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We propose a new model that distinguishes between individual and situational factors that increase social comparison and thus lead to a range of competitive attitudes and behavior. Individual factors are those that vary from person to person: the relevance of the performance dimension, the similarity of rivals, and their relationship closeness to the individual, as well as the various individual differences variables relating to social comparison more generally. Situational factors, conversely, are those factors on the social comparison landscape that affect similarly situated individuals: proximity to a standard (i.e., near the number 1 ranking vs. far away), the number of competitors (i.e., few vs. many), social category fault lines (i.e., disputes across vs. within social categories), and more. 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}, "data": { "key": "DDA8ZJI7", "version": 16, "parentItem": "X3FXV9A9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886915003256", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z" } }, { "key": "PTA4VB6N", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/PTA4VB6N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/PTA4VB6N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/X3FXV9A9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PTA4VB6N", "version": 16, "parentItem": "X3FXV9A9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886915003256/pdfft?md5=7cafb659d25b8b19e9e584ac4520974c&pid=1-s2.0-S0191886915003256-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z" } }, { "key": "X3FXV9A9", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/X3FXV9A9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/X3FXV9A9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sorokowski et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "X3FXV9A9", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Sorokowski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Sorokowska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Oleszkiewicz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Frackowiak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Huk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Pisanski" } ], "abstractNote": "Although many studies have investigated individual differences in online social networking, few have examined the recent and rapidly popularized social phenomenon of the “selfie” (a selfportrait photograph of oneself). In two studies with a pooled sample of 1296 men and women, we tested the prediction that individuals who score high on four narcissism sub-scales (Self-sufficiency, Vanity, Leadership, and Admiration Demand) will be more likely to post selfies to social media sites than will individuals who exhibit low narcissism. We examined three categories of selfies: own selfies; selfies with a romantic partner; and group selfies, controlling for non-selfie photographs. Women posted more selfies of all types than did men. However, women’s selfie-posting behavior was generally unrelated to their narcissism scores. In contrast, men’s overall narcissism scores positively predicted posting own selfies, selfies with a partner, and group selfies. Moreover, men’s Vanity, Leadership, and Admiration Demand scores each independently predicted the posting of one or more types of selfies. Our findings provide the first evidence that the link between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior is comparatively weak among women than men, and provide novel insight into the social motivations and functions of online social networking.", "publicationTitle": "Personality and Individual Differences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2015", "volume": "85", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "123-127", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Personality and Individual Differences", "DOI": "10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886915003256", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0191-8869", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Facebook", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Narcissism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Narcissistic Personality Inventory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Selfie", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex differences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social online networking", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:17:42Z" } }, { "key": "QU6GHIXE", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/QU6GHIXE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/QU6GHIXE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/T43GSWVC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "QU6GHIXE", "version": 14, "parentItem": "T43GSWVC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z" } }, { "key": "T43GSWVC", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/T43GSWVC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/T43GSWVC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murray", "parsedDate": "2015-11-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "T43GSWVC", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Derek Conrad", "lastName": "Murray" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper explores the cultural fascination with social media forms of self-portraiture, commonly known as “selfies,” with a specific interest in the self-imaging strategies of young women in their teens and early 20s. Ubiquitous on social media sites like Facebook, Tumblr, Flickr, and Instagram, the selfie has become a powerful means for self-expression, encouraging its makers to share the most intimate and private moments of their lives – as well as engage in a form of creative self-fashioning. Popularly regarded as a shallow expression of online narcissism, the selfie is both adored and reviled; yet it flourishes as one of the most effective outlets for self-definition. Through a critical engagement with a history of feminist representational politics, this paper explores the political urgency at the heart of the selfie phenomenon, and contemplates whether the urge to compulsively self-image is mere narcissism, or a politically oppositional and aesthetic form of resistance.", "publicationTitle": "Consumption Markets & Culture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2, 2015", "volume": "18", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "490-516", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1025-3866", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Notes to self", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z" } }, { "key": "9HX8CEK2", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/9HX8CEK2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/9HX8CEK2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/T43GSWVC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9HX8CEK2", "version": 14, "parentItem": "T43GSWVC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-02T17:02:40Z" } }, { "key": "ZI3VAMZT", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/ZI3VAMZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/ZI3VAMZT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2753477, "username": "vminik", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vminik", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Seiter", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZI3VAMZT", "version": 13, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The Psychology of Selfies: Why We Love Taking and Viewing Face Photos", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Courtney", "lastName": "Seiter" } ], "abstractNote": "What do selfies say about our world? How can taking and viewing photos help us understand one another better? We explore the psychology of selfies.", "websiteTitle": "Social", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychology-of-selfies", "accessDate": "2015-11-28T23:24:03Z", "shortTitle": "The