[ { "key": "MHRA4I3U", "version": 36, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/MHRA4I3U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/MHRA4I3U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Willis, III et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-05-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MHRA4I3U", "version": 36, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ethics, big data, and analytics: a model for application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James E.", "lastName": "Willis, III" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Pistilli" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "EDUCAUSE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "6 May 2013", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://apo.org.au/node/34500", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:25:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T04:07:08Z" } }, { "key": "ABEI8PUU", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/ABEI8PUU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/ABEI8PUU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schroeder and Cowls", "parsedDate": "2014-08-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ABEI8PUU", "version": 35, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Big data, ethics, and the social production of knowledge production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ralph", "lastName": "Schroeder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Josh", "lastName": "Cowls" } ], "abstractNote": "This position paper addresses current debates about data in\ngeneral, and big data specifically, by examining the ethical issues\narising from advances in knowledge production. Typically ethical\nissues such as privacy and data protection are discussed in the\ncontext of regulatory and policy debates. Here we argue that this\noverlooks a larger picture whereby human autonomy is\nundermined by the growth of scientific knowledge. To make this\nargument, we first offer definitions of data and big data, and then\nexamine why the uses of data-driven analyses of human behaviour\nin particular have recently experienced rapid growth. Next, we\ndistinguish between the contexts in which big data research is\nused, and argue that this research has quite different implications\nin the context of scientific as opposed to applied research. We\nconclude by pointing to the fact that big data analyses are both\nenabled and constrained by the nature of data sources available.\nBig data research will nevertheless inevitably become more\npervasive, and this will require more awareness on the part of data\nscientists, policymakers and a wider public about its contexts and\noften unintended consequences.", "proceedingsTitle": "Data Ethics", "conferenceName": "KDD 2014", "publisher": "", "place": "New York City", "date": "August 24, 2014", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "1-4", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dataethics.github.io/proceedings/BigDataEthicsandtheSocialImplicationsofKnowledgeProduction.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T04:05:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T04:05:48Z" } }, { "key": "G53H4K8G", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/G53H4K8G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/G53H4K8G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Johnson", "parsedDate": "2014-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "G53H4K8G", "version": 33, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From open data to information justice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey Alan", "lastName": "Johnson" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper argues for subsuming the question of open data within a larger question of information justice, with the immediate aim being to establish the need for rather than the principles of such a theory. I show that there are several problems of justice that emerge as a consequence of opening data to full public accessibility, and are generally a consequence of the failure of the open data movement to understand the constructed nature of data. I examine three such problems: the embedding of social privilege in datasets as the data is constructed, the differential capabilities of data users (especially differences between citizens and “enterprise” users), and the norms that data systems impose through their function as disciplinary systems. In each case I show that open data has the quite real potential to exacerbate rather than alleviate injustices. This necessitates a theory of information justice. I briefly suggest two complementary directions in which such a theory might be developed: one defining a set of moral inquiries that can be used to evaluate the justness of data practices, and another exploring the practices and structures that a social movement promoting information justice might pursue.", "publicationTitle": "Ethics and Information Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2014", "volume": "16", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "263-274", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:55:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:55:06Z" } }, { "key": "S5RKE5B2", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/S5RKE5B2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/S5RKE5B2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fairfield and Shtein", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S5RKE5B2", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Big data, big problems: Emerging issues in the ethics of data science and journalism.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joshua", "lastName": "Fairfield" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hannah", "lastName": "Shtein" } ], "abstractNote": "As big data techniques become widespread in journalism, both as the subject of reporting and as newsgathering tools, the ethics of data science must inform and be informed by media ethics. This article explores emerging problems in ethical research using big data techniques. It does so using the duty-based framework advanced by W.D. Ross, who has significantly influenced both research science and media ethics. A successful framework must provide stability and flexibility. Without stability, ethical precommitments will vanish as technology rapidly shifts costs. Without flexibility, traditional approaches will rapidly become obsolete in the face of technological change. The article concludes that Ross's duty-based approach both provides stability in the face of rapid technological change and flexibility to innovate to achieve the original purpose of basic ethical principles.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Mass Media Ethics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "29", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/08900523.2014.863126", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:52:25Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:52:25Z" } }, { "key": "6F2MECVU", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/6F2MECVU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/6F2MECVU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brakewood and Poldrack", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6F2MECVU", "version": 29, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The ethics of secondary data analysis: Considering the application of belmont principles to the sharing of neuroimaging data.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beth", "lastName": "Brakewood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Russell A.", "lastName": "Poldrack" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Neuroimage", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "82", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "671-676", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Secondary Data" } ], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:45:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:46:00Z" } }, { "key": "PQPMEU58", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/PQPMEU58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/PQPMEU58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zimmer", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PQPMEU58", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "\"But the data is already public\": on the ethics of research in Facebook.