[ { "key": "KKAKNA4E", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/KKAKNA4E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/KKAKNA4E", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/DW5AG7HN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KKAKNA4E", "version": 6, "parentItem": "DW5AG7HN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Zotero.artículoissurin.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Zotero.artículoissurin.pdf", "md5": "737ec06c0520122bbbb5254ca4732c85", "mtime": 1447281284479, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:37:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:38:06Z" } }, { "key": "DW5AG7HN", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/DW5AG7HN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/DW5AG7HN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DW5AG7HN", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Training Transfer: Scientific Background and Insights for Practical Application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vladimir B.", "lastName": "Issurin" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Sports Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "8/2013", "volume": "43", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "675-694", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s40279-013-0049-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40279-013-0049-6", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:38:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0112-1642, 1179-2035", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Training Transfer", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:38:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:38:04Z" } }, { "key": "JBGHUZVV", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/JBGHUZVV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/JBGHUZVV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/U6W9ZGW8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JBGHUZVV", "version": 3, "parentItem": "U6W9ZGW8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/549818", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "A9KZ689D", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/A9KZ689D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/A9KZ689D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/UW7SNQ23", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A9KZ689D", "version": 3, "parentItem": "UW7SNQ23", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20087292", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "VCTMKEA7", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/VCTMKEA7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/VCTMKEA7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/QT43X4A6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VCTMKEA7", "version": 3, "parentItem": "QT43X4A6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199119", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "U6W9ZGW8", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/U6W9ZGW8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/U6W9ZGW8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin et al.", "parsedDate": "1979-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "U6W9ZGW8", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Maximal power of locomotion in water", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. B.", "lastName": "Glazkov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. N.", "lastName": "Dement'ev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. B.", "lastName": "Skvortsov" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Human Physiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1979 Jul-Aug", "volume": "5", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "435-440", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hum Physiol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0362-1197", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 549818", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biomechanical Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Locomotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Exertion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Swimming", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "NAIXQFVB", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/NAIXQFVB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/NAIXQFVB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin and Sharobaĭko", "parsedDate": "1985-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NAIXQFVB", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "[Correlation of the magnitude of voluntary muscle strength and the characteristics of the adaptation of skeletal muscle to force loads in women and men]", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. V.", "lastName": "Sharobaĭko" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Fiziologiia Cheloveka", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1985 Jan-Feb", "volume": "11", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "17-22", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Fiziol Cheloveka", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0131-1646", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "rus", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 3979707", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Physiological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anthropometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Education and Training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Exertion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Characteristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "JA55K6PF", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/JA55K6PF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/JA55K6PF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JA55K6PF", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Factors affecting peak performance in the swimming competition of the Athens Olympic Games", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Kaufman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Lustig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Tenenbaum" } ], "abstractNote": "AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined effects of several factors deemed important in determining peaking in the Athens Olympic swimming competition.\nMETHODS: Data on 301 Olympic swimmers, who competed in 424 events, were used to analyze the relative swimming performance gain (RSPG%: the relative differences between the entry swimming results obtained in national trials or another competition, and in the Olympic competition expressed as a percentage). RSPG% was described with respect to 24 National, stroke-type, swimming distance, swimmer's rank, gender, mode of selection and duration of the final stage preparation (FSP) prior the Olympics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster linear regression were performed to estimate the effect of these factors on RSPG%.\nRESULTS: The average RSPG% gain equaled 0.58% (standard deviation: 1.13%) indicating performance decline, embracing 68.2% of all the swimming events. However, two Olympians' categories, medalists and swimmers ranked 4-8, broke their personal best on average by 0.35% and 0.12%, respectively. One-way ANOVA considering nations with ''rigid selection'' vs ''liberal selection'', revealed significant superiority (P=0.04) of the swimmers who were selected rigorously over swimmers selected liberally.\nCONCLUSION: The results indicate the marked tendency of performance decline in all the swimming events and strokes during the FSP. This general tendency was not representative of swimmers who reached the finals. Furthermore, a highly significant superiority of peaking in the teams was revealed, which required ''rigid selection'' rather than ''liberal selection''.