": "IJARVHJW", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Garland" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2002-08-01", "publisher": "University Of Chicago Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0226283844", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Culture of Control", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:28:42Z" } }, { "key": "4M8PTJKW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/4M8PTJKW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/4M8PTJKW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4M8PTJKW", "version": 1, "itemType": "note", "note": "Theory on how race is remade with each generation:\n\nInheritance and the Question of Borrowed Strength. Positive vs. Negative Wealth Transfers. \n\nHow we understand where the State does and does not invest it's resources.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:27:37Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:27:37Z" } }, { "key": "JDJWBV3B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/JDJWBV3B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/JDJWBV3B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JDJWBV3B", "version": 1, "itemType": "note", "note": "Role of the State in the Social Reproduction of Mass Incarceration: Removed Parents / Teachers / JTDC / Judges / School Administrators / Police / Probation / Foundations. \n\nMass incarceration is sustained de facto through institutional channeling and social reproduction. \n\nIt is not guided by any well informed investments in the strategies positive impact or lowered crime rates.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:27:22Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:27:22Z" } }, { "key": "7RTHQJ92", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/7RTHQJ92", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/7RTHQJ92", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7RTHQJ92", "version": 1, "itemType": "note", "note": "Reveal the limitations of re-entry thinking: \n \nPerpetuates a paradigm where the State invests public safety dollars primarily into lockdown & social control; Does little to rebuild community capacity. The need for intergenerational analysis.\n\t\t- Travis, Etc.", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:27:11Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:27:11Z" } }, { "key": "9A6ZWM3G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/9A6ZWM3G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/9A6ZWM3G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Moore", "parsedDate": "2009-08-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9A6ZWM3G", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Hundreds Hurt in California Prison Riot", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Solomon", "lastName": "Moore" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 10, 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "US", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/us/10prison.html?emc=eta1", "accessDate": "2009-08-10T19:02:26Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Blacks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "California", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Demonstrations and Riots", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gangs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hispanic-Americans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prisons and Prisoners", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Race", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:25:08Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:25:08Z" } }, { "key": "2GSF82MB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/2GSF82MB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/2GSF82MB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/MU8FTSUD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2GSF82MB", "version": 1, "parentItem": "MU8FTSUD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2009-06-24T01:18:18Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006RLJUW", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:46Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:46Z" } }, { "key": "MU8FTSUD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/MU8FTSUD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/MU8FTSUD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Western", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MU8FTSUD", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The labor market consequences of incarceration / Bruce Western, Jeffrey R. Kling, David F. Weiman", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce", "lastName": "Western" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001", "publisher": "Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:46Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:46Z" } }, { "key": "TQ58PZTZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/TQ58PZTZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/TQ58PZTZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/69RJ77MC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TQ58PZTZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "69RJ77MC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2010-03-15T15:19:02Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0822339234", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:41Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:41Z" } }, { "key": "69RJ77MC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/69RJ77MC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/69RJ77MC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "James et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-05-30", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "69RJ77MC", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joy", "lastName": "James" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank B.Wilderson", "lastName": "III" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dhoruba", "lastName": "BinWaha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marshall", "lastName": "EddieConway" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Foucault" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine Von", "lastName": "Bulow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Defert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sirene", "lastName": "Harb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oscar", "lastName": "LopezRivera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hisham", "lastName": "Aidi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marilyn", "lastName": "Buck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carol", "lastName": "Gilbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Whitehorn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susie", "lastName": "Day" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2007-05-30", "publisher": "Duke University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0822339234", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Warfare in the American Homeland", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:41Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:41Z" } }, { "key": "TJAET5GT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/TJAET5GT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/TJAET5GT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Moore", "parsedDate": "2007-11-23", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TJAET5GT", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Trying to Break Cycle of Prison at Street Level", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Solomon", "lastName": "Moore" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 23, 2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "National", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/23/us/23mapping.html?_r=1", "accessDate": "2009-10-30T20:56:21Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Families and Family Life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Houston (Tex)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Probation and Parole", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Therapy and Rehabilitation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:36Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:36Z" } }, { "key": "UC7D7MAW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/UC7D7MAW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/UC7D7MAW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/VN5I53FH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UC7D7MAW", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VN5I53FH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2009-05-15T21:08:12Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0520242017", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z" } }, { "key": "VI9PTEVP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/VI9PTEVP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/VI9PTEVP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/VN5I53FH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VI9PTEVP", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VN5I53FH", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Gilmore sets out to explain how one of the worlds most of first
political economies has executed a prison building plan that
government analysts have called the biggest in the history of the
world. She charts changes and state structure, local and regional
economies, and social activities. She calls this a tale of fractured
collectivities and a fit for attempts to reconstruct themselves.
Commenting on sentencing reform, she observes that the laws had
written into the Penal Code breathtakingly cruel twist in the meaning and practice of justice. In part, she's analyzing ideas systems and the structures which supports them, but more so she is looking at the on the ground political economy. She is responding to questions which have arrived out of her activism: why prisons? Why now? Why for so many people – especially people of color? And why were they located so far from prisoners homes?
...
Scholar activism: the questions and analysis driving this book came
from the work encountered in everyday activism on the ground. In
scholarly research, answers are only as good as the further questions they provoke, while for activists, answers are as good as the tactics they make possible. Knowledge power. If agency is the human ability to craft opportunity from the wherewithal of everyday life, and agency and structure are products of each other.