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Zimmer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Ethics and information technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "12", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "313-325", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:43:54Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:43:54Z" } }, { "key": "GI48AIDR", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/GI48AIDR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/GI48AIDR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Piwowar et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GI48AIDR", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Towards a Data Sharing Culture: Recommendations for Leadership from Academic Health Centers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heather A.", "lastName": "Piwowar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael J.", "lastName": "Becich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Howard", "lastName": "Bilofsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rebecca S.", "lastName": "Crowley" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "PLOS Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2 September 2008", "volume": "5", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528049/", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Data Sharing" } ], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:42:00Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:42:00Z" } }, { "key": "2HTXT9P2", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/2HTXT9P2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/2HTXT9P2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kaye et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2HTXT9P2", "version": 22, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Data sharing in genomics - re-shaping scientific practice.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Kaye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine", "lastName": "Heeney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Hawkins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jantina", "lastName": "de Vries" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paula", "lastName": "Boddington" } ], "abstractNote": "Funding bodies have recently introduced a requirement that data sharing must be a consideration of all funding applications in genomics. As with all new developments this condition has had an impact on scientific practice, particularly in the area of publishing and in the conduct of research. We discuss the challenges that must be addressed if the full benefits of data sharing, as envisaged by funders, are to be realized.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Reviews Genetics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2009", "volume": "10", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "331-335", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Data Sharing" } ], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:37:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:37:58Z" } }, { "key": "VRES2AQD", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/VRES2AQD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/VRES2AQD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Irwin", "parsedDate": "2013-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VRES2AQD", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Qualitative secondary data analysis: Ethics, epistemology and context", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarah", "lastName": "Irwin" } ], "abstractNote": "There has been a significant growth in the infrastructure for archiving and sharing qualitative data, facilitating reuse and secondary analysis. The article explores some issues relating to ethics and epistemology in the conduct of qualitative secondary analysis. It also offers a critical discussion of the importance of engaging with the situatedness and contextually embedded nature of data, and ways in which contexts (including research designs and disciplinary and methodological assumptions) are themselves embedded in primary data. I illustrate some strategies for addressing these matters with reference to analyses of two different areas, drawing on research conducted as part of ESRC Timescapes, and highlight some issues for development research.", "publicationTitle": "Progress in Development Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2013", "volume": "13", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "295-306", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Secondary Data" } ], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T02:51:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:34:48Z" } }, { "key": "KQ8CNJUA", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/KQ8CNJUA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/KQ8CNJUA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Grinyer", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KQ8CNJUA", "version": 19, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The ethics of secondary analysis and further use of qualitative data", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne", "lastName": "Grinyer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Social Research Update", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Summer 2009", "volume": "56", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU56.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Secondary Data" } ], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:32:19Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:32:59Z" } }, { "key": "FHWUD8ZN", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/FHWUD8ZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": 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"", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:22:56Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:22:56Z" } }, { "key": "W4KXGZBB", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/W4KXGZBB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/W4KXGZBB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "boyd and Crawford", "parsedDate": "2012-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W4KXGZBB", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "danah", "lastName": "boyd" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kate", "lastName": "Crawford" } ], "abstractNote": "The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, government records, and other digital traces left by people. Significant questions emerge. Will large-scale search data help us create better tools, services, and public goods? Or will it usher in a new wave of privacy incursions and invasive marketing? Will data analytics help us understand online communities and political movements? Or will it be used to track protesters and suppress speech? Will it transform how we study human communication and culture, or narrow the palette of research options and alter what ‘research’ means? Given the rise of Big Data as a socio-technical phenomenon, we argue that it is necessary to critically interrogate its assumptions and biases. In this article, we offer six provocations to spark conversations about the issues of Big Data: a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon that rests on the interplay of technology, analysis, and mythology that provokes extensive utopian and dystopian rhetoric.", "publicationTitle": "Information, Communication & Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2012", "volume": "15", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "662-679", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:15:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:15:46Z" } }, { "key": "9SV7FABV", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/9SV7FABV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/9SV7FABV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwitter", "parsedDate": "2014-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9SV7FABV", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Big data ethics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrej", "lastName": "Zwitter" } ], "abstractNote": "The speed of development in Big Data and associated phenomena, such as social media, has surpassed the capacity of the average consumer to understand his or her actions and their knock-on effects. We are moving towards changes in how ethics has to be perceived: away from individual decisions with specific and knowable outcomes, towards actions by many unaware that they may have taken actions with unintended consequences for anyone. Responses will require a rethinking of ethical choices, the lack thereof and how this will guide scientists, governments, and corporate agencies in handling Big Data. This essay elaborates on the ways Big Data impacts on ethical conceptions.