[ { "key": "8NMPE6PJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/8NMPE6PJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/8NMPE6PJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brouwer and Korthagen", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8NMPE6PJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Can teacher education make a difference?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Brouwer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Korthagen" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "American Educational Research Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "42", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "153", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N8UHMCF8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-12T22:49:51Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-12T22:49:51Z" } }, { "key": "VTCUTXT5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/VTCUTXT5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/VTCUTXT5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Teddlie", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VTCUTXT5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Methodological issues related to causal studies of leadership: A mixed methods perspective from the USA", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Teddlie" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Educational Management Administration & Leadership", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "33", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "211", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Methodological issues related to causal studies of leadership", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N8UHMCF8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-12T22:34:36Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-12T22:34:36Z" } }, { "key": "RAH54ATK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/RAH54ATK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/RAH54ATK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stritikus and Wiese", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RAH54ATK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reassessing the role of ethnographic methods in education policy research: Implementing bilingual education policy at local levels", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Stritikus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. M", "lastName": "Wiese" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Teachers College Record", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "108", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1106–1131", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Reassessing the role of ethnographic methods in education policy research", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N8UHMCF8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-12T22:26:48Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-12T22:26:48Z" } }, { "key": "M6K8VBSX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/M6K8VBSX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/M6K8VBSX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Clark et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M6K8VBSX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A critical realist approach to understanding and evaluating heart health programmes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander M.", "lastName": "Clark" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul D.", "lastName": "MacIntyre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin", "lastName": "Cruickshank" } ], "abstractNote": "Secondary prevention programmes for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) aim to reduce cardiovascular risks and promote health in people with heart disease. Though programmes have been associated with health improvements in study populations, access to programmes remains low, and quality and effectiveness is highly variable. Current guidelines propose significant modifications to programmes, but existing research provides little insight into why programme effectiveness varies so much. Drawing on a critical realist approach, this article argues that current research has been based on an impoverished ontology, which has elements of positivism, does not explore the social determinants of health or the effects on outcomes of salient contextual factors, and thereby fails to account for programme variations. Alternative constructivist approaches are also weak and lacking in clinical credibility. An alternative critical realist approach is proposed that draws on the merits of subjectivist and objectivist approaches but also reflects the complex interplay between individual, programme-related, socio-cultural and organizational factors that influence health outcomes in open systems. This approach embraces measurement of objective effectiveness but also examines the mechanisms, organizational and contextual-related factors causing these outcomes. Finally, a practical example of how a critical realist approach can guide research into secondary prevention programmes is provided.", "publicationTitle": "Health (London)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2007", "volume": "11", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "513-539", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/1363459307080876", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://hea.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/513", "accessDate": "2009-10-12T22:17:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N8UHMCF8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-12T22:17:32Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-12T22:17:32Z" } }, { "key": "2APCEZ4G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/2APCEZ4G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/2APCEZ4G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pinto", "parsedDate": "2007-11-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2APCEZ4G", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Growing Up Young: The Relationship Between Childhood Stress and Coping With Early Puberty", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kristina", "lastName": "Pinto" } ], "abstractNote": "This article presents findings from a study of the role of prior childhood adversity in the pubertal narratives of 16 African-American and White girls, defining adversity as the experience of stressful circumstances (e.g., abandonment, abuse) or psychological states (e.g., depression) that influence the experience of later life events, relationships, and self-perception. A majority of the girls reported such adversity, explaining that it either trivialized the problems typically ascribed to early puberty or demanded early maturity, particularly adult female roles, which consequently affected their adjustment to early pubescence. The author discusses the implications of childhood adversity for the salience of early puberty, examining the ways these identity features intersect to blur the staging of girls' development by producing multiple crossings into adulthood.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Early Adolescence", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 2007", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "509-544", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0272431607302936", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jea.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/4/509", "accessDate": "2009-10-12T21:52:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Growing Up Young", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N8UHMCF8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-12T21:52:38Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-12T21:52:38Z" } }, { "key": "9CA4Z7UW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/9CA4Z7UW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/9CA4Z7UW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Healy and Perry", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9CA4Z7UW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comprehensive criteria to judge validity and reliability of qualitative research within the realism paradigm", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Healy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Perry" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "118–126", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.marjee.org/pdfs/healy.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Authors give a brief overview of social science ontologies, settling on realism as one most promising for social science research. The goal of their paper is to describe how the quality of realism research ought to be judged. The majority of the authors' arguments is summarized in Table II- Quality criteria for case study research within the realism paradigm, and other research criteria. The authors provide the following \"Breif description[s] for this realism research\" followed by a description of \"Case study technolgies within [these] realism paradigms\":\n\n1) Research Problem deals with complex social science phenomena invovling reflective people: Selection of research problem, for example, it is a 'how' and 'why' problem.\n\n2) Open to \"fuzzy boundry\" systems involving generative mechanisms rather than direct cause-and-effect: Theoretical and literal replication, in-depth questions, emphasis on \"why\" issues, description of the context of the cases\n\n3) \"Value aware\" as opposed to value-free or value-laden: Multiple interviews, supporting evidence, broad questions before probes, triangulation. Self-description and awareness of own values.