Psychology of Selfies", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-28T23:24:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-28T23:24:31Z" } }, { "key": "64U2KQUX", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/64U2KQUX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/64U2KQUX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Barry et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "64U2KQUX", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "“Let Me Take a Selfie”: Associations Between Self-Photography, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher T.", "lastName": "Barry" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hannah", "lastName": "Doucette" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Della C.", "lastName": "Loflin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicole", "lastName": "Rivera-Hudson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lacey L.", "lastName": "Herrington" } ], "abstractNote": "The proliferation of social media in day-to-day life has raised numerous questions about how individuals present themselves in these arenas. The present study examined the associations of narcissism and self-esteem with the posting of self-photographs (“selfies”) on a popular photo sharing social networking site (i.e., Instagram). Participants were 128 undergraduate students (19 males, 109 females) ranging in age from 18 to 43 (M = 20.46, SD = 3.59). Selfies were coded according to their frequency relative to participants’ nonselfie posts and their apparent themes (i.e., physical appearance, activity/event/location, affiliation with others, collage, other/undifferentiated). The hypothesized relations of narcissism and self-esteem with the posting of selfies independent of theme were not significant. However, there was a significant relation between some dimensions of narcissism and specific categories of selfies (e.g., vulnerable narcissism with physical appearance selfies). The limitations of the present study, particularly in terms of sampling and other issues that may influence online presentations, as well as the implications for future research on social media photographic displays are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Psychology of Popular Media Culture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "No Pagination Specified", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1037/ppm0000089", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2160-4142(Electronic);2160-4134(Print)", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "“Let Me Take a Selfie”", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "APA PsycNET", "callNumber": "", "rights": "(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-20T18:32:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-20T18:32:58Z" } }, { "key": "MSWHB3HA", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/MSWHB3HA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/MSWHB3HA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2755000, "username": "dkbrinso", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dkbrinso", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mascheroni et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MSWHB3HA", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "“Girls are addicted to likes so they post semi-naked selfies”: Peer mediation, normativity and the construction of identity online", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giovanna", "lastName": "Mascheroni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Vincent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Estefanía", "lastName": "Jimenez" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/62933/", "accessDate": "2015-11-20T06:35:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "“Girls are addicted to likes so they post semi-naked selfies”", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-20T18:32:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-20T18:32:01Z" } }, { "key": "6B4SQAFE", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/6B4SQAFE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/6B4SQAFE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2753477, "username": "vminik", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vminik", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6B4SQAFE", "version": 9, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Using Selfies in Social Media Marketing | Social Media Today", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": 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"webpage", "title": "SOCIAL MEDIA: STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS FOR MUSIC LIBRARIES, OR BEYOND CREATING AN ACCOUNT on JSTOR", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/stable/23512675?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=hashtags&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhashtags%26amp%3Bprq%3Dsnapchat%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bwc%3Don&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents", "accessDate": "2015-11-20T13:21:04Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-20T13:21:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-20T13:21:04Z" } }, { "key": "NAEKPIU8", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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"application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-13T19:21:14Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-13T19:22:06Z" } }, { "key": "BITFUFTB", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 427514, "name": "SelfiesResearch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/427514/items/BITFUFTB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/selfiesresearch/items/BITFUFTB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 888700, "username": "csugimoto", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/csugimoto", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Qiu et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BITFUFTB", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What does your selfie say about you?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lin", "lastName": "Qiu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jiahui", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shanshan", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Weina", "lastName": "Qu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tingshao", "lastName": "Zhu" } ], "abstractNote": "Selfies refer to self-portraits taken by oneself using a digital camera or a smartphone. They become increasingly popular in social media. However, little is known about how selfies reflect their owners’ personality traits and how people judge others’ personality from selfies. In this study, we examined the association between selfies and personality by measuring participants’ Big Five personality and coding their selfies posted on a social networking site. We found specific cues in selfies related to agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. We also examined zero-acquaintance personality judgment and found that observers had moderate to strong agreement in their ratings of Big Five personality based on selfies. However, they could only accurately predict selfie owners’ degree of openness. This study is the first to reveal personality-related cues in selfies and provide a picture-coding scheme that can be used to analyze selfies. 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Then we picked our own. The results were, well, revealing.", "websiteTitle": "ELLE", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/instagram-self-esteem", "accessDate": "2015-11-13T19:20:00Z", "shortTitle": "Selfies and Self Esteem", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-13T19:20:00Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-13T19:20:00Z" } } ]