\n\nOn 21 September 2012, a crowd of 3000 rioting people visited a 16-year-old girl’s party at home in the little village of Haren, the Netherlands, after she had mistakenly posted a birthday party invite publicly on Facebook (BBC, 2012). Some might think that the biggest ethical and educational challenge that modern technology is posing concerns mainly children. It seems, however, that particularly with the emergence of Big Data, ethicists have to reconsider some traditional ethical conceptions.\n\nSince the onset of modern ethics in the late 18th century with Hume, Kant, Bentham, and Mills, we took premises such as individual moral responsibility for granted. Today, however, it seems Big Data requires ethics to do some rethinking of its assumptions, particularly about individual moral agency. The novelty of Big Data poses ethical difficulties (such as for privacy), which are not per se new. These ethical questions, which are commonly known and understood, are also widely discussed in the media. For example, they resurface in the context of the Snowden revelations and the respective investigations by The Guardian concerned with the capabilities of intelligence agencies (The Guardian, 2013b). But its novelty would not be the sole reason for having to rethink how ethics works. In addition to its novelty, the very nature of Big Data has an underestimated impact on the individual’s ability to understand its potential and make informed decisions. Hence, much less commonly discussed are the ethical implications of impersonal data. Examples include, among others, the “likes” on Facebook sold to marketing companies in order to more specifically target certain micro-markets; information generated out of Twitter feed based sentiment analyses for political manipulation of groups, etc.\n\nThis essay aims to underline how certain principles of our contemporary philosophy of ethics might be changing and might require a rethinking in philosophy, professional ethics, policy-making, and research. First, it will briefly outline the traditional ethical principles with regard to moral responsibility. Thereafter, it will summarize four qualities of Big Data with ethical relevance. The third delves deeper into the idea of the changing nature of power and the emergence of hyper-networked ethics; and the fourth section illustrates which ethical problems might emerge in society, politics and research due to these changes.", "publicationTitle": "Big Data & Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2014", "volume": "1", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://bds.sagepub.com/content/1/2/2053951714559253", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:13:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:13:32Z" } }, { "key": "WU6NB7MZ", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/WU6NB7MZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/WU6NB7MZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Richards and King", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WU6NB7MZ", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Big data ethics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neil M.", "lastName": "Richards" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan H.", "lastName": "King" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Wake Forest Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "49", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:11:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:11:24Z" } }, { "key": "8FNWFTBX", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 425532, "name": "ESAD Interest Group (RDA)", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/425532/items/8FNWFTBX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/esad_interest_group_rda/items/8FNWFTBX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2255048, "username": "clanius", "name": "Candice L", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/clanius", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dove and Ozdemir", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8FNWFTBX", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What role for law, human rights, and bioethics in an age of big data, consortia science, and consortia ethics? Importance of trustworthiness.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edwards S.", "lastName": "Dove" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vural", "lastName": "Ozdemir" } ], "abstractNote": "The global bioeconomy is generating new paradigm-shifting practices of knowledge\nco-production, such as collective innovation; large-scale, data-driven global consortia science\n(Big Science); and consortia ethics (Big Ethics). These bioeconomic and sociotechnical\npractices can be forces for progressive social change, but they can also raise predicaments\nat the interface of law, human rights, and bioethics. In this article, we examine one such\ndouble-edged practice: the growing, multivariate exploitation of Big Data in the health\nsector, particularly by the private sector. Commercial exploitation of health data for\nknowledge-based products is a key aspect of the bioeconomy and is also a topic of concern\namong publics around the world. It is exacerbated in the current age of globally interconnected\nconsortia science and consortia ethics, which is characterized by accumulating epistemic\nproximity, diminished academic independence, “extreme centrism”, and conflicted/competing\ninterests among innovation actors. Extreme centrism is of particular importance as a new\nideology emerging from consortia science and consortia ethics; this relates to invariably\ntaking a middle-of-the-road populist stance, even in the event of human rights breaches, so\nas to sustain the populist support needed for consortia building and collective innovation. What role do law, human rights, and bioethics—separate and together—have to play in\naddressing these predicaments and opportunities in early 21st century science and society?\nOne answer we propose is an intertwined ethico-legal normative construct, namely\ntrustworthiness. By considering trustworthiness as a central pillar at the intersection of law,\nhuman rights, and bioethics, we enable others to trust us, which in turns allows different\nactors (both nonprofit and for-profit) to operate more justly in consortia science and ethics,\nas well as to access and responsibly use health data for public benefit.\nKeywords: Big Data; Big Ethics; bioethics; commercial use; consortia ethics; consortia\nscience; extreme centrism; global governance; health; trustworthiness", "publicationTitle": "Laws", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "4", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "515 - 540", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CH6NIUP8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:09:07Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:09:07Z" } } ]