\nPublished reports for peer review\n\n4) Trustworth- research can be audited: Case study database, use in the report of relevant quotations and matrices that\nsummarise data, and of descriptions of procedures like case selection and interview procedures\n\n5) Analytical, rather than statistical, generalizations: Identify research issues before data collection, to formulate an\ninterview protocol that will provide data for confirming or\ndisconfirming theory\n\nThe authors contrast the types of conclusions drawn by realists to those by positivists by saying realists try to find \"a family of answers\" as opposed to a single answer. The \"penultimate\" critereon for the authors, however, is analytic generalization, or theory buidling. \"Given the complexity of realism's world, realism research must be primarily theory-building, rather than the testing of the\napplicability of a theory to a population, which is the primary concern of positivism.\"", "tags": [], "collections": [ "K7PPHEMT", "WGZHH9MX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T20:25:26Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-21T01:39:33Z" } }, { "key": "JEHSN2DF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/JEHSN2DF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/JEHSN2DF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "New", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JEHSN2DF", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Feminism, critical realism and the linguistic turn", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Justin", "lastName": "Cruickshank" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caroline", "lastName": "New" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Critical Realism: The Difference in Makes", "series": "Routledge studies in critical realism", "seriesNumber": "6", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2003", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "57-72", "ISBN": "0415305985", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Critical Realism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "magik.gmu.edu Library Catalog", "callNumber": "B835 .C755 2003", "rights": "", "extra": "New argues that a realist approach is crucial for feminist research. She argues that approaches to gender as a social construct ultimately hinder feminist research. She insists that a critical realist approach allows feminists to talk about real harm to a real group that is women. \n\nShe specifically claims that \"explanatory critiques are essential to any consistent and effective feminism, that such critiques must necessarily b realist, and that to adequate to there object they must be critical realists.\" 58\n\nNew focuses on various activist global women's movements and IMF policy discussions as examples of the need for a realist research paradigm to actively work to improve the lives of women around the world.\n\nThe most powerful part of her paper explores post modern arguments about rape. She presents several postmodern feminist approaches that claim rape represents a particular set of western beliefs which researchers impose on other cultures. She presents these claims from postmodernists to suggest that the opposite is in fact true, that rape is a clear example of real harm to women across cultural differences, that underscores the need for feminists to recognize women as a real community that is subject to a variety of harms which feminists should work to aid.", "tags": [ { "tag": "Critical Realism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Philosophy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "annotated" }, { "tag": "methodology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "K7PPHEMT", "KEE7F52V", "SV8ZFDSQ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T19:40:08Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-21T01:16:00Z" } }, { "key": "P885Z5KT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/P885Z5KT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/P885Z5KT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hammersley", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P885Z5KT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The issue of quality in qualitative research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Hammersley" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Research & Method in Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "30", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "287–305", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.marjee.org/pdfs/Hammersley_issue.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Hammersley tries to unravel the criterion upon which qualitative evidence needs to judged and in doing so, tries to flesh out current thinking on where the educational research community stands when it comes to establishing criterion. According to Hammersley, the lack of clarity and agreement on criterion for judging evidence is part of the reason qualitative research receives so much criticism is because, \"there is no clearly defined set of quality criteria available for judging [evidence]\". Hammersley introduces readers to some arguments that the hope for a set of standard criterion needs to be abandoned when it comes to qualitative research. While Hammersley rejects the idea that there needs to be a rigid list of criterion but acknowledges that practioners and policy makers must (and do) judge research when they read it, \"While I am rejecting the idea of a finite set of explicit and exhaustive criteria that\ncan substitute for judgment, or render its role minimal, the above discussion indicates my belief that criteria, in the form of guidelines, can play an important role in the work of researchers.\"\n\nHammersley argues that criteria hold some inherent value to researchers (as well as consumers of research) in that they can help researchers remember what to focus on. During the research process, he argues, researchers can lose sight of the bigger picture, and some reliable set of criteria can aid this. Hammersley also spells out an interesting dilemma created when lay researchers (such as policy-makers) try to judge researcher, \"On the one hand, the whole point of research is that it may produce un-commonsensical conclusions, and therefore its findings must not be dismissed because they are counter-intuitive. On the other hand, people’s experience and background knowledge will often give them important resources with which to interrogate, modify, or reject research findings; especially in terms of how these relate to particular contexts of action with which they are familiar, and what their implications are for practical action. So, good judgment is required by lay users, just as much as it is on the part of researchers, and it is even more difficult to exercise in their case.\"\n\nHammerseley wonders how much of the problem of criterion and judgment comes from the fact that social science researchers have accepted the value-laden nature of their questions and the inherently political nature of social science research. Hammersely points out that Max Weber felt strongly that social science research need not be inherently political, \"he argued that research could play a role in facilitating the resolution of disagreements through both providing relevant factual evidence and clarifying the implications of different value positions; though he recognized that there was no guarantee that it could completely resolve any disagreement, since there are ineradicable conflicts among fundamental values. Nonetheless, this plurality of purpose found among educational researchers is real and it complicates questions of judging evidence greatly. In the end, Hammersely roughly concludes, \"There are serious differences in perspective, but some means need to be found to\nat least reduce them, so as to increase the level of agreement across educational\nresearchers’ judgments about what is and is not good quality work. Developing\nguidelines may serve a useful function in this.\" Hammersely seems to feel the greatest divide lies between social scientists who see themselves as activists and those who see their work as politically neutral. To this end, Hammersely implores activist researchers to help close this gap by establishing an internal set of criteria. He ends by saying, \"At the same time, we should not simply accept methodological pluralism at face value, reinforcing it by treating each qualitative approach as having its own unique set of quality criteria. Dialogue on this issue across different approaches, and indeed across the qualitative–quantitative divide, is essential for the future of social and educational research.\"", "tags": [ { "tag": "annotated" } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8", "GIMWX2UD", "K7PPHEMT" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-08-30T19:54:34Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T21:42:09Z" } }, { "key": "A8DXBA9A", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/A8DXBA9A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/A8DXBA9A", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/P885Z5KT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A8DXBA9A", "version": 1, "parentItem": "P885Z5KT", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Hammersley tries to unravel the critereon upon which qualitative evidence needs to judged and in doing so, tries to flesh out current thinking on where the educational research community stands when it comes to establishing critereon.  According to Hammersley, the lack of clarity and agreement on critereon for judging evidence is part of the reason qualitative research recieves so much criticism is because, \"there is no clearly defined set of quality criteria available for judging [evidence]\".  Hammersley introduces readers to some arguments that the hope for a set of standard critereon needs to be abandoned when it comes to qualitiative reserach. While Hammersley rejects the idea that there needs to be a rigid list of critereon but acknowledges that practioners and policy makers must (and do) judge research when they read it, \"While I am rejecting the idea of a finite set of explicit and exhaustive criteria that
can substitute for judgement, or render its role minimal, the above discussion indicates my belief that criteria, in the form of guidelines, can play an important role in the work of researchers.\"

