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This article examines Internet scammers' complicity in promoting these creatively dramatic, yet stereotyped, representations of Africa and Africans. Their approach exemplifies what de Certeau describes as a “tactic” where scammers manipulate the space of representations produced by hegemonic forces in the West to realize subversive ends. The attempts of Internet scammers highlight the difficulties of creating self-representations that are both authentic and persuasive. Marginalized communities face difficult compromises in their efforts to be heard by those they perceive as powerful. This remains the case, despite new mechanisms of communication, such as the Internet, that make connecting (in a purely mechanical sense) much easier and less expensive.", "publicationTitle": "Information Technologies and International Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "4", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "15–30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1544-7529", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Problematic empowerment", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Culture" }, { "tag": "Development" }, { "tag": "Marginality, Social" }, { "tag": "Politics" }, { "tag": "internet" }, { "tag": "technology" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-20T20:24:33Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-20T20:24:33Z" } }, { "key": "XK2GUD8T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42748, "name": "ICT and development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42748/items/XK2GUD8T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development/items/XK2GUD8T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 31419, "username": "vivekdse", "name": "Vivek Srinivasan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vivekdse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Blondheim", "parsedDate": "1994", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XK2GUD8T", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "News over the wires: the telegraph and the flow of public information in America, 1844-1897", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Menahem", "lastName": "Blondheim" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1994", "publisher": "Harvard University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "326", "ISBN": "9780674622128", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "News over the wires", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "democracy" }, { "tag": "technology" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-20T20:23:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-20T20:23:42Z" } }, { "key": "9SICE9P3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42748, "name": "ICT and development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42748/items/9SICE9P3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development/items/9SICE9P3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42748/items/XK2GUD8T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 31419, "username": "vivekdse", "name": "Vivek Srinivasan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vivekdse", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9SICE9P3", "version": 1, "parentItem": "XK2GUD8T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2011-03-14T04:08:05Z", "url": "http://books.google.com/books?id=cKVhOdpieXoC", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-04-20T20:23:42Z", "dateModified": "2011-04-20T20:23:42Z" } }, { "key": "N8BGZE3D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 42748, "name": "ICT and development", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42748/items/N8BGZE3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ict_and_development/items/N8BGZE3D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/42748/items/KK6NT6UA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 31419, "username": "vivekdse", "name": "Vivek Srinivasan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/vivekdse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N8BGZE3D", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KK6NT6UA", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Can use this as a case study that I can give in a class.

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Information systems often succumb to organizational constraints and either fail or underperform. This article examines why and provides a model of how they can succeed. The thesis is that African bureaucracy and, surprisingly, information systems development are contingent structures and processes. Given the right combination of government reformers (saints) and appropriate technical assistance specialists (wizards), the personal and contingent nature of African bureaucracies can facilitate the rapid introduction of information technology reform. The difficult task is to sustain the reform in a context where government staff are apathetic or even hostile to the reform (demons). An information system is sustained when it is insulated—its output is revered and tampering is feared. In African bureaucracies, information systems fail or underperform more often than they succeed, because the saints are few, the demons are many, the wizards are inappropriate, the systems are complex and the organizations are weak. The article concludes by reviewing five conundra of systems development in African bureaucracies: building systems without saints, managing demons, compartmentalizing systems, integrating system compartments and insulating systems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Public Administration and Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "18", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "37-60", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Public Admin. 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Four generic models of “electronic democracy” that are made possible by interactive information Technologies—electronic bureaucracy, information management, populist, and civil society—are analyzed in terms of their applicability and impact. Information technology’s impact on the roles, responsibilities, and accountability of citizens, elected representatives, the media, and corporations is also examined. 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