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2008", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-8", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Med Phys Fitness", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4707", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18212703", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Competitive Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise Tolerance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Greece", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pilot Projects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Swimming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "PXQZGGJH", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/PXQZGGJH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/PXQZGGJH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin", "parsedDate": "2008-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PXQZGGJH", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Block periodization versus traditional training theory: a review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Issurin" } ], "abstractNote": "The basis of contemporary training theory were founded a few decades ago when knowledge was far from complete and workload levels, athletic results and demands were much lower than now. Traditional training periodization, i.e. the division of the seasonal program into smaller periods and training cycles, was proposed at that time and became a universal and monopolistic approach to training planning and analysis. Further sport progress emphasized the limitations and drawbacks of traditional periodization with regard to the preparation of contemporary top-level athletes and their demands. Major contradictions between traditional theory and practice needs appeared as 1) an inability to provide multi peak performances during the season; 2) the drawbacks of long lasting mixed training programs; 3) negative interactions of non-compatible workloads that induced conflicting training responses; and 4) insufficient training stimuli to help highly qualified athletes to progress, as a result of mixed training. The trials and successful experiences of prominent coaches and researchers led to alternative training concepts and, ultimately, to a reformed training approach that was called block periodization (BP). Its general idea suggests the use and sequencing of specialized mesocycle-blocks, where highly concentrated training workloads are focused on a minimal number of motor and technical abilities. Unlike traditional periodization, which usually tries to develop many abilities simultaneously, the block concept suggests consecutive training stimulation of carefully selected fitness components. The rational sequencing of specialized mesocycle-blocks presupposes the exploitation and superimposition of residual training effects, an idea that has recently been conceptualized and studied. It is hypothesized that different types of mesocycle-blocks are suitable to various modes of biological adaptation, i.e. homeostatic regulation or a mechanism of general adaptation.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2008", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "65-75", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Med Phys Fitness", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4707", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Block periodization versus traditional training theory", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18212712", "tags": [ { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Strength", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Education and Training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Fitness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "QT43X4A6", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/QT43X4A6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/QT43X4A6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin", "parsedDate": "2010-03-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QT43X4A6", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vladimir B.", "lastName": "Issurin" } ], "abstractNote": "The theory of training was established about five decades ago when knowledge of athletes' preparation was far from complete and the biological background was based on a relatively small amount of objective research findings. At that time, traditional 'training periodization', a division of the entire seasonal programme into smaller periods and training units, was proposed and elucidated. Since then, international sport and sport science have experienced tremendous changes, while the traditional training periodization has remained at more or less the same level as the published studies of the initial publications. As one of the most practically oriented components of theory, training periodization is intended to offer coaches basic guidelines for structuring and planning training. However, during recent decades contradictions between the traditional model of periodization and the demands of high-performance sport practice have inevitably developed. The main limitations of traditional periodization stemmed from: (i) conflicting physiological responses produced by 'mixed' training directed at many athletic abilities; (ii) excessive fatigue elicited by prolonged periods of multi-targeted training; (iii) insufficient training stimulation induced by workloads of medium and low concentration typical of 'mixed' training; and (iv) the inability to provide multi-peak performances over the season. The attempts to overcome these limitations led to development of alternative periodization concepts. The recently developed block periodization model offers an alternative revamped approach for planning the training of high-performance athletes. Its general idea proposes the sequencing of specialized training cycles, i.e. blocks, which contain highly concentrated workloads directed to a minimal number of targeted abilities. Unlike the traditional model, in which the simultaneous development of many athletic abilities predominates, block-periodized training presupposes the consecutive development of reasonably selected target abilities. The content of block-periodized training is set down in its general principles, a taxonomy of mesocycle blocks, and guidelines for compiling an annual plan.", "publicationTitle": "Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 1, 2010", "volume": "40", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "189-206", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sports Med", "DOI": "10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1179-2035", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20199119", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Physiological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Athletic Performance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Biological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Strength", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Fitness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports Medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "GXFUBV8Z", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/GXFUBV8Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/GXFUBV8Z", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/NAIXQFVB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GXFUBV8Z", "version": 3, "parentItem": "NAIXQFVB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3979707", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "JPT2AF8T", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/JPT2AF8T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/JPT2AF8T", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/J7SGRBK3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JPT2AF8T", "version": 3, "parentItem": "J7SGRBK3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7853452", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "CP6NNC72", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/CP6NNC72", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/CP6NNC72", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/ZIJAVTT7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CP6NNC72", "version": 