\n

Hammersley argues that criterea hold some inherent value to researchers (as well as consumers of research)  in that they can help researchers remember what to focus on.  During the research process, he argues, researchers can lose sight of the bigger picture, and some reliable set of criterea can aid this.  Hammersley also spells out an interesting dilema created when lay researchers (such as policy-makers) try to judge researcher, \"On the one hand, the whole point of research is that it may produce un-commonsensical conclusions, and therefore its findings must not be dismissed because they are counter-intuitive. On the other hand, people’s experience and background knowledge will often give them important resources with which to interrogate, modify, or reject research findings; especially in terms of how these relate to particular contexts of action with which they are familiar, and what their implications are for practical action. So, good judgement is required by lay users, just as much as it is on the part of researchers, and it is even more difficult to exercise in their case.\"

\n

Hammerseley wonders how much of the problem of critereon and judgement comes from the fact that social science researchers have accpeted the value-laden nature of their questions and the inherently political nature of social science research.  Hammersely points out that Max Weber felt strongly that social science research need not be inerently poitical, \"he argued that research could play a role in facilitating the resolution of disagreements through both providing relevant factual evidence and clarifying the implications of different value positions; though he recognised that there was no guarantee that it could completely resolve any disagreement, since there are ineradicable conflicts among fundamental values.  Nontheless, this pluarity of purpose found among educational researchers is real and it complicates questions of judging evidence greatly.  In the end, Hammersely roughly concludes, \"There are serious differences in perspective, but some means need to be found to
at least reduce them, so as to increase the level of agreement across educational
researchers’ judgements about what is and is not good quality work.  Developing
guidelines may serve a useful function in this.\" Hammersely seems to feel the greatest divide lies between social scientists who see themselves as activists and those who see their work as politically netural.  To this end, Hammersely implores activist researchers to help close this gap by estabilishing an interneal set of criterea.  He ends by saying, \"At the same time, we should not simply accept methodological pluralism at face value, reinforcing it by treating each qualitative approach as having its own unique set of quality criteria. Dialogue on this issue across different approaches, and indeed across the qualitative–quantitative divide, is essential for the future of social and educational research.\"