Racism is the state sanctioned or extralegal production and
exploitation of group differentiated vulnerability to premature death. States are institutions made up of sub institutions that often work at cross purposes, but they get direction from the prevailing platforms and priorities of the current government. Capital, the wealth of the profit systems development ability, is also a relation, since you could not exist if workers did not produce goods for less than what they're sold for and buy goods in order to go back to work and make, move, or grow more stuff. Gets into grassroots planning, how alternative uses of the resources of everyday life might otherwise have been organized.
.....
It takes muscular political capacity to realize widescale
dispossession of people who have formal rights, and historically those who fill prisons have collectively lacked political clout commensurate with the theoretical power and rights suggest. Gilmore continues, page 12, defined in the simple terms of the secular state, crime means a violation of the law. Laws change, depending on what, and his social order, counts as stability, and who, and a social order, needs to be controlled. Numerous histories and criminological treatises show shifts over time and what crime is and why it matters. As we can see the crime is not fixed, it follows that crimes relationship to prisons is the outcome of social theory and practice, rather than the only possible source of stability through control. She points she points to for possible control Logix behind presents, retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, or incapacitation. Speaking on incapacitation: incapacitation doesn't pretend to change anything about people except where they are.
It is in a simpleminded way, then, the geographical
solution that purports to solve social problems by extensively and
repeatedly removing people from this ordered, de industrialized
milieux and depositing them somewhere else. Critically, those
imprisoned are not the quote terrible few. When it comes to crime and prisons, the few whose difference might horribly abrupt stand in for the mini whose difference is emblazoned on surfaces of skin,
documents, and maps – color, Credo, citizenship, communities,
convictions. Quoting clear, she shows how imprisonment can leave to instability rather than stability. Only two or three need to be
removed from in to produce greater instability in a community of
people who, when employed, make, move, or care for things.
Prisons wear out places by wearing out people, you respective of whether they have done time. The book asks, what happens in the urban neighborhoods prisoners come from where and when people start talking to each other again. Gilmore critiques the dominant explanation for prison growth: which says that crime went up, we crack down, crime came down.
\nShe asserts that crime had already started to go down before the great prison Roundup. Another explanation for the prison boom is the drug academic epidemic and the presumed threat to public safety posed by the unrestrained use and trade of illegal substances , yet according to the BJ asked, illegal drug use among all kinds of people throughout the United States declined drastically starting in the mid 1970s.
\nAnother explanation for the prison boom is that changes in structural unemployment and employment opportunities left large numbers of people challenge to find new income sources, and they turn to quote a illegal entitlements. Other analysts attribute the prison boom to racism and a new form of slavery, yet as Gilmore asserts very few pistons to any work for people. She also rejects the profit motivation, as 95% of all prisons and jails are publicly owned and operated. Another explanation is that Christians were built to bring jobs to depressed rural areas, yet we know the fiscal benefits to prison towns are difficult if impossible to locate.
The state makes things, but it is also a product of what's made and
destroyed – of the constant creation and destruction of things such as schools, hospitals, art museums, nuclear weapons, and prisons.
Gillmor: a conspiracy? Not likely. Systemic? Without a doubt. She
positions prison growth as a response to the political activity and
disorderly conduct of the 1960s, where by the state individualize his
disorder in to singular instances of criminality, quoting Alan
Feldman.
The US welfare state has been dubbed military Keynesianism – to denote the centrality of war making to socioeconomic security.
In Gilmore's view, prisons are partial geographical solutions to
political economic crises, organized by the state, which is itself in
crises. Crises means instability that can be fixed only through
radical measures, which include developing new relationships and new or renovated institutions out of what already exists.
.....
It is a profound example of state-level storytelling rooted in
economic geography. She asserts that as a class, convicts are D
industrial eyes cities working or work less poor. And uses this to
explain the incredible growth in California's prison population. She
observes that the Department of Corrections has become the largest
state agency, employing a heterogeneous workforce of 54,000 people.
The practice of putting people in cages for part or all of their lives
is a central feature in the development of secular states,
participatory democracy, individual rights, and contemporary notions of freedom. These institutions of modernity, shaped by the rapid growth of cities and industrial production, based a challenge – most acutely where capitalism flourished unfettered – to produce stabilityfrom the accumulation and useful administration of people on the move in a society of strangers. According for call.
Prisons both depersonalized social control, so that it could be bureaucratically managed across time and space, and satisfied the demands of reformers who largely prevailed against bodily punishment, which nevertheless endures and the death penalty and many torturous conditions of confinement. Gilmore continues: the rise of prisons is coupled with two major up evil stash the rise of the word freedom to stand in for what's desirable and the rise of civic activist to stand up for who's dispossessed.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z" } }, { "key": "VN5I53FH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/VN5I53FH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/VN5I53FH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gilmore", "parsedDate": "2007-01-08", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "VN5I53FH", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruth Wilson", "lastName": "Gilmore" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1", "date": "2007-01-08", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0520242017", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Golden Gulag", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:24:01Z" } }, { "key": "RW7JGJ97", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/RW7JGJ97", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/RW7JGJ97", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Simon", "parsedDate": "2009-05-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RW7JGJ97", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Simon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1", "date": "2009-05-08", "publisher": "Oxford University Press, USA", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0195386019", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Governing Through Crime", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:23:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:23:20Z" } }, { "key": "P2I2NZBB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42915, "name": "Community Justice", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/P2I2NZBB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/community_justice/items/P2I2NZBB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42915/items/RW7JGJ97", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 27375, "username": "rhollon", "name": "Ryan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rhollon", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P2I2NZBB", "version": 1, "parentItem": "RW7JGJ97", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2009-11-05T01:27:58Z", "url": "http://www.amazon.com/dp/0195386019", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-12T16:23:20Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-12T16:23:20Z" } } ]