3, "parentItem": "ZIJAVTT7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10362384", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "75KS65U2", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/75KS65U2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/75KS65U2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/9KUUWTUC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "75KS65U2", "version": 3, "parentItem": "9KUUWTUC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687761", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "G9HMES6F", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/G9HMES6F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/G9HMES6F", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/6EKM8M42", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G9HMES6F", "version": 3, "parentItem": "6EKM8M42", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16230984", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "85GWVS4G", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/85GWVS4G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/85GWVS4G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/JA55K6PF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "85GWVS4G", "version": 3, "parentItem": "JA55K6PF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212703", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "45JSVIWU", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/45JSVIWU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/45JSVIWU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/PXQZGGJH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "45JSVIWU", "version": 3, "parentItem": "PXQZGGJH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212712", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "J7SGRBK3", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/J7SGRBK3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/J7SGRBK3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "J7SGRBK3", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effect of vibratory stimulation training on maximal force and flexibility", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. G.", "lastName": "Liebermann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Tenenbaum" } ], "abstractNote": "In this study, we investigated a new method of training for maximal strength and flexibility, which included exertion with superimposed vibration (vibratory stimulation, VS) on target muscles. Twenty-eight male athletes were divided into three groups, and trained three times a week for 3 weeks in one of the following conditions: (A) conventional exercises for strength of the arms and VS stretching exercises for the legs; (B) VS strength exercises for the arms and conventional stretching exercises for the legs; (C) irrelevant training (control group). The vibration was applied at 44 Hz while its amplitude was 3 mm. The effect of training was evaluated by means of isotonic maximal force, heel-to-heel length in the two-leg split across, and flex-and-reach test for body flexion. The VS strength training yielded an average increase in isotonic maximal strength of 49.8%, compared with an average gain of 16% with conventional training, while no gain was observed for the control group. The VS flexibility training resulted in an average gain in the legs split of 14.5 cm compared with 4.1 cm for the conventional training and 2 cm for the control groups, respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant pre-post training effects and an interaction between pre-post training and 'treatment' effects (P < 0.001) for the isotonic maximal force and both flexibility tests. It was concluded that superimposed vibrations applied for short periods allow for increased gains in maximal strength and flexibility.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Sports Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 1994", "volume": "12", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "561-566", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Sci", "DOI": "10.1080/02640419408732206", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0264-0414", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7853452", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Education and Training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibration", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "ZIJAVTT7", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/ZIJAVTT7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/ZIJAVTT7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin and Tenenbaum", "parsedDate": "1999-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZIJAVTT7", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Acute and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and amateur athletes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Tenenbaum" } ], "abstractNote": "Fourteen elite and 14 amateur athletes were subjected to vibratory stimulation during bilateral biceps curl exercises of explosive strength exertion. The athletes performed two separate series of three sets of exercises in random order. The second set of one series was administered with superimposed vibration of 44 Hz and an acceleration of about 30 m x s(-2) transmitted through the two-arms handle to the arm muscles. The mechanical power of each repetition was measured by the 'Power Teach' instrument. The maximal and mean power values for each set were automatically recorded and shown on the screen. The acute effect was evaluated as the difference between the mean and peak power output in the second (with vibratory stimulation) and first (without vibratory stimulation) sets. Similarly, the residual effect was taken to be the difference between the power values of the third (after vibratory stimulation) and the first (before vibratory stimulation) sets. The results were subjected to a repeated-measures analysis of variance with group as a between-participants factor. The results showed that exercise mode (with vs without vibratory stimulation) resulted in a significant immediate effect for mean power and for maximal power. The factor group (elite vs amateurs) resulted in a significant effect for maximal power only. The increase in explosive strength exertion attributed to vibratory stimulation was 30.1 and 29.8 W (10.4% and 10.2%) for maximal and mean power respectively in the elite group, and 20.0 and 25.9 W (7.9% and 10.7%) respectively in the amateur athletes. Vibratory stimulation resulted in an insignificant residual effect.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Sports Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 1999", "volume": "17", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "177-182", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Sci", "DOI": "10.1080/026404199366073", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0264-0414", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10362384", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibration", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "9KUUWTUC", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/9KUUWTUC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/9KUUWTUC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9KUUWTUC", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modeling of velocity regimens for anaerobic and aerobic power exercises in high-performance swimmers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. E.", "lastName": "Kaufman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Tenenbaum" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at investigating the validity and eligibility of a modeling method to determine velocity regimes of highly intensive swimming exercises.\nMETHODS: The model postulates that swimming velocity regimens, which correspond to the three biomotor components, i.e.: Maximal Anaerobic Power, Anaerobic Capacity, and Aerobic Power, can be predicted by special equations using a 50 m all out swim velocity, and the equation coefficient, which determine swimmer's classification. The swimmers are classified into 12 categories according to pre-determined race distance records, and swimmer's capability level.\nEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Comparative field study was used to contrast predicted velocity regimens with observed velocity regimes.\nSETTINGS: National swimming center at the Wingate Institute for Physical Education.\nPARTICIPANTS: 22 highly trained swimmers (14 male and 8 female) participated in this study and were examined 1-4 times within a period of two years in totally 162 sessions.\nINTERVENTIONS: The 50 m all-out trial was performed and three basic velocity regimens were predicted according to the modeling procedure. Three different interval sets were carried out by all the swimmers for validation procedures. The blood lactate (BLA) samples were taken after test completion.\nRESULTS: The correlations between the observed and predicted velocities within each of the three tests were very strong. The RM-ANOVA with respect to lactic acid concentration revealed that across the three measures (different tests) BLA concentration was significantly higher in male swimmers than in female swimmers, and highest in butterfly followed by breaststroke, backstroke, and freestyle stroke.\nCONCLUSIONS: The modeling method allows to predict desirable velocity regimes in order to develop the main biomotor components of the swimmers. This procedure is recommended for practice as a non-invasive method for designing desired training regimens.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2001", "volume": "41", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "433-440", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Med Phys Fitness", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4707", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11687761", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Analysis of Variance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lactic Acid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Biological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Swimming", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "6EKM8M42", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/6EKM8M42", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/6EKM8M42", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin", "parsedDate": "2005-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6EKM8M42", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Vibrations and their applications in sport. A review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" } ], "abstractNote": "In sport, mechanical vibration is used as a massage tool and/or for training purposes. Two varieties of vibration training (VT) can be distinguished: strength exercises with superimposed vibratory stimulation (VS exercises) and motor tasks performed under whole body vibration (the WBV training). Vibratory massage has been used extensively since the beginning of the 20th century while VT is a relatively new technique. In the research literature, the main subjects addressed have been acute and cumulative effects of VS on flexibility and strength. Marked enhancement effects were obtained in medium-duration stretching and short-duration dynamic strength exercises while prolonged efforts did not show positive impact. The observed effects of vibration depend on various neural facilitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. In comparison to VS exercises, WBV tasks generate more global neuromuscular, metabolic and hormonal responses. WBV training resulted in significant changes in several motor variables, with stretch-shortening cycle tests (such as countermovement jumps, serial high jumps, etc.) being the most sensitive to WBV treatment. Based on available knowledge about proprioceptive spinal reflexes-that feedback from the primary endings of motor spindles produces a stimulatory effect via increased discharge of a-motoneurons, and activation of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) evokes inhibition of muscle action-a hypothesis has been proposed that VT enhances excitatory inflow from muscle spindles to the motorneuron pools and depresses inhibitory impact of GTO due to the accommodation to vibration stimuli. The intensity and duration of vibration used in VT dramatically exceed the standards for occupational vibration established by the International Organization for Standardization.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2005", "volume": "45", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "324-336", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Med Phys Fitness", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4707", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16230984", "tags": [ { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Education and Training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Endurance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports Medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibration", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } }, { "key": "UW7SNQ23", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 428541, "name": "nou grup practica nntt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/428541/items/UW7SNQ23", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nou_grup_practica_nntt/items/UW7SNQ23", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2758765, "username": "20058516D", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/20058516d", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Issurin", "parsedDate": "2009-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UW7SNQ23", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Generalized training effects induced by athletic preparation. A review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V. B.", "lastName": "Issurin" } ], "abstractNote": "The present review deals with training effects produced by training pieces of different duration. Athletes' responses to training workloads can be considered hierarchically, where the most intimate level encompasses changes produced at the cellular and molecular levels, while the generalized level summarizes the most integrative training outcomes, which characterize athletes' adaptability, preparedness and readiness for forthcoming workloads. These training outcomes, called generalized training effects (GTE) are considered to be closely linked with duration and mode of training workloads. Summarizing earlier and more recent publications, GTEs are categorized as acute, immediate, cumulative, delayed and residual training effects, which encompass changes induced by 1) a single exercise; 2) a single workout or training day; 3) a series of workouts; or 4) obtained over a given time interval after a program completion ; or (5) changes retained after cessation of training beyond a give time period. Each one these GTEs has a three-fold characterization:1) variables of executed workloads; 2) athletes' responses to workloads and training-induced changes in their state; 3) changes in athletic performance as described by sport specific indicators. Although the concept of GTE is far from complete in terms of an understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the short-, medium-, and long-term changes caused by athletic training, a number of fundamental theories and statements contribute to its scientific background. They are Cannon's theory of homeostasis; Salye's theory of stress adaptation; Weigert's law of supercompensation; and Lamarck's classic theory of evolution regarding the \"use\" and \"disuse\" of any organ or function.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2009", "volume": "49", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "333-345", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Sports Med Phys Fitness", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4707", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20087292", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Physiological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anaerobic Threshold", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Exercise", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Education and Training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "SNTK6PGI" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-16T17:36:17Z" } } ]