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T20:39:01Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T21:31:49Z" } }, { "key": "W7TRSTKT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/W7TRSTKT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/W7TRSTKT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Madill et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W7TRSTKT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Objectivity and reliability in qualitative analysis: Realist, contextualist and radical...", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna", "lastName": "Madill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abbie", "lastName": "Jordan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Caroline", "lastName": "Shirley" } ], "abstractNote": "The effect of the individual analyst on research findings can create a credibility problem for qualitative approaches from the perspective of evaluative criteria utilized in quantitative psychology. This paper explicates the ways in which objectivity and reliability are understood in qualitative analysis conducted from within three distinct epistemological frameworks: realism, contextual constructionism, and radical constructionism. It is argued that quality criteria utilized in quantitative psychology are appropriate to the evaluation of qualitative analysis only to the extent that it is conducted within a naive or scientific realist framework. The discussion is illustrated with reference to the comparison of two independent grounded theory analyses of identical material. An implication of this illustration is to identify the potential to develop a radical constructionist strand of grounded theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "British Journal of Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2000", "volume": "91", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "Article", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2865067&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:38:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00071269", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Objectivity and reliability in qualitative analysis", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Not interested in \"the potential to develop a radical constructionist strand of grounded theory.\"", "tags": [ { "tag": "KNOWLEDGE, Theory of", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "OBJECTIVITY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "annotated" }, { "tag": "realism", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RAIJG3TG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T21:06:59Z" } }, { "key": "MBADJA5N", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/MBADJA5N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/MBADJA5N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hansen-Ketchum and Myrick", "parsedDate": "2008-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MBADJA5N", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Photo methods for qualitative research in nursing: an ontological and epistemological perspective.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patricia", "lastName": "Hansen-Ketchum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Florence", "lastName": "Myrick" } ], "abstractNote": "The use of photo research methods is influenced by underlying ontological and epistemological assumptions. Variant assumptions about reality and knowledge converge to conceive a relationship between the knower and what can be known. These assumptions provide the rationale for decided ways of engaging participants in the process of scientific inquiry. In this paper, we examine how perspectives of realism and relativism may shape epistemological understandings and influence type and use of photo methods in qualitative research. Based on deliberations about underlying ontological and epistemological assumptions and related strengths and challenges of photo methods, we assert that photo methods contribute to the development of knowledge that both matters to participants and informs nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "Nursing Philosophy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2008", "volume": "9", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "205-213", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1466-769X.2008.00360.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=32659208&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:31:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "14667681", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Photo methods for qualitative research in nursing", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Hansen Ketchum and Myrick compare and contrast relativist approaches to photo methods with pragmatic realist approaches. The analysis specifically contrasts Lockett's (2005) photo research methods to Kruse (1999). The article includes some basic characterizations of different research frameworks and suggests ways that realist and relativist aproaches prompt different kinds of research designs. With that said, the distinctions between the studies do not seem to be directly connected to the underlaying realist or relativist approaches.", "tags": [ { "tag": "NURSING", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ONTOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "annotated" }, { "tag": "epistemology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "photo methods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "realism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "relativism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "research", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "RAIJG3TG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T20:59:21Z" } }, { "key": "828SMJQX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/828SMJQX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/828SMJQX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/GV4Z6RWD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "828SMJQX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GV4Z6RWD", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Authors give a brief overview of social science ontologies, settling on realism as one most promising for social science research.  The goal of their paper is to describe how the quality of realism research ought to be judged.  The majority of the authors' arguments is summarized in Table II- Quality criteria for case study research within the realism paradigm, and other research criteria.  The authors provide the following \"Breif description[s] for this realism research\" followed by a description of \"Case study technolgies within [these] realism paradigms\":

\n

1) Research Problem deals with complex social science phenomena invovling reflective people:  Selection of research problem, for example, it is a 'how' and 'why' problem.

\n

2) Open to \"fuzzy boundry\" systems involving generative mechanisms rather than direct cause-and-effect:  Theoretical and literal replication, in-depth questions, emphasis on \"why\" issues, description of the context of the cases

\n

3) \"Value aware\" as opposed to value-free or value-laden: Multiple interviews, supporting evidence, broad questions before probes, triangulation. Self-description and awareness of own values.
Published reports for peer review

\n

4) Trustworth- research can be audited:  Case study database, use in the report of relevant quotations and matrices that
summarise data, and of descriptions of procedures like case selection and interview procedures

\n

5) Analytical, rather than statistical, generalizations:  Identify research issues before data collection, to formulate an
interview protocol that will provide data for confirming or
disconfirming theory

\n

The authors contrast the types of conclusions drawn by realists to those by positivists by saying realists try to find \"a family of ansewrs\" as opposed to a single answer. The \"penultimate\" critereon for the authors, however, is analytic generalization, or theory buidling.  \"Given the complexity of realism's world, realism research must be primarily theory-building, rather than the testing of the
applicability of a theory to a population, which is the primary concern of positivism.\"

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T19:32:23Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T20:23:23Z" } }, { "key": "MAFP97XC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/MAFP97XC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/MAFP97XC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sayer", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MAFP97XC", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Realism and social science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. A", "lastName": "Sayer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2000", "publisher": "Sage Publications Ltd", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T20:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T20:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "RTKGMFID", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/RTKGMFID", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/RTKGMFID", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carter", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RTKGMFID", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "What race means to realists", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Justin", "lastName": "Cruickshank" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bob", "lastName": "Carter" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Critical Realism: The Difference in Makes", "series": "Routledge studies in critical realism", "seriesNumber": "6", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2003", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "149-160", "ISBN": "0415305985", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Critical Realism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "magik.gmu.edu Library Catalog", "callNumber": "B835 .C755 2003", "rights": "", "extra": "Carter argues against the idea that race and racism should be understood as discourse. He claims it is more fruitful to understand race and racism as the actual interactions between individuals and institutions. He argues that a discourse approach to race puts race into the same category as any kind of imagined community. He specifically focuses on a historical example of postwar british immigration to ground his argument in a individual case. The argument is structurally similar Caroline New's arguments about feminism and gender.", "tags": [ { "tag": "Critical Realism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Philosophy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "annotated" }, { "tag": "methodology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "K7PPHEMT", "KEE7F52V" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T20:07:51Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T20:11:19Z" } }, { "key": "GV4Z6RWD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/GV4Z6RWD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/GV4Z6RWD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Healy and Perry", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GV4Z6RWD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comprehensive criteria to judge validity and reliability of qualitative research within the realism paradigm", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Healy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Perry" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "3", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "118–126", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-13T19:18:37Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-13T19:18:37Z" } }, { "key": "QGB9MVBH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/QGB9MVBH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/QGB9MVBH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scott", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QGB9MVBH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Resolving the quantitative–qualitative dilemma: a critical realist approach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Scott" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Research & Method in Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "30", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3–17", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.marjee.org/pdfs/scott_2007.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Resolving the quantitative–qualitative dilemma", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Rejects the idea that embracing mixed-methods is a pragmatic approach. Overall seems to be no big fan of pragmatism, saying it is a-epistemic and cannot really lead us to new knowledge, \"if criteria\nfor judging the aptness of a piece of social research are determined by practical considerations, then current ways of understanding and ordering the world necessarily take precedence over alternative conceptions; and second, this suggests a form of epistemic relativism where judgements about aptness are always relative to particular social and historical arrangements.\"\n\nAdditionally, the author argues that the current paradigm divide between these two ontologies is unsustainable, and attempts to dissolve the divide. This dissolution, he tells us, must occur at the ontological level, and it is a critical tenent of realism. The following principles are used to dissolve the divide:\n\n1) Alignment: \"Alignment comprises the construction of instruments\nthat are usually thought of as quantitative and qualitative so that they produce a data set that is coherent and can be analysed in one particular way. \" (8) The author distinguishes this from the concept of triangulation and cites example of how this was used in a study.\n\n2) Compensastion: Whereas alignment seeks to reconfigure the different instruments, normally categorised\nas quantitative and qualitative, so that a database can be constructed which allows a coherent and consistent analysis to be made, compensation focuses on the\ndevelopment of different instruments and analytical techniques, again normally categorised as quantitative and qualitative, for examining the different levels or layers of social reality.(9) Again, an example of studies illustrating this example is provided. \n\n3) Translation-meaningful linkages between qualitative and quantitative data that can enhance, synergistically, the meaning of the total data. \n\nScott takes readers through various types of triangulation: 1) triangulation of data 2) triangulation of researchers 3) triangulation of methods and 4) triagulation of theory and uses sample studies to illustrate type of triangulation and exposes some inherent flaws in assumptions about triangulation:\n\n\"if the non-objective data are merely being collected to confirm or\nat least to allow the research team greater confidence in the objective data, then the objective data, it is suggested, may be flawed in some yet to be identified way. But this\nis clearly not what is being argued for. What in fact is being argued for is that one method has a number of qualities which allow it to be more objective and thus better at its task, which is to allow an analysis of the data to be made.\" (13)", "tags": [ { "tag": "annotated" } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8", "9HAPTD3E", "K7PPHEMT", "WGZHH9MX", "Z894FB3H" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-08-30T19:55:10Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T18:57:29Z" } }, { "key": "962TQNWD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/962TQNWD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/962TQNWD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/QGB9MVBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "962TQNWD", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QGB9MVBH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Rejects the idea that embracing mixed-methods is a pragmatic approach.  Overall seems to be no big fan of pragmatism, saying it is a-epistemic and cannot really lead us to new knowledge,  \"if criteria
for judging the aptness of a piece of social research are determined by practical considerations, then current ways of understanding and ordering the world necessarily take precedence over alternative conceptions; and second, this suggests a form of epistemic relativism where judgements about aptness are always relative to particular social and historical arrangements.\"

\n

Additionally, the author argues that the current paradigm divide between these two ontologies is unsustainable, and attempts to dissolve the divide.  This dissolution, he tells us, must occur at the ontological level, and it is a critical tenent of realism.  The following principles are used to dissolve the divide:

\n

1) Alignment: \"Alignment comprises the construction of instruments
that are usually thought of as quantitative and qualitative so that they produce a data set that is coherent and can be analysed in one particular way. \" (8) The author distinguishes this from the concept of triangulation and cites example of how this was used in a study.

\n

2) Compensastion: Whereas alignment seeks to reconfigure the different instruments, normally categorised
as quantitative and qualitative, so that a database can be constructed which allows a coherent and consistent analysis to be made, compensation focuses on the
development of different instruments and analytical techniques, again normally categorised as quantitative and qualitative, for examining the different levels or layers of social reality.(9) Again, an example of studies illustrating this example is provided.

\n

3) Translation-meaningful linkages between qualitative and quantitative data that can enhance, synergistically, the meaning of the total data.

\n

Scott takes readers through various types of triangulation:  1) triangulation of data 2) triangulation of researchers 3) triangulation of methods and 4) triagulation of theory and uses sample studies to illustrate type of triangulation and exposes some inherent flaws in assumptions about triangulation:

\n

\"if the non-objective data are merely being collected to confirm or
at least to allow the research team greater confidence in the objective data, then the objective data, it is suggested, may be flawed in some yet to be identified way. But this
is clearly not what is being argued for. What in fact is being argued for is that one method has a number of qualities which allow it to be more objective and thus better at its task, which is to allow an analysis of the data to be made.\" (13)

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T18:11:55Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T18:48:39Z" } }, { "key": "7A26W68E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/7A26W68E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/7A26W68E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Porter", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7A26W68E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: reasserting realism in qualitative research.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Porter" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Advanced Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "60", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "79", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.marjee.org/pdfs/validity.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Validity, trustworthiness and rigour", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "the author is responding to recent arguments that since various methods invite different requirements for validity, it is futile to search for a single standard of validity.\n\n\nIn response to Gary Rolfe, Rolfe argues that there is no unified qualitative paradigm, thus attempts for uniform validity are futlie.He argues that instead of epistemic criterea, we should judge according to \"aethetics and rhetoric\". Uses haiku as an example that even in a limited form, aesthetics cannot regulate content.\n\n\nRolfe's conclusion is also elitist because research is judged onl by other expert researchers (rules out novices). Evidence-based practice is left out entirely. In nursing research, the author emphasized the importance of accessible research to practioiners such that they can be absolutely certain of its validity.\n\n\nAuthor discusses the different approaches to validity. Ie., Sparkes claims that qualitative research cannot have validity, thus must estabilish trustworthiness (Lincoln and Guba) Guba's perspective makes it impossible to build coherence among research, and nursing practice cannot move forward. Realist approach is the only way to go. Use the method as a way to judge validity, not the indivudual studies.\n\n\nPawson 2003. uses TAPUPAS acronym\n\nTransparancy: Is process open to outside scrutiny\n\nAccuracy: are claims made based on relevant and appropriate information\n\nPurposivity: are methods used fit for purpose\n\n\nSpecificity: does the knowledge generated reserach source-specific standards?\n\n\nUtility: are the knowledge claims approriate to the needs of the practioner\n\n\nPropriety: has the research been conducted ethically and legally\n\n\nAccessibility: is th research presetned in a style that is accessible to the practioner", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8", "GIMWX2UD", "K7PPHEMT" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-08-30T19:56:14Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T15:29:32Z" } }, { "key": "78T3W6S4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/78T3W6S4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/78T3W6S4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sobh and Perry", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "78T3W6S4", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Research design and data analysis in realism research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Sobh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Perry" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Marketing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "40", "issue": "11/12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1194–1209", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.marjee.org/pdfs/sobh.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "This article introduces those in marketing research to the advantages of realism in research in marketing and business. A few interesting findings emerge as the authors argue their case. To begin with, business research relies and assumes replicablity. The authors clearly demonstrate that faith that positivists ontologies produce replicable, reliable results is misplaced. This research may be illuminating to educational researchers because in business (as is often the case in education) \"there seems to be a gulf between academics who usually work from the positivism paradigm and practitioners.\" (1197)\n\nAs for constructivist ontologies, the authors make the point that when it comes to business reserach, \"constructivism and critical theory are not especially relevant in research about an organisation having to survive within a market, because marketing managers\nhave to deal with a world that is external, that is out there and that does not particularly care about the perceptions of an individual manager.\"(1199)\n\nWIth the need established, the authors go on to illustrate how realism is used to design a social science research study. The begin with\n\n1) \"Prior Theory\": \"realism researchers enter the field with prior theories. In contrast, grounded theory researchers, for example, gradually construct a theory from interacting with their own accumulating data, without any inputs from other people’s theories in the literature.\" (1201)\n\n2) Triangulation: which the authors distinguish as not necessarily being code for \"mixed method\".\n\n3) Replication: The authors include examples from business studies that illustrate this design principle. \nThe authors go on to discuss qualitative data analysis, and the character it takes in a realism-based ontology. The authors end with a note about data display, with a mild argument against software-aided analysis and display.", "tags": [ { "tag": "annotated" } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8", "K7PPHEMT", "WGZHH9MX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-08-30T19:55:52Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T15:24:09Z" } }, { "key": "TFZXNKTG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/TFZXNKTG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/TFZXNKTG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/78T3W6S4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TFZXNKTG", "version": 1, "parentItem": "78T3W6S4", "itemType": "note", "note": "

This article introduces those in marketing research to the advantages of realism in research in marketing and business.  A few interesting findings emerge as the authors argue their case.  To begin with, business research relies and assumes replicablity.  The authors clearly demonstrate that faith that positivists ontologies produce replicable, reliable results is misplaced.  This research may be illuminating to educational researchers because in business (as is often the case in education) \"there seems to be a gulf between academics who usually work from the positivism paradigm and practitioners.\" (1197)

\n

As for constructivist ontologies, the authors make the point that when it comes to business reserach, \"constructivism and critical theory are not especially relevant in research about an organisation having to survive within a market, because marketing managers
have to deal with a world that is external, that is out there and that does not particularly care about the perceptions of an individual manager.\"(1199)

\n

WIth the need established, the authors go on to illustrate how realism is used to design a social science research study.  The begin with

\n

1) \"Prior Theory\":  \"realism researchers enter the field with prior theories. In contrast, grounded theory researchers, for example, gradually construct a theory from interacting with their own accumulating data, without any inputs from other people’s theories in the literature.\" (1201)

\n

2) Triangulation: which the authors distinguish as not necessarily being code for \"mixed method\".

\n

3) Replication: The authors include examples from business studies that illustrate this design principle.

\n

The authors go on to discuss qualitative data analysis, and the character it takes in a realism-based ontology. The authors end with a note about data display, with a mild argument against software-aided analysis and display.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T14:40:10Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T15:00:48Z" } }, { "key": "PN4GWSKG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/PN4GWSKG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/PN4GWSKG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sealey", "parsedDate": "2007-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PN4GWSKG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Linguistic ethnography in realist perspective.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alison", "lastName": "Sealey" } ], "abstractNote": "This article engages with linguistic ethnography from the perspective of sociological realism. It begins by reviewing some of the positions expressed in the linguistic ethnography (LE) literature about the extent to which LE is defined by theoretical orientation as well as by method. The article is then framed around a kind of ‘generic’ sociolinguistic research question –‘Which people use which kinds of language in what circumstances and with what outcome(s)?’. Taking each element in turn, it explores the ways in which an ethnographic approach contributes to the processes of: classifying speakers as members of various kinds of social groups; identifying language varieties; accounting for the influence of ‘context’; and identifying ‘outcomes’. I suggest that each of these aspects of social linguistic research stands to benefit from the methods developed in ethnography, and from the theories and principles underlying the approaches it uses. However, drawing on the work of contemporary realist social theorists, the article concludes that ethnography is a method suited to illuminating certain aspects of such questions better than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Sociolinguistics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2007", "volume": "11", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "641-660", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00344.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27091505&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:30:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "13606441", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ANTHROPOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ETHNOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LANGUAGE & culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LANGUAGE & languages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LANGUAGE revival", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Linguistic ethnography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SOCIO-psycholinguistic theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SOCIOLINGUISTICS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SOCIOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SPEECH & social status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ethnicity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social categories", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sociological realism", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "IVTXPEST", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/IVTXPEST", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/IVTXPEST", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rennie", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IVTXPEST", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Grounded Theory Methodology as Methodical Hermeneutics: Reconciling Realism and Relativism.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David L.", "lastName": "Rennie" } ], "abstractNote": "In this article it is argued that the realism–relativism duality addressed by the grounded theory approach to qualitative research is best accounted for when the method is understood to be an inductive approach to hermeneutics. Phenomenology, C.S. Peirce's theory of inference, philosophical hermeneutics, pragmatism and the new rhetoric are drawn upon in support of this argument. It is also held that this formulation of the grounded theory method opens the possibility that the method improves on earlier approaches to methodical hermeneutics. As an outcome of this formulation, the debate on the validity and reliability of returns from the grounded theory approach is cast in a new light. The new methodical hermeneutics is discussed in terms of prior attempts to relate hermeneutics to method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "Theory & Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "481", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "Article", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=5434847&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:48:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "09593543", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Grounded Theory Methodology as Methodical Hermeneutics", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "GROUNDED theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HERMENEUTICS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RELATIVITY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "realism", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "U7MD9BGT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/U7MD9BGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/U7MD9BGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gorard", "parsedDate": "2002-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U7MD9BGT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Can we overcome the methodological schism? Four models for combining qualitative and quantitative evidence.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen", "lastName": "Gorard" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper considers a variety of approaches to combining research findings drawn from what are traditionally deemed 'quantitative' and 'qualitative' methods. These include models for Bayesian syntheses, new political arithmetic, complex interventions, and design experiments, as well as the more usual literature review and 'new' realism. The paper argues that none of these approaches pose insurmountable epistemological or technical problems. Rather, opposition to the use of such models may stem from wasteful 'paradigm' wars fed perhaps by fear of the unknown, and leading to unproductive methodological schism. The 'compleat' researcher should presumably be prepared to find, use and critique all evidence relevant to their quest, regardless of its form. This is a challenge to entrenched views about the relationship between 'world views' and methodological allegiance, and involves instead a recognition that no method is intrinsically preferable to any other. The key underlying principle which guides the choice of methods is fitness for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "Research Papers in Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2002", "volume": "17", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "345", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "Article", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9553009&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:49:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "02671522", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Can we overcome the methodological schism?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "methodology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "research", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "24XBEW2H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/24XBEW2H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/24XBEW2H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smith and Hodkinson", "parsedDate": "2009-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "24XBEW2H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Challenging Neorealism: A Response to Hammersley", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John K.", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Phil", "lastName": "Hodkinson" } ], "abstractNote": "How researchers can go about judging, or adjudicating among, different knowledge claims recently has become a highly contested issue. In this response to Hammersley, we argue that he has not been able to justify his neorealist position that we can/must appeal to an independently existing reality, which can be known as it really is, to sort out our differences. To the contrary, we argue that we must accept relativism, not in the sense of \"anything goes,\" but in the sense that as human beings we are finite. As a result, any criteria we pose for judging knowledge claims always is, as it must be, the product of time and place contingent agreement.", "publicationTitle": "Qualitative Inquiry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2009", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "30-39", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/1077800408325416", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://qix.sagepub.com.mutex.gmu.edu/cgi/content/abstract/15/1/30", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T01:21:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Challenging Neorealism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "CJJT98GU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 4250, "name": "Qualitative realism", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/4250/items/CJJT98GU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/qualitative_realism/items/CJJT98GU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 13388, "username": "MarjeeChmiel", "name": "Marjee Chmiel", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/marjeechmiel", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rolfe", "parsedDate": "2007-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CJJT98GU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "In response to Porter S. Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: reasserting realism in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing 60 (1), 79–86.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary", "lastName": "Rolfe" } ], "abstractNote": "A response by Gary Rolfe to a letter to the editor about the article \"Trustworthiness and Rigor: Reasserting Realism in Qualitative Research,\" is presented.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Advanced Nursing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2007", "volume": "60", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "108-109", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04366.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26373887&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2009-09-08T00:33:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "03092402", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "In response to Porter S. Validity, trustworthiness and rigour", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "LETTERS to the editor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "NURSING -- Research", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2FH3TIT8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2009-09-08T01:22:00